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绿色能源生物质

市场调查报告书

商品编码

1311210

全球生物燃料市场（2023-2033）

The Global Market for Biofuels 2023-2033

出版日期: 2023年07月28日 | 出版商:

Future Markets, Inc. | 英文 401 Pages, 90 Tables, 113 Figures | 订单完成后即时交付

价格

简介目录图表

本报告研究和分析了全球生物燃料市场，提供市场驱动因素和趋势、生物燃料消费预测、公司简介等。

世界生物燃料市场
- 柴油替代品
- 汽油替代品
SWOT 分析：生物燃料市场
生物燃料成本比较：按类型划分（2023 年）
类型
- 固体生物燃料
- 液体生物燃料
- 气态生物燃料
- 传统生物燃料
- 先进生物燃料
原材料
- 第一代 (1-G)
- 第二代 (2-G)
- 第三代 (3-G)
- 第四代 (4-G)
- 优点和缺点：按世代划分
- 能源作物
- 农业残留物
- 粪便、污水污泥、有机废物
- 林业、木材废料
- 原材料成本

第 5 章碳氢生物燃料

生物柴油
- 生物柴油：按世代
- SWOT分析
- 生物柴油和其他生物燃料的生产
- 价格
- 世界生产和消费
可再生柴油
- 生产
- SWOT分析
- 世界消费量
- 价格
生物航空燃料（生物喷气燃料、可持续航空燃料、可再生喷气燃料或航空生物燃料）
- 摘要
- SWOT分析
- 世界生产和消费
- 生产路线
- 价格
- 生物航空燃料产能
- 作业
- 世界消费量
生物石脑油
- 摘要
- SWOT分析
- 市场和应用
- 价格
- 生产能力：按製造商划分，当前和计划的生产能力
- 总产能、实际产能、当前产能和计划产能

第六章酒精燃料

生物甲醇
- SWOT分析
- 从甲醇到汽油的技术
乙醇
- 技术描述
- 1G生物乙醇
- SWOT分析
- 从乙醇到航空燃料的技术
- 来自纸张和纸浆生产的甲醇
- 亚硫酸废液发酵
- 气化
- 二氧化碳回收和酒精合成
- 生物质水解与发酵
- 世界乙醇消费量
生物丁醇
- 生产
- 价格

第七章生物质气

原材料
沼气
- 生物甲烷
- 生产路线
- SWOT分析
- 全球产量
- 价格
- 生物液化天然气
- 生物 CNG（来自沼气的压缩天然气）
- 从沼气中回收碳
生物合成气
- 生产
- 价格
生物氢
- 摘要
- SWOT分析
- 利用生物质生产生物氢
- 应用
- 价格
沼气生产中的生物炭
生物二甲醚

第 8 章生物燃料的化学回收

塑料的热解
废旧轮胎的热解
- 改用生物燃料
生物质和塑料废物的共热解
气化
- 合成气转化为甲醇
- 生物质气化与合成气发酵
- 生物质气化及合成气热化学转化
高温热分解
SWOT分析

第 9 章合成燃料（电子燃料）

简介
- 合成燃料（电子燃料）的优点
原材料
- 氢气电解
- 二氧化碳回收
SWOT分析
生产
- 现有和计划中的合成燃料（电子燃料）生产设施
电解池
- 商用碱性电解槽（AEC）
- 质子交换膜电解槽（PEMEC）
- 高温固体氧化物电解槽（SOEC）
价格
市场挑战
公司

第 10 章从藻类中提取的生物燃料

技术描述
转化路径
SWOT分析
生产
市场挑战
价格
製造商

第11章绿氨

生产
- 氨生产脱碳
- 绿色氨项目
绿色氨的合成方法
- 哈伯-博世法
- 生物固氮
- 电化学生产
- 化学循环法
SWOT分析
蓝氨
- 蓝氨项目
市场和应用
- 化学储能
- 船用燃料
价格
预计市场需求
公司和项目

第 12 章源自碳捕获的生物燃料

摘要
从点源回收二氧化碳
生产路线
SWOT分析
直接空气捕获 (DAC)
- 摘要
- 扩展
- 点源碳捕获和直接空气回收
- 技术
- 商业化和工厂
- DAC 金属有机框架 (MOF)
- DAC 工厂和项目 - 当前和计划中
- DAC市场
- 成本
- 作业
- 公司和生产
甲醇
基于藻类的碳利用
来自阳光的二氧化碳燃料
公司
作业

第十三章生物油（热解油）

摘要
- 生物油的好处
生产
- 快速热解
- 生产成本
- 升级
SWOT分析
应用
生物油製造商
价格

第 14 章垃圾固体燃料 (RDF)

摘要
生产
- 生产流程
- 机械生物学加工
市场

第15章公司简介（198家公司简介）

第16章参考资料

简介目录图表

Biofuels are renewable transportation fuels derived from organic material including crops, agricultural residues, and waste. There has been a huge growth in the production and usage of biofuels as substitutes for fossil fuels. Due to the declining reserve of fossil resources as well as environmental concerns, and essential energy security, it is important to develop renewable and sustainable energy and chemicals.

The use of biofuels manufactured from plant-based biomass as feedstock would reduce fossil fuel consumption and consequently the negative impact on the environment. Renewable energy sources cover a broad raw material base, including cellulosic biomass (fibrous and inedible parts of plants), waste materials, algae, and biogas.

“The Global Market for Biofuels 2023-2023”, now in its Third Edition (first published June 2022), covers bio-based fuels based on utilization of:

First-Generation Feedstocks (food-based) e.g. Waste oils including used cooking oil, animal fats, and other fatty acids.

Second-Generation Feedstocks (non-food based) e.g. Lignocellulosic wastes and residues, Energy crops, Agricultural residues, Forestry residues, Biogenic fraction of municipal and industrial waste.

Third-Generation Feedstocks e.g. algal biomass

Fourth-Generation Feedstocks e.g. genetically modified (GM) algae and cyanobacteria.

Report contents include:

Market trends and drivers.
Market challenges.
Biofuels pricing analysis.
Biofuel consumption to 2033.
SWOT analysis, by feedstock and biofuel type.
Recent industry developments, innovations and investments.

Market analysis including key players, end use markets, production processes, costs, production capacities, market demand for biofuels including:
- biodiesel
- renewable diesel
- bio-jet fuels
- bio-naphtha
- biomethanol
- ethanol
- biobutanol
- biogas
- biosyngas
- biohydrogen
- biofuel from plastic waste & used tires
- biofuels from carbon capture
- chemical recycling based biofuels
- electrofuels,
- bio-oils
- algae-derived biofuels
- green ammonia
- refuse-derived biofuels.

Production and synthesis methods.
198 company profiles. Companies profiled include BTG Bioliquids, Byogy Renewables, Caphenia, Enerkem, Infinium. Eni S.p.A., Ensyn, FORGE Hydrocarbons Corporation, Fulcrum Bioenergy, Genecis Bioindustries, Gevo, Haldor Topsoe, Infinium Electrofuels, Opera Bioscience, Reverion GmbH, Steeper Energy, SunFire GmbH, Vertus Energy and Viridos, Inc.

1 RESEARCH METHODOLOGY

2 EXECUTIVE SUMMARY

2.1 Comparison to fossil fuels
2.2 Role in the circular economy
2.3 Market drivers
2.4 Market challenges
2.5 Liquid biofuels market 2020-2033, by type and production

3 INDUSTRY DEVELOPMENTS 2020-

4 BIOFUELS

4.1 The global biofuels market
- 4.1.1 Diesel substitutes and alternatives
- 4.1.2 Gasoline substitutes and alternatives
4.2 SWOT analysis: Biofuels market
4.3 Comparison of biofuel costs 2023, by type
4.4 Types
- 4.4.1 Solid Biofuels
- 4.4.2 Liquid Biofuels
- 4.4.3 Gaseous Biofuels
- 4.4.4 Conventional Biofuels
- 4.4.5 Advanced Biofuels
4.5 Feedstocks
- 4.5.1 First-generation (1-G)
- 4.5.2 Second-generation (2-G)
  - 4.5.2.1 Lignocellulosic wastes and residues
  - 4.5.2.2 Biorefinery lignin
- 4.5.3 Third-generation (3-G)
  - 4.5.3.1 Algal biofuels
- 4.5.4 Fourth-generation (4-G)
- 4.5.5 Advantages and disadvantages, by generation
- 4.5.6 Energy crops
  - 4.5.6.1 Feedstocks
  - 4.5.6.2 SWOT analysis
- 4.5.7 Agricultural residues
  - 4.5.7.1 Feedstocks
  - 4.5.7.2 SWOT analysis
- 4.5.8 Manure, sewage sludge and organic waste
  - 4.5.8.1 Processing pathways
  - 4.5.8.2 SWOT analysis
- 4.5.9 Forestry and wood waste
  - 4.5.9.1 Feedstocks
  - 4.5.9.2 SWOT analysis
- 4.5.10 Feedstock costs

5 HYDROCARBON BIOFUELS

5.1 Biodiesel
- 5.1.1 Biodiesel by generation
- 5.1.2 SWOT analysis
- 5.1.3 Production of biodiesel and other biofuels
  - 5.1.3.1 Pyrolysis of biomass
  - 5.1.3.2 Vegetable oil transesterification
  - 5.1.3.3 Vegetable oil hydrogenation (HVO)
  - 5.1.3.4 Biodiesel from tall oil
  - 5.1.3.5 Fischer-Tropsch BioDiesel
  - 5.1.3.6 Hydrothermal liquefaction of biomass
  - 5.1.3.7 CO2 capture and Fischer-Tropsch (FT)
  - 5.1.3.8 Dymethyl ether (DME)
- 5.1.4 Prices
- 5.1.5 Global production and consumption
5.2 Renewable diesel
- 5.2.1 Production
- 5.2.2 SWOT analysis
- 5.2.3 Global consumption
- 5.2.4 Prices
5.3 Bio-aviation fuel (bio-jet fuel, sustainable aviation fuel, renewable jet fuel or aviation biofuel)
- 5.3.1 Description
- 5.3.2 SWOT analysis
- 5.3.3 Global production and consumption
- 5.3.4 Production pathways
- 5.3.5 Prices
- 5.3.6 Bio-aviation fuel production capacities
- 5.3.7 Challenges
- 5.3.8 Global consumption
5.4 Bio-naphtha
- 5.4.1 Overview
- 5.4.2 SWOT analysis
- 5.4.3 Markets and applications
- 5.4.4 Prices
- 5.4.5 Production capacities, by producer, current and planned
- 5.4.6 Production capacities, total (tonnes), historical, current and planned

6 ALCOHOL FUELS

6.1 Biomethanol
- 6.1.1 SWOT analysis
- 6.1.2 Methanol-to gasoline technology
  - 6.1.2.1 Production processes
6.2 Ethanol
- 6.2.1 Technology description
- 6.2.2 1G Bio-Ethanol
- 6.2.3 SWOT analysis
- 6.2.4 Ethanol to jet fuel technology
- 6.2.5 Methanol from pulp & paper production
- 6.2.6 Sulfite spent liquor fermentation
- 6.2.7 Gasification
  - 6.2.7.1 Biomass gasification and syngas fermentation
  - 6.2.7.2 Biomass gasification and syngas thermochemical conversion
- 6.2.8 CO2 capture and alcohol synthesis
- 6.2.9 Biomass hydrolysis and fermentation
  - 6.2.9.1 Separate hydrolysis and fermentation
  - 6.2.9.2 Simultaneous saccharification and fermentation (SSF)
  - 6.2.9.3 Pre-hydrolysis and simultaneous saccharification and fermentation (PSSF)
  - 6.2.9.4 Simultaneous saccharification and co-fermentation (SSCF)
  - 6.2.9.5 Direct conversion (consolidated bioprocessing) (CBP)
- 6.2.10 Global ethanol consumption
6.3 Biobutanol
- 6.3.1 Production
- 6.3.2 Prices

7 BIOMASS-BASED GAS

7.1 Feedstocks
7.2 Biogas
- 7.2.1 Biomethane
- 7.2.2 Production pathways
  - 7.2.2.1 Landfill gas recovery
  - 7.2.2.2 Anaerobic digestion
  - 7.2.2.3 Thermal gasification
- 7.2.3 SWOT analysis
- 7.2.4 Global production
- 7.2.5 Prices
  - 7.2.5.1 Raw Biogas
  - 7.2.5.2 Upgraded Biomethane
- 7.2.6 Bio-LNG
  - 7.2.6.1 Markets
  - 7.2.6.2 Production
  - 7.2.6.3 Plants
- 7.2.7 bio-CNG (compressed natural gas derived from biogas)
- 7.2.8 Carbon capture from biogas
7.3 Biosyngas
- 7.3.1 Production
- 7.3.2 Prices
7.4 Biohydrogen
- 7.4.1 Description
- 7.4.2 SWOT analysis
- 7.4.3 Production of biohydrogen from biomass
  - 7.4.3.1 Biological Conversion Routes
  - 7.4.3.2 Thermochemical conversion routes
- 7.4.4 Applications
- 7.4.5 Prices
7.5 Biochar in biogas production
7.6 Bio-DME

8 CHEMICAL RECYCLING FOR BIOFUELS

8.1 Plastic pyrolysis
8.2 Used tires pyrolysis
- 8.2.1 Conversion to biofuel
8.3 Co-pyrolysis of biomass and plastic wastes
8.4 Gasification
- 8.4.1 Syngas conversion to methanol
- 8.4.2 Biomass gasification and syngas fermentation
- 8.4.3 Biomass gasification and syngas thermochemical conversion
8.5 Hydrothermal cracking
8.6 SWOT analysis

9 ELECTROFUELS (E-FUELS)

9.1 Introduction
- 9.1.1 Benefits of e-fuels
9.2 Feedstocks
- 9.2.1 Hydrogen electrolysis
- 9.2.2 CO2 capture
9.3 SWOT analysis
9.4 Production
- 9.4.1 eFuel production facilities, current and planned
9.5 Electrolysers
- 9.5.1 Commercial alkaline electrolyser cells (AECs)
- 9.5.2 PEM electrolysers (PEMEC)
- 9.5.3 High-temperature solid oxide electrolyser cells (SOECs)
9.6 Prices
9.7 Market challenges
9.8 Companies

10 ALGAE-DERIVED BIOFUELS

10.1 Technology description
10.2 Conversion pathways
10.3 SWOT analysis
10.4 Production
10.5 Market challenges
10.6 Prices
10.7 Producers

11 GREEN AMMONIA

11.1 Production
- 11.1.1 Decarbonisation of ammonia production
- 11.1.2 Green ammonia projects
11.2 Green ammonia synthesis methods
- 11.2.1 Haber-Bosch process
- 11.2.2 Biological nitrogen fixation
- 11.2.3 Electrochemical production
- 11.2.4 Chemical looping processes
11.3 SWOT analysis
11.4 Blue ammonia
- 11.4.1 Blue ammonia projects
11.5 Markets and applications
- 11.5.1 Chemical energy storage
  - 11.5.1.1 Ammonia fuel cells
- 11.5.2 Marine fuel
11.6 Prices
11.7 Estimated market demand
11.8 Companies and projects

12 BIOFUELS FROM CARBON CAPTURE

12.1 Overview
12.2 CO2 capture from point sources
12.3 Production routes
12.4 SWOT analysis
12.5 Direct air capture (DAC)
- 12.5.1 Description
- 12.5.2 Deployment
- 12.5.3 Point source carbon capture versus Direct Air Capture
- 12.5.4 Technologies
  - 12.5.4.1 Solid sorbents
  - 12.5.4.2 Liquid sorbents
  - 12.5.4.3 Liquid solvents
  - 12.5.4.4 Airflow equipment integration
  - 12.5.4.5 Passive Direct Air Capture (PDAC)
  - 12.5.4.6 Direct conversion
  - 12.5.4.7 Co-product generation
  - 12.5.4.8 Low Temperature DAC
  - 12.5.4.9 Regeneration methods
- 12.5.5 Commercialization and plants
- 12.5.6 Metal-organic frameworks (MOFs) in DAC
- 12.5.7 DAC plants and projects-current and planned
- 12.5.8 Markets for DAC
- 12.5.9 Costs
- 12.5.10 Challenges
- 12.5.11 Players and production
12.6 Methanol
12.7 Algae-based carbon utilization
12.8 CO2-fuels from solar
12.9 Companies
12.10 Challenges

13 BIO-OILS (PYROLYSIS OIL)

13.1 Description
- 13.1.1 Advantages of bio-oils
13.2 Production
- 13.2.1 Fast Pyrolysis
- 13.2.2 Costs of production
- 13.2.3 Upgrading
13.3 SWOT analysis
13.4 Applications
13.5 Bio-oil producers
13.6 Prices

14 REFUSE-DERIVED FUELS (RDF)

14.1 Overview
14.2 Production
- 14.2.1 Production process
- 14.2.2 Mechanical biological treatment
14.3 Markets

15 COMPANY PROFILES (198 company profiles)

16 REFERENCES

简介目录图表

List of Tables

Table 1. Market drivers for biofuels
Table 2. Market challenges for biofuels
Table 3. Liquid biofuels market 2020-2033, by type and production
Table 4. Industry developments in biofuels 2020-2023
Table 5. Comparison of biofuels
Table 6. Comparison of biofuel costs (USD/liter) 2023, by type
Table 7. Categories and examples of solid biofuel
Table 8. Comparison of biofuels and e-fuels to fossil and electricity
Table 9. Classification of biomass feedstock
Table 10. Biorefinery feedstocks
Table 11. Feedstock conversion pathways
Table 12. First-Generation Feedstocks
Table 13. Lignocellulosic ethanol plants and capacities
Table 14. Comparison of pulping and biorefinery lignins
Table 15. Commercial and pre-commercial biorefinery lignin production facilities and processes
Table 16. Operating and planned lignocellulosic biorefineries and industrial flue gas-to-ethanol
Table 17. Properties of microalgae and macroalgae
Table 18. Yield of algae and other biodiesel crops
Table 19. Advantages and disadvantages of biofuels, by generation
Table 20. Biodiesel by generation
Table 21. Biodiesel production techniques
Table 22. Summary of pyrolysis technique under different operating conditions
Table 23. Biomass materials and their bio-oil yield
Table 24. Biofuel production cost from the biomass pyrolysis process
Table 25. Properties of vegetable oils in comparison to diesel
Table 26. Main producers of HVO and capacities
Table 27. Example commercial Development of BtL processes
Table 28. Pilot or demo projects for biomass to liquid (BtL) processes
Table 29. Global biodiesel consumption, 2010-2033 (M litres/year)
Table 30. Global renewable diesel consumption, to 2033 (M litres/year)
Table 31. Renewable diesel price ranges
Table 32. Advantages and disadvantages of Bio-aviation fuel
Table 33. Production pathways for Bio-aviation fuel
Table 34. Current and announced Bio-aviation fuel facilities and capacities
Table 35. Global bio-jet fuel consumption to 2033 (Million litres/year)
Table 36. Bio-based naphtha markets and applications
Table 37. Bio-naphtha market value chain
Table 38. Bio-naphtha pricing against petroleum-derived naphtha and related fuel products
Table 39. Bio-based Naphtha production capacities, by producer
Table 40. Comparison of biogas, biomethane and natural gas
Table 41. Processes in bioethanol production
Table 42. Microorganisms used in CBP for ethanol production from biomass lignocellulosic
Table 43. Ethanol consumption 2010-2033 (million litres)
Table 44. Biogas feedstocks
Table 45. Existing and planned bio-LNG production plants
Table 46. Methods for capturing carbon dioxide from biogas
Table 47. Comparison of different Bio-H2 production pathways
Table 48. Markets and applications for biohydrogen
Table 49. Summary of gasification technologies
Table 50. Overview of hydrothermal cracking for advanced chemical recycling
Table 51. Applications of e-fuels, by type
Table 52. Overview of e-fuels
Table 53. Benefits of e-fuels
Table 54. eFuel production facilities, current and planned
Table 55. Main characteristics of different electrolyzer technologies
Table 56. Market challenges for e-fuels
Table 57. E-fuels companies
Table 58. Algae-derived biofuel producers
Table 59. Green ammonia projects (current and planned)
Table 60. Blue ammonia projects
Table 61. Ammonia fuel cell technologies
Table 62. Market overview of green ammonia in marine fuel
Table 63. Summary of marine alternative fuels
Table 64. Estimated costs for different types of ammonia
Table 65. Main players in green ammonia
Table 66. Market overview for CO2 derived fuels
Table 67. Point source examples
Table 68. Advantages and disadvantages of DAC
Table 69. Companies developing airflow equipment integration with DAC
Table 70. Companies developing Passive Direct Air Capture (PDAC) technologies
Table 71. Companies developing regeneration methods for DAC technologies
Table 72. DAC companies and technologies
Table 73. DAC technology developers and production
Table 74. DAC projects in development
Table 75. Markets for DAC
Table 76. Costs summary for DAC
Table 77. Cost estimates of DAC
Table 78. Challenges for DAC technology
Table 79. DAC companies and technologies
Table 80. Microalgae products and prices
Table 81. Main Solar-Driven CO2 Conversion Approaches
Table 82. Companies in CO2-derived fuel products
Table 83. Typical composition and physicochemical properties reported for bio-oils and heavy petroleum-derived oils
Table 84. Properties and characteristics of pyrolysis liquids derived from biomass versus a fuel oil
Table 85. Main techniques used to upgrade bio-oil into higher-quality fuels
Table 86. Markets and applications for bio-oil
Table 87. Bio-oil producers
Table 88. Key resource recovery technologies
Table 89. Markets and end uses for refuse-derived fuels (RDF)
Table 90. Granbio Nanocellulose Processes

List of Figures

Figure 1. Liquid biofuel production and consumption (in thousands of m3), 2000-2021
Figure 2. Distribution of global liquid biofuel production in 2022
Figure 3. Diesel and gasoline alternatives and blends
Figure 4. SWOT analysis for biofuels
Figure 5. Schematic of a biorefinery for production of carriers and chemicals
Figure 6. Hydrolytic lignin powder
Figure 7. SWOT analysis for energy crops in biofuels
Figure 8. SWOT analysis for agricultural residues in biofuels
Figure 10. SWOT analysis for Manure, sewage sludge and organic waste in biofuels
Figure 11. SWOT analysis for forestry and wood waste in biofuels
Figure 12. Range of biomass cost by feedstock type
Figure 13. Regional production of biodiesel (billion litres)
Figure 14. SWOT analysis for biodiesel
Figure 15. Flow chart for biodiesel production
Figure 16. Biodiesel (B20) average prices, current and historical, USD/litre
Figure 17. Global biodiesel consumption, 2010-2033 (M litres/year)
Figure 18. SWOT analysis for renewable iesel
Figure 19. Global renewable diesel consumption, to 2033 (M litres/year)
Figure 20. SWOT analysis for Bio-aviation fuel
Figure 21. Global bio-jet fuel consumption to 2033 (Million litres/year)
Figure 22. SWOT analysis for bio-naphtha
Figure 23. Bio-based naphtha production capacities, 2018-2033 (tonnes)
Figure 24. SWOT analysis biomethanol
Figure 25. Renewable Methanol Production Processes from Different Feedstocks
Figure 26. Production of biomethane through anaerobic digestion and upgrading
Figure 27. Production of biomethane through biomass gasification and methanation
Figure 28. Production of biomethane through the Power to methane process
Figure 29. SWOT analysis for ethanol
Figure 30. Ethanol consumption 2010-2033 (million litres)
Figure 31. Properties of petrol and biobutanol
Figure 32. Biobutanol production route
Figure 33. Overview of biogas utilization
Figure 34. Biogas and biomethane pathways
Figure 35. Overview of biogas utilization
Figure 36. Biogas and biomethane pathways
Figure 37. Schematic overview of anaerobic digestion process for biomethane production
Figure 38. Schematic overview of biomass gasification for biomethane production
Figure 39. SWOT analysis for biogas
Figure 40. Total syngas market by product in MM Nm3/h of Syngas, 2021
Figure 41. SWOT analysis for biohydrogen
Figure 42. Waste plastic production pathways to (A) diesel and (B) gasoline
Figure 43. Schematic for Pyrolysis of Scrap Tires
Figure 44. Used tires conversion process
Figure 45. Total syngas market by product in MM Nm3/h of Syngas, 2021
Figure 46. Overview of biogas utilization
Figure 47. Biogas and biomethane pathways
Figure 48. SWOT analysis for chemical recycling of biofuels
Figure 49. Process steps in the production of electrofuels
Figure 50. Mapping storage technologies according to performance characteristics
Figure 51. Production process for green hydrogen
Figure 52. SWOT analysis for E-fuels
Figure 53. E-liquids production routes
Figure 54. Fischer-Tropsch liquid e-fuel products
Figure 55. Resources required for liquid e-fuel production
Figure 56. Levelized cost and fuel-switching CO2 prices of e-fuels
Figure 57. Cost breakdown for e-fuels
Figure 58. Pathways for algal biomass conversion to biofuels
Figure 59. SWOT analysis for algae-derived biofuels
Figure 60. Algal biomass conversion process for biofuel production
Figure 61. Classification and process technology according to carbon emission in ammonia production
Figure 62. Green ammonia production and use
Figure 63. Schematic of the Haber Bosch ammonia synthesis reaction
Figure 64. Schematic of hydrogen production via steam methane reformation
Figure 65. SWOT analysis for green ammonia
Figure 66. Estimated production cost of green ammonia
Figure 67. Projected annual ammonia production, million tons
Figure 68. CO2 capture and separation technology
Figure 69. Conversion route for CO2-derived fuels and chemical intermediates
Figure 70. Conversion pathways for CO2-derived methane, methanol and diesel
Figure 71. SWOT analysis for biofuels from carbon capture
Figure 72. CO2 captured from air using liquid and solid sorbent DAC plants, storage, and reuse
Figure 73. Global CO2 capture from biomass and DAC in the Net Zero Scenario
Figure 74. DAC technologies
Figure 75. Schematic of Climeworks DAC system
Figure 76. Climeworks' first commercial direct air capture (DAC) plant, based in Hinwil, Switzerland
Figure 77. Flow diagram for solid sorbent DAC
Figure 78. Direct air capture based on high temperature liquid sorbent by Carbon Engineering
Figure 79. Global capacity of direct air capture facilities
Figure 80. Global map of DAC and CCS plants
Figure 81. Schematic of costs of DAC technologies
Figure 82. DAC cost breakdown and comparison
Figure 83. Operating costs of generic liquid and solid-based DAC systems
Figure 84. CO2 feedstock for the production of e-methanol
Figure 85. Schematic illustration of (a) biophotosynthetic, (b) photothermal, (c) microbial-photoelectrochemical, (d) photosynthetic and photocatalytic (PS/PC), (e) photoelectrochemical (PEC), and (f) photovoltaic plus electrochemical (PV+EC) approaches for CO2 c
Figure 86. Audi synthetic fuels
Figure 87. Bio-oil upgrading/fractionation techniques
Figure 88. SWOT analysis for bio-oils
Figure 89. ANDRITZ Lignin Recovery process
Figure 90. ChemCyclingTM prototypes
Figure 91. ChemCycling circle by BASF
Figure 92. FBPO process
Figure 93. Direct Air Capture Process
Figure 94. CRI process
Figure 95. Cassandra Oil process
Figure 96. Colyser process
Figure 97. Domsjö process
Figure 98. ECFORM electrolysis reactor schematic
Figure 99. Dioxycle modular electrolyzer
Figure 100. Domsjö process
Figure 101. FuelPositive system
Figure 102. INERATEC unit
Figure 103. Infinitree swing method
Figure 104. Audi/Krajete unit
Figure 105. Enfinity cellulosic ethanol technology process
Figure 106: Plantrose process
Figure 107. Sunfire process for Blue Crude production
Figure 108. O12 Reactor
Figure 109. Sunglasses with lenses made from CO2-derived materials
Figure 110. CO2 made car part
Figure 111. The Velocys process
Figure 112. Goldilocks process and applications
Figure 113. The Proesa® Process