Product Code: A16924
The global rash guard market was valued at $9,138.5 million in 2021, and is projected to reach $12,736.0 million by 2031, registering a CAGR of 3.4%. Europe is estimated to reach $2,993.0 million by 2031, at a significant CAGR of 3.3%. Rash guard is the activewear product engaged in sports and fitness activities. It helps to enhance the performance of athletes, owing to its various advantages, such as enhanced grip, wicking function, and bistretchable characteristics. Extensive and unique advantages offered by activewear such as breathability, quick drying, static resistance, thermal resistance, and chemical resistance majorly drive the growth of the global rash guard market. In addition, rise in health-consciousness among consumers and increase in sports & fitness enthusiasm among customers boost the demand for activewear products. Moreover, rise in participation of consumers in sports activities fuels the sales of rash guard, which positively impacts the market growth. For instance, increase in participation of customers for fitness is leading to surge in sales of activewear shorts & t-shirts. Moreover, holistic approach of customers towards athleisure wear is positively impacting the overall market growth.
Furthermore, increase in fitness and sports consciousness among young generation and upsurge in disposable income are some of the notable factors that support the market growth. However, volatile cost of raw materials and high cost of designing result in excessive cost of the final product, thereby declining sales of activewear among price-sensitive consumers.
Likewise, availability of counterfeit brands causes inconvenience and safety issues for customers, which adversely impact the market growth. On the contrary, growth in number of promotional activities is anticipated to create product and brand awareness, which accelerates the market growth. In addition, initiatives by various organizations such as rise in number of activewear-related campaigns and programs are presumed to expand the consumer base. Moreover, development of green textile and its use in formulation of activewear is expected to attract green consumers, which is anticipated to provide lucrative opportunities for the market expansion.
The rash guard market is segmented on the basis of type, application, end user, price point, distribution channel, and region. By type, the market is classified into t-shirt, shirts, and shorts. On the basis of application, it is bifurcated into swimming, running, diving, and surfing. According to end user, it is segregated into men and women. By price point, the market is segmented into mass and premium. By distribution channel, the market is segmented into online and offline channel. Region-wise, the market is analyzed across North America (the U.S., Canada, and Mexico), Europe (Germany, France, UK, Italy, Spain, Belgium, Netherland, Russia, and rest of Europe), Asia-Pacific (China, India, Japan, Australia, South Korea, Thailand, Indonesia, and rest of Asia-Pacific), and LAMEA (Brazil, Argentina, UAE, South Africa, Saudi Arabia, Chile, and rest of LAMEA).
The key players profiled in this report include:, TYR sport Inc., O' Neill, Roxy, Quicksilver, Sportstar athletics, Gap Inc., Dick's sporting good Inc., Skechers U.S.A Inc., Cranbarry Inc., Adidas AG, Asos PLC, H&M, Nike Inc., Puma SE, Ralp lauren corporation, Under armour Inc., Coloumbia sportswear, and wildcraft.
Key Benefits For Stakeholders
- This report provides a quantitative analysis of the market segments, current trends, estimations, and dynamics of the rash guard market analysis from 2021 to 2031 to identify the prevailing rash guard market opportunities.
- The market research is offered along with information related to key drivers, restraints, and opportunities.
- Porter's five forces analysis highlights the potency of buyers and suppliers to enable stakeholders make profit-oriented business decisions and strengthen their supplier-buyer network.
- In-depth analysis of the rash guard market segmentation assists to determine the prevailing market opportunities.
- Major countries in each region are mapped according to their revenue contribution to the global market.
- Market player positioning facilitates benchmarking and provides a clear understanding of the present position of the market players.
- The report includes the analysis of the regional as well as global rash guard market trends, key players, market segments, application areas, and market growth strategies.
Key Market Segments
By Type
By Application
- Swimming
- Running
- Diving
- Surfing
By End User
By Price Point
By Distribution Channel
By Region
- North America
- Europe
- Germany
- UK
- France
- Italy
- Belgium
- Russia
- Netherlands
- Spain
- Rest Of Europe
- Asia-Pacific
- China
- Japan
- India
- Australia
- South Korea
- Thailand
- Indonesia
- Rest Of Asia-Pacific
- LAMEA
- Brazil
- Argentina
- UAE
- Saudi Arabia
- Chile
- Turkey
- South Africa
- Rest Of LAMEA
- Key Market Players
- TYR Sport Inc
- O' Neill
- Roxy
- Quicksilver
- Sportstar Athletics
- Gap Inc
- Dick's Sporting good Inc
- Skechers U.S.A Inc
- Cranbarry Inc
- Adidas AG
- Asos PLC
- Nike Inc
- Puma SE
- Ralp Lauren Corporation
- Under Armour Inc
- Coloumbia Sportswear
- Wildcraft
- Hennes and Mauritz AB
TABLE OF CONTENTS
CHAPTER 1:INTRODUCTION
- 1.1.Report description
- 1.2.Key market segments
- 1.3.Key benefits to the stakeholders
- 1.4.Research Methodology
- 1.4.1.Secondary research
- 1.4.2.Primary research
- 1.4.3.Analyst tools and models
CHAPTER 2:EXECUTIVE SUMMARY
- 2.1.Key findings of the study
- 2.2.CXO Perspective
CHAPTER 3:MARKET OVERVIEW
- 3.1.Market definition and scope
- 3.2.Key findings
- 3.2.1.Top investment pockets
- 3.3.Porter's five forces analysis
- 3.4.Top player positioning
- 3.5.Market dynamics
- 3.5.1.Drivers
- 3.5.2.Restraints
- 3.5.3.Opportunities
- 3.6.COVID-19 Impact Analysis on the market
- 3.7.Market Share Analysis
CHAPTER 4: RASH GUARD MARKET, BY TYPE
- 4.1 Overview
- 4.1.1 Market size and forecast
- 4.2 T Shirt
- 4.2.1 Key market trends, growth factors and opportunities
- 4.2.2 Market size and forecast, by region
- 4.2.3 Market analysis by country
- 4.3 Shirt
- 4.3.1 Key market trends, growth factors and opportunities
- 4.3.2 Market size and forecast, by region
- 4.3.3 Market analysis by country
- 4.4 Shorts
- 4.4.1 Key market trends, growth factors and opportunities
- 4.4.2 Market size and forecast, by region
- 4.4.3 Market analysis by country
CHAPTER 5: RASH GUARD MARKET, BY APPLICATION
- 5.1 Overview
- 5.1.1 Market size and forecast
- 5.2 Swimming
- 5.2.1 Key market trends, growth factors and opportunities
- 5.2.2 Market size and forecast, by region
- 5.2.3 Market analysis by country
- 5.3 Running
- 5.3.1 Key market trends, growth factors and opportunities
- 5.3.2 Market size and forecast, by region
- 5.3.3 Market analysis by country
- 5.4 Diving
- 5.4.1 Key market trends, growth factors and opportunities
- 5.4.2 Market size and forecast, by region
- 5.4.3 Market analysis by country
- 5.5 Surfing
- 5.5.1 Key market trends, growth factors and opportunities
- 5.5.2 Market size and forecast, by region
- 5.5.3 Market analysis by country
CHAPTER 6: RASH GUARD MARKET, BY END USER
- 6.1 Overview
- 6.1.1 Market size and forecast
- 6.2 Men
- 6.2.1 Key market trends, growth factors and opportunities
- 6.2.2 Market size and forecast, by region
- 6.2.3 Market analysis by country
- 6.3 Women
- 6.3.1 Key market trends, growth factors and opportunities
- 6.3.2 Market size and forecast, by region
- 6.3.3 Market analysis by country
CHAPTER 7: RASH GUARD MARKET, BY PRICE POINT
- 7.1 Overview
- 7.1.1 Market size and forecast
- 7.2 Mass
- 7.2.1 Key market trends, growth factors and opportunities
- 7.2.2 Market size and forecast, by region
- 7.2.3 Market analysis by country
- 7.3 Premium
- 7.3.1 Key market trends, growth factors and opportunities
- 7.3.2 Market size and forecast, by region
- 7.3.3 Market analysis by country
CHAPTER 8: RASH GUARD MARKET, BY DISTRIBUTION CHANNEL
- 8.1 Overview
- 8.1.1 Market size and forecast
- 8.2 Online
- 8.2.1 Key market trends, growth factors and opportunities
- 8.2.2 Market size and forecast, by region
- 8.2.3 Market analysis by country
- 8.3 Offline
- 8.3.1 Key market trends, growth factors and opportunities
- 8.3.2 Market size and forecast, by region
- 8.3.3 Market analysis by country
CHAPTER 9: RASH GUARD MARKET, BY REGION
- 9.1 Overview
- 9.1.1 Market size and forecast
- 9.2 North America
- 9.2.1 Key trends and opportunities
- 9.2.2 North America Market size and forecast, by Type
- 9.2.3 North America Market size and forecast, by Application
- 9.2.4 North America Market size and forecast, by End User
- 9.2.5 North America Market size and forecast, by Price Point
- 9.2.6 North America Market size and forecast, by Distribution Channel
- 9.2.7 North America Market size and forecast, by country
- 9.2.7.1 U.S.
- 9.2.7.1.1 Market size and forecast, by Type
- 9.2.7.1.2 Market size and forecast, by Application
- 9.2.7.1.3 Market size and forecast, by End User
- 9.2.7.1.4 Market size and forecast, by Price Point
- 9.2.7.1.5 Market size and forecast, by Distribution Channel
- 9.2.7.2 Canada
- 9.2.7.2.1 Market size and forecast, by Type
- 9.2.7.2.2 Market size and forecast, by Application
- 9.2.7.2.3 Market size and forecast, by End User
- 9.2.7.2.4 Market size and forecast, by Price Point
- 9.2.7.2.5 Market size and forecast, by Distribution Channel
- 9.2.7.3 Mexico
- 9.2.7.3.1 Market size and forecast, by Type
- 9.2.7.3.2 Market size and forecast, by Application
- 9.2.7.3.3 Market size and forecast, by End User
- 9.2.7.3.4 Market size and forecast, by Price Point
- 9.2.7.3.5 Market size and forecast, by Distribution Channel
- 9.3 Europe
- 9.3.1 Key trends and opportunities
- 9.3.2 Europe Market size and forecast, by Type
- 9.3.3 Europe Market size and forecast, by Application
- 9.3.4 Europe Market size and forecast, by End User
- 9.3.5 Europe Market size and forecast, by Price Point
- 9.3.6 Europe Market size and forecast, by Distribution Channel
- 9.3.7 Europe Market size and forecast, by country
- 9.3.7.1 Germany
- 9.3.7.1.1 Market size and forecast, by Type
- 9.3.7.1.2 Market size and forecast, by Application
- 9.3.7.1.3 Market size and forecast, by End User
- 9.3.7.1.4 Market size and forecast, by Price Point
- 9.3.7.1.5 Market size and forecast, by Distribution Channel
- 9.3.7.2 UK
- 9.3.7.2.1 Market size and forecast, by Type
- 9.3.7.2.2 Market size and forecast, by Application
- 9.3.7.2.3 Market size and forecast, by End User
- 9.3.7.2.4 Market size and forecast, by Price Point
- 9.3.7.2.5 Market size and forecast, by Distribution Channel
- 9.3.7.3 France
- 9.3.7.3.1 Market size and forecast, by Type
- 9.3.7.3.2 Market size and forecast, by Application
- 9.3.7.3.3 Market size and forecast, by End User
- 9.3.7.3.4 Market size and forecast, by Price Point
- 9.3.7.3.5 Market size and forecast, by Distribution Channel
- 9.3.7.4 Italy
- 9.3.7.4.1 Market size and forecast, by Type
- 9.3.7.4.2 Market size and forecast, by Application
- 9.3.7.4.3 Market size and forecast, by End User
- 9.3.7.4.4 Market size and forecast, by Price Point
- 9.3.7.4.5 Market size and forecast, by Distribution Channel
- 9.3.7.5 Belgium
- 9.3.7.5.1 Market size and forecast, by Type
- 9.3.7.5.2 Market size and forecast, by Application
- 9.3.7.5.3 Market size and forecast, by End User
- 9.3.7.5.4 Market size and forecast, by Price Point
- 9.3.7.5.5 Market size and forecast, by Distribution Channel
- 9.3.7.6 Russia
- 9.3.7.6.1 Market size and forecast, by Type
- 9.3.7.6.2 Market size and forecast, by Application
- 9.3.7.6.3 Market size and forecast, by End User
- 9.3.7.6.4 Market size and forecast, by Price Point
- 9.3.7.6.5 Market size and forecast, by Distribution Channel
- 9.3.7.7 Netherlands
- 9.3.7.7.1 Market size and forecast, by Type
- 9.3.7.7.2 Market size and forecast, by Application
- 9.3.7.7.3 Market size and forecast, by End User
- 9.3.7.7.4 Market size and forecast, by Price Point
- 9.3.7.7.5 Market size and forecast, by Distribution Channel
- 9.3.7.8 Spain
- 9.3.7.8.1 Market size and forecast, by Type
- 9.3.7.8.2 Market size and forecast, by Application
- 9.3.7.8.3 Market size and forecast, by End User
- 9.3.7.8.4 Market size and forecast, by Price Point
- 9.3.7.8.5 Market size and forecast, by Distribution Channel
- 9.3.7.9 Rest of Europe
- 9.3.7.9.1 Market size and forecast, by Type
- 9.3.7.9.2 Market size and forecast, by Application
- 9.3.7.9.3 Market size and forecast, by End User
- 9.3.7.9.4 Market size and forecast, by Price Point
- 9.3.7.9.5 Market size and forecast, by Distribution Channel
- 9.4 Asia-Pacific
- 9.4.1 Key trends and opportunities
- 9.4.2 Asia-Pacific Market size and forecast, by Type
- 9.4.3 Asia-Pacific Market size and forecast, by Application
- 9.4.4 Asia-Pacific Market size and forecast, by End User
- 9.4.5 Asia-Pacific Market size and forecast, by Price Point
- 9.4.6 Asia-Pacific Market size and forecast, by Distribution Channel
- 9.4.7 Asia-Pacific Market size and forecast, by country
- 9.4.7.1 China
- 9.4.7.1.1 Market size and forecast, by Type
- 9.4.7.1.2 Market size and forecast, by Application
- 9.4.7.1.3 Market size and forecast, by End User
- 9.4.7.1.4 Market size and forecast, by Price Point
- 9.4.7.1.5 Market size and forecast, by Distribution Channel
- 9.4.7.2 Japan
- 9.4.7.2.1 Market size and forecast, by Type
- 9.4.7.2.2 Market size and forecast, by Application
- 9.4.7.2.3 Market size and forecast, by End User
- 9.4.7.2.4 Market size and forecast, by Price Point
- 9.4.7.2.5 Market size and forecast, by Distribution Channel
- 9.4.7.3 India
- 9.4.7.3.1 Market size and forecast, by Type
- 9.4.7.3.2 Market size and forecast, by Application
- 9.4.7.3.3 Market size and forecast, by End User
- 9.4.7.3.4 Market size and forecast, by Price Point
- 9.4.7.3.5 Market size and forecast, by Distribution Channel
- 9.4.7.4 Australia
- 9.4.7.4.1 Market size and forecast, by Type
- 9.4.7.4.2 Market size and forecast, by Application
- 9.4.7.4.3 Market size and forecast, by End User
- 9.4.7.4.4 Market size and forecast, by Price Point
- 9.4.7.4.5 Market size and forecast, by Distribution Channel
- 9.4.7.5 South Korea
- 9.4.7.5.1 Market size and forecast, by Type
- 9.4.7.5.2 Market size and forecast, by Application
- 9.4.7.5.3 Market size and forecast, by End User
- 9.4.7.5.4 Market size and forecast, by Price Point
- 9.4.7.5.5 Market size and forecast, by Distribution Channel
- 9.4.7.6 Thailand
- 9.4.7.6.1 Market size and forecast, by Type
- 9.4.7.6.2 Market size and forecast, by Application
- 9.4.7.6.3 Market size and forecast, by End User
- 9.4.7.6.4 Market size and forecast, by Price Point
- 9.4.7.6.5 Market size and forecast, by Distribution Channel
- 9.4.7.7 Indonesia
- 9.4.7.7.1 Market size and forecast, by Type
- 9.4.7.7.2 Market size and forecast, by Application
- 9.4.7.7.3 Market size and forecast, by End User
- 9.4.7.7.4 Market size and forecast, by Price Point
- 9.4.7.7.5 Market size and forecast, by Distribution Channel
- 9.4.7.8 Rest of Asia-Pacific
- 9.4.7.8.1 Market size and forecast, by Type
- 9.4.7.8.2 Market size and forecast, by Application
- 9.4.7.8.3 Market size and forecast, by End User
- 9.4.7.8.4 Market size and forecast, by Price Point
- 9.4.7.8.5 Market size and forecast, by Distribution Channel
- 9.5 LAMEA
- 9.5.1 Key trends and opportunities
- 9.5.2 LAMEA Market size and forecast, by Type
- 9.5.3 LAMEA Market size and forecast, by Application
- 9.5.4 LAMEA Market size and forecast, by End User
- 9.5.5 LAMEA Market size and forecast, by Price Point
- 9.5.6 LAMEA Market size and forecast, by Distribution Channel
- 9.5.7 LAMEA Market size and forecast, by country
- 9.5.7.1 Brazil
- 9.5.7.1.1 Market size and forecast, by Type
- 9.5.7.1.2 Market size and forecast, by Application
- 9.5.7.1.3 Market size and forecast, by End User
- 9.5.7.1.4 Market size and forecast, by Price Point
- 9.5.7.1.5 Market size and forecast, by Distribution Channel
- 9.5.7.2 Argentina
- 9.5.7.2.1 Market size and forecast, by Type
- 9.5.7.2.2 Market size and forecast, by Application
- 9.5.7.2.3 Market size and forecast, by End User
- 9.5.7.2.4 Market size and forecast, by Price Point
- 9.5.7.2.5 Market size and forecast, by Distribution Channel
- 9.5.7.3 UAE
- 9.5.7.3.1 Market size and forecast, by Type
- 9.5.7.3.2 Market size and forecast, by Application
- 9.5.7.3.3 Market size and forecast, by End User
- 9.5.7.3.4 Market size and forecast, by Price Point
- 9.5.7.3.5 Market size and forecast, by Distribution Channel
- 9.5.7.4 Saudi Arabia
- 9.5.7.4.1 Market size and forecast, by Type
- 9.5.7.4.2 Market size and forecast, by Application
- 9.5.7.4.3 Market size and forecast, by End User
- 9.5.7.4.4 Market size and forecast, by Price Point
- 9.5.7.4.5 Market size and forecast, by Distribution Channel
- 9.5.7.5 Chile
- 9.5.7.5.1 Market size and forecast, by Type
- 9.5.7.5.2 Market size and forecast, by Application
- 9.5.7.5.3 Market size and forecast, by End User
- 9.5.7.5.4 Market size and forecast, by Price Point
- 9.5.7.5.5 Market size and forecast, by Distribution Channel
- 9.5.7.6 Turkey
- 9.5.7.6.1 Market size and forecast, by Type
- 9.5.7.6.2 Market size and forecast, by Application
- 9.5.7.6.3 Market size and forecast, by End User
- 9.5.7.6.4 Market size and forecast, by Price Point
- 9.5.7.6.5 Market size and forecast, by Distribution Channel
- 9.5.7.7 South Africa
- 9.5.7.7.1 Market size and forecast, by Type
- 9.5.7.7.2 Market size and forecast, by Application
- 9.5.7.7.3 Market size and forecast, by End User
- 9.5.7.7.4 Market size and forecast, by Price Point
- 9.5.7.7.5 Market size and forecast, by Distribution Channel
- 9.5.7.8 Rest of LAMEA
- 9.5.7.8.1 Market size and forecast, by Type
- 9.5.7.8.2 Market size and forecast, by Application
- 9.5.7.8.3 Market size and forecast, by End User
- 9.5.7.8.4 Market size and forecast, by Price Point
- 9.5.7.8.5 Market size and forecast, by Distribution Channel
CHAPTER 10: COMPANY LANDSCAPE
- 10.1. Introduction
- 10.2. Top winning strategies
- 10.3. Product Mapping of Top 10 Player
- 10.4. Competitive Dashboard
- 10.5. Competitive Heatmap
- 10.6. Key developments
CHAPTER 11: COMPANY PROFILES
- 11.1 TYR Sport Inc
- 11.1.1 Company overview
- 11.1.2 Company snapshot
- 11.1.3 Operating business segments
- 11.1.4 Product portfolio
- 11.1.5 Business performance
- 11.1.6 Key strategic moves and developments
- 11.2 O' Neill
- 11.2.1 Company overview
- 11.2.2 Company snapshot
- 11.2.3 Operating business segments
- 11.2.4 Product portfolio
- 11.2.5 Business performance
- 11.2.6 Key strategic moves and developments
- 11.3 Roxy
- 11.3.1 Company overview
- 11.3.2 Company snapshot
- 11.3.3 Operating business segments
- 11.3.4 Product portfolio
- 11.3.5 Business performance
- 11.3.6 Key strategic moves and developments
- 11.4 Quicksilver
- 11.4.1 Company overview
- 11.4.2 Company snapshot
- 11.4.3 Operating business segments
- 11.4.4 Product portfolio
- 11.4.5 Business performance
- 11.4.6 Key strategic moves and developments
- 11.5 Sportstar Athletics
- 11.5.1 Company overview
- 11.5.2 Company snapshot
- 11.5.3 Operating business segments
- 11.5.4 Product portfolio
- 11.5.5 Business performance
- 11.5.6 Key strategic moves and developments
- 11.6 Gap Inc
- 11.6.1 Company overview
- 11.6.2 Company snapshot
- 11.6.3 Operating business segments
- 11.6.4 Product portfolio
- 11.6.5 Business performance
- 11.6.6 Key strategic moves and developments
- 11.7 Dick's Sporting good Inc
- 11.7.1 Company overview
- 11.7.2 Company snapshot
- 11.7.3 Operating business segments
- 11.7.4 Product portfolio
- 11.7.5 Business performance
- 11.7.6 Key strategic moves and developments
- 11.8 Skechers U.S.A Inc
- 11.8.1 Company overview
- 11.8.2 Company snapshot
- 11.8.3 Operating business segments
- 11.8.4 Product portfolio
- 11.8.5 Business performance
- 11.8.6 Key strategic moves and developments
- 11.9 Cranbarry Inc
- 11.9.1 Company overview
- 11.9.2 Company snapshot
- 11.9.3 Operating business segments
- 11.9.4 Product portfolio
- 11.9.5 Business performance
- 11.9.6 Key strategic moves and developments
- 11.10 Adidas AG
- 11.10.1 Company overview
- 11.10.2 Company snapshot
- 11.10.3 Operating business segments
- 11.10.4 Product portfolio
- 11.10.5 Business performance
- 11.10.6 Key strategic moves and developments
- 11.11 Asos PLC
- 11.11.1 Company overview
- 11.11.2 Company snapshot
- 11.11.3 Operating business segments
- 11.11.4 Product portfolio
- 11.11.5 Business performance
- 11.11.6 Key strategic moves and developments
- 11.12 Nike Inc
- 11.12.1 Company overview
- 11.12.2 Company snapshot
- 11.12.3 Operating business segments
- 11.12.4 Product portfolio
- 11.12.5 Business performance
- 11.12.6 Key strategic moves and developments
- 11.13 Puma SE
- 11.13.1 Company overview
- 11.13.2 Company snapshot
- 11.13.3 Operating business segments
- 11.13.4 Product portfolio
- 11.13.5 Business performance
- 11.13.6 Key strategic moves and developments
- 11.14 Ralp Lauren Corporation
- 11.14.1 Company overview
- 11.14.2 Company snapshot
- 11.14.3 Operating business segments
- 11.14.4 Product portfolio
- 11.14.5 Business performance
- 11.14.6 Key strategic moves and developments
- 11.15 Under Armour Inc
- 11.15.1 Company overview
- 11.15.2 Company snapshot
- 11.15.3 Operating business segments
- 11.15.4 Product portfolio
- 11.15.5 Business performance
- 11.15.6 Key strategic moves and developments
- 11.16 Coloumbia Sportswear
- 11.16.1 Company overview
- 11.16.2 Company snapshot
- 11.16.3 Operating business segments
- 11.16.4 Product portfolio
- 11.16.5 Business performance
- 11.16.6 Key strategic moves and developments
- 11.17 Wildcraft
- 11.17.1 Company overview
- 11.17.2 Company snapshot
- 11.17.3 Operating business segments
- 11.17.4 Product portfolio
- 11.17.5 Business performance
- 11.17.6 Key strategic moves and developments
- 11.18 Hennes and Mauritz AB
- 11.18.1 Company overview
- 11.18.2 Company snapshot
- 11.18.3 Operating business segments
- 11.18.4 Product portfolio
- 11.18.5 Business performance
- 11.18.6 Key strategic moves and developments