封面
市场调查报告书
商品编码
1139908

云端播种市场:按类型、应用、Flare、播种技术:2021-2031 年全球机会分析和行业预测

Cloud Seeding Market By Type, By Application, By Flare, By Seeding Technique : Global Opportunity Analysis and Industry Forecast, 2021-2031

出版日期: | 出版商: Allied Market Research | 英文 245 Pages | 商品交期: 2-3个工作天内

价格

云端播是一种公认的人工影响天气技术,可以增强云端层产生雨雪的能力。

这项技术还用于控制天气现象,例如抑制暴风雨并将雨水引导到暴露在天气中的区域。云端播种概念由通用电气于 1946 年提出。碘化银、氯化钠和干冰等无机化合物通过多种方式从空气或地面引入云端中。这些化学物质起到促凝剂的作用。云端中的自由、超冷水蒸气分子在引入的化学物质周围凝结。水分子继续聚集在化学物质周围,直到水滴形成并像雨一样落到地上。目前,该技术仍处于开发阶段,世界各国都在为其研发贡献力量。截至2022年,全球约有56个国家,包括美国、中国、印度和英国等主要国家,都有活跃的众筹项目。

云端播种市场的增长受到以下因素的推动:对云端水修復计划的投资增加、新技术的引入以及减轻环境威胁的需求增加。云端播种技术在干旱地区生产人工降雨和维持水位的应用越来越多,预计将成为加速市场发展的主要因素。包括沙特阿拉伯在内的缺水地区正在市场上进行大量投资。例如,2022 年 4 月,沙特阿拉伯部长理事会宣布在三个城市启动播云端计划,以增加降雨量。该计划分为两个阶段。第一阶段将在利雅得、卡西姆和凯尔地区,而第二阶段将在阿西尔、巴哈和塔伊夫地区。该计划将使用先进的气象技术进行环保操作。

内容

第一章介绍

第 2 章执行摘要

第 3 章市场概览

  • 市场定义和范围
  • 主要发现
    • 主要投资领域
  • 波特五力分析
  • 主要公司的定位
  • 市场动态
    • 驱动程序
    • 约束因素
    • 机会
  • COVID-19 影响分析

第 4 章云播种市场:按类型分类

  • 概览
    • 市场规模和预测
  • 空中播云端
    • 主要市场趋势、增长因素和机遇
    • 市场规模和预测:按地区
    • 市场分析:国家/地区分析
  • 地云端播种
    • 主要市场趋势、增长因素和机遇
    • 市场规模和预测:按地区
    • 市场分析:按国家/地区分类

第 5 章云播种市场:按应用分类

  • 概览
    • 市场规模和预测
  • 降水增加
    • 主要市场趋势、增长因素和机遇
    • 市场规模和预测:按地区
    • 市场分析:国家/地区分析
  • 减少冰雹伤害
    • 主要市场趋势、增长因素和机遇
    • 市场规模和预测:按地区
    • 市场分析:按国家/地区分类
  • 雾散
    • 主要市场趋势、增长因素和机遇
    • 市场规模和预测:按地区
    • 市场分析:按国家/地区分类

第 6 章。云端播种市场:Flares

  • 概览
    • 市场规模和预测
  • 结束燃烧的火焰
    • 主要市场趋势、增长因素和机遇
    • 市场规模和预测:按地区
    • 市场分析:国家/地区分析
  • 弹射弹
    • 主要市场趋势、增长因素和机遇
    • 市场规模和预测:按地区
    • 市场分析:按国家/地区分类
  • 自动/遥控发生器
    • 主要市场趋势、增长因素和机遇
    • 市场规模和预测:按地区
    • 市场分析:按国家/地区分类
  • 手动生成器
    • 主要市场趋势、增长因素和机遇
    • 市场规模和预测:按地区
    • 市场分析:按国家/地区分类
  • 耀斑树
    • 主要市场趋势、增长因素和机遇
    • 市场规模和预测:按地区
    • 市场分析:按国家/地区分类

第 7 章云播种市场:通过播种技术

  • 概览
    • 市场规模和预测
  • 吸湿性
    • 主要市场趋势、增长动力和机遇
    • 市场规模和预测:按地区
    • 市场分析:国家/地区分析
  • 冰川
    • 主要市场趋势、增长因素和机遇
    • 市场规模和预测:按地区
    • 市场分析:按国家/地区分类

第 8 章云播种市场:按地区划分

  • 概览
    • 市场规模和预测
  • 北美
    • 主要趋势和机遇
    • 北美市场规模和预测:按类型
    • 北美市场规模和预测:按应用
    • 北美市场规模和预测:按耀斑
    • 北美市场规模和预测:按种子技术
    • 北美市场规模和预测:按国家/地区分类
      • 美国
      • 加拿大
      • 墨西哥
  • 欧洲
    • 主要趋势和机遇
    • 欧洲市场规模和预测:按类型
    • 欧洲市场规模和预测:按应用
    • 欧洲市场规模和预测:按耀斑
    • 欧洲市场规模和预测:按种子技术
    • 欧洲市场规模和预测:按国家/地区分类
      • 德国
      • 英国
      • 法国
      • 俄罗斯
      • 其他欧洲地区
  • 亚太地区
    • 主要趋势和机遇
    • 亚太市场规模和预测:按类型
    • 亚太市场规模和预测:按应用
    • 亚太市场规模和预测:按耀斑
    • 亚太市场规模和预测:按种子技术
    • 亚太地区的市场规模和预测:按国家/地区分类
      • 中国
      • 印度
      • 日本
      • 其他亚太地区
  • LAMEA
    • 主要趋势和机遇
    • LAMEA 市场规模和预测:按类型
    • LAMEA 市场规模和预测:按应用
    • LAMEA 市场规模和预测:按耀斑
    • LAMEA 市场规模和预测:按种子技术
    • LAMEA 市场规模和预测:按国家/地区分类
      • 拉丁美洲
      • 中东
      • 非洲

第 9 章商业条件

  • 简介
  • 关键成功策略
  • 10 家主要公司的产品映射
  • 竞赛仪表板
  • 比赛热图
  • 主要发展

第 10 章公司简介

  • WEATHER MODIFICATION, INC
  • RHS CONSULTING, LIMITED
  • NORTH AMERICAN WEATHER CONSULTANTS, INC
  • SEEDING OPERATIONS AND ATMOSPHERIC RESEARCH
  • snowy hydro limited
  • Mettech S.p.A
  • AFJets Sdn Bhd
  • CLOUD SEEDING TECHNOLOGIES
  • 3D s.a
  • Ice Crystal Engineering
Product Code: A16539

Cloud seeding can be identified as weather modification technique that improves a cloud's ability to produce rain or snow. This technique is also used to control weather events such as suppressing storms or causing rain in draught effected areas. The concept of cloud seeding was introduced in 1946 by General Electric. Inorganic compounds such as silver iodide, sodium chloride or dry ice are introduced to the clouds via various aerial and ground-based techniques. These chemicals act as a condensation accelerator. The unattached super cooled water vapor molecules in the cloud condenses around chemicals that are introduced. The grouping of water molecules around chemicals continues until water droplets are formulated, and falls back to ground in the form of rain. The technology currently is in the developing phase and countries across the globe are contributing to its research and development activities. As of 2022, around 56 countries across the globe, including major nations such as the U.S., China, India, and UK have active cloud seeding programs.

The growth in cloud seeding market is driven by factors, such as increase in investment within cloud modification programs, introduction of new technologies, and rise in demand mitigate environmental threats. Rise in application of cloud seeding technologies to generate artificial rain and maintain water level in draught regions is expected to act as a primary market accelerator. Water deprecated regions, including Saudi Arabia have done notable investment within the market. For instance, in April 2022, the Saudi Arabia Council of Ministers announced inauguration of cloud seeding program over three cities to increase rainfall. The program is segmented in two phases. The first phase is stated to include setting up operations in Riyadh, Qassim, and hail region, followed by Asir, Al-Baha, and Taif regions in the second phase. The program is supposed to use advanced meteorological techniques to ensure environmental friendly operations.

The cloud seeding market is segmented on the basis of type, application, flare type, seeding technique, and region. By type, it is categorized aerial cloud seeding and ground based cloud seeding. Depending on application, it is fragmented into increasing precipitation, mitigating hail damage, and dispersing fog. By flare type, it is divided into end burning flares, ejection flares, automatic/remote based generator, manual generator, and flare trees. By seeding technique, the market is divided into hygroscopic, and glaciogeneic. Region-wise, the market is analyzed across North America, Europe, Asia-Pacific, and LAMEA.

Companies have adopted product development and product launch as their key development strategies in the cloud seeding industry. Moreover, collaborations and acquisitions are expected to enable leading players to enhance their product portfolios and expand into different regions. The key players operating in the cloud seeding market are Weather Modification, Inc., RHS Consulting, Limited, North American Weather Consultants, Inc., Seeding Operations And Atmospheric Research, Snowy Hydro Limited, Mettech S.p.A., AFJets Sdn Bhd, Cloud Seeding Technologies, 3D s.a., and Ice Crystal Engineering LLC.

Key Benefits For Stakeholders

  • This study presents the analytical depiction of the global cloud seeding market analysis along with the current trends and future estimations to depict imminent investment pockets.
  • The overall cloud seeding market opportunity is determined by understanding profitable trends to gain a stronger foothold.
  • The report presents information related to the key drivers, restraints, and opportunities of the global cloud seeding market with a detailed impact analysis.
  • The current cloud seeding market is quantitatively analyzed from 2021 to 2031 to benchmark the financial competency.
  • Porter's five forces analysis illustrates the potency of the buyers and suppliers in the industry.

Key Market Segments

By Type

  • Aerial Cloud Seeding
  • Ground Based Cloud Seeding

By Application

  • Increasing Precipitation
  • Mitigating Hail Damage
  • Dispersing Fog

By Flare

  • End Burning Flares
  • Ejection Flares
  • Automatic and Remote Based Generator
  • Manual Generator
  • Flare Trees

By Seeding Technique

  • Hygroscopic
  • Glaciogenic 

By Region

  • North America
    • U.S.
    • Canada
    • Mexico
  • Europe
    • Germany
    • U.K.
    • France
    • Russia
    • Rest of Europe
  • Asia-Pacific
    • China
    • India
    • Japan
    • Rest of Asia-Pacific
  • LAMEA
    • Latin America
    • Middle East
    • Africa
  • Key Market Players
    • WEATHER MODIFICATION, INC
    • RHS CONSULTING, LIMITED
    • NORTH AMERICAN WEATHER CONSULTANTS, INC
    • SEEDING OPERATIONS AND ATMOSPHERIC RESEARCH
    • snowy hydro limited
    • Mettech S.p.A
    • AFJets Sdn Bhd
    • CLOUD SEEDING TECHNOLOGIES
    • 3D s.a
    • Ice Crystal Engineering

TABLE OF CONTENTS

CHAPTER 1:INTRODUCTION

  • 1.1.Report description
  • 1.2.Key market segments
  • 1.3.Key benefits to the stakeholders
  • 1.4.Research Methodology
    • 1.4.1.Secondary research
    • 1.4.2.Primary research
    • 1.4.3.Analyst tools and models

CHAPTER 2:EXECUTIVE SUMMARY

  • 2.1.Key findings of the study
  • 2.2.CXO Perspective

CHAPTER 3:MARKET OVERVIEW

  • 3.1.Market definition and scope
  • 3.2.Key findings
    • 3.2.1.Top investment pockets
  • 3.3.Porter's five forces analysis
  • 3.4.Top player positioning
  • 3.5.Market dynamics
    • 3.5.1.Drivers
    • 3.5.2.Restraints
    • 3.5.3.Opportunities
  • 3.6.COVID-19 Impact Analysis on the market

CHAPTER 4: CLOUD SEEDING MARKET, BY TYPE

  • 4.1 Overview
    • 4.1.1 Market size and forecast
  • 4.2 Aerial Cloud Seeding
    • 4.2.1 Key market trends, growth factors and opportunities
    • 4.2.2 Market size and forecast, by region
    • 4.2.3 Market analysis by country
  • 4.3 Ground Based Cloud Seeding
    • 4.3.1 Key market trends, growth factors and opportunities
    • 4.3.2 Market size and forecast, by region
    • 4.3.3 Market analysis by country

CHAPTER 5: CLOUD SEEDING MARKET, BY APPLICATION

  • 5.1 Overview
    • 5.1.1 Market size and forecast
  • 5.2 Increasing Precipitation
    • 5.2.1 Key market trends, growth factors and opportunities
    • 5.2.2 Market size and forecast, by region
    • 5.2.3 Market analysis by country
  • 5.3 Mitigating Hail Damage
    • 5.3.1 Key market trends, growth factors and opportunities
    • 5.3.2 Market size and forecast, by region
    • 5.3.3 Market analysis by country
  • 5.4 Dispersing Fog
    • 5.4.1 Key market trends, growth factors and opportunities
    • 5.4.2 Market size and forecast, by region
    • 5.4.3 Market analysis by country

CHAPTER 6: CLOUD SEEDING MARKET, BY FLARE

  • 6.1 Overview
    • 6.1.1 Market size and forecast
  • 6.2 End Burning Flares
    • 6.2.1 Key market trends, growth factors and opportunities
    • 6.2.2 Market size and forecast, by region
    • 6.2.3 Market analysis by country
  • 6.3 Ejection Flares
    • 6.3.1 Key market trends, growth factors and opportunities
    • 6.3.2 Market size and forecast, by region
    • 6.3.3 Market analysis by country
  • 6.4 Automatic and Remote Based Generator
    • 6.4.1 Key market trends, growth factors and opportunities
    • 6.4.2 Market size and forecast, by region
    • 6.4.3 Market analysis by country
  • 6.5 Manual Generator
    • 6.5.1 Key market trends, growth factors and opportunities
    • 6.5.2 Market size and forecast, by region
    • 6.5.3 Market analysis by country
  • 6.6 Flare Trees
    • 6.6.1 Key market trends, growth factors and opportunities
    • 6.6.2 Market size and forecast, by region
    • 6.6.3 Market analysis by country

CHAPTER 7: CLOUD SEEDING MARKET, BY SEEDING TECHNIQUE

  • 7.1 Overview
    • 7.1.1 Market size and forecast
  • 7.2 Hygroscopic
    • 7.2.1 Key market trends, growth factors and opportunities
    • 7.2.2 Market size and forecast, by region
    • 7.2.3 Market analysis by country
  • 7.3 Glaciogenic 
    • 7.3.1 Key market trends, growth factors and opportunities
    • 7.3.2 Market size and forecast, by region
    • 7.3.3 Market analysis by country

CHAPTER 8: CLOUD SEEDING MARKET, BY REGION

  • 8.1 Overview
    • 8.1.1 Market size and forecast
  • 8.2 North America
    • 8.2.1 Key trends and opportunities
    • 8.2.2 North America Market size and forecast, by Type
    • 8.2.3 North America Market size and forecast, by Application
    • 8.2.4 North America Market size and forecast, by Flare
    • 8.2.5 North America Market size and forecast, by Seeding Technique
    • 8.2.6 North America Market size and forecast, by country
      • 8.2.6.1 U.S.
      • 8.2.6.1.1 Market size and forecast, by Type
      • 8.2.6.1.2 Market size and forecast, by Application
      • 8.2.6.1.3 Market size and forecast, by Flare
      • 8.2.6.1.4 Market size and forecast, by Seeding Technique
      • 8.2.6.2 Canada
      • 8.2.6.2.1 Market size and forecast, by Type
      • 8.2.6.2.2 Market size and forecast, by Application
      • 8.2.6.2.3 Market size and forecast, by Flare
      • 8.2.6.2.4 Market size and forecast, by Seeding Technique
      • 8.2.6.3 Mexico
      • 8.2.6.3.1 Market size and forecast, by Type
      • 8.2.6.3.2 Market size and forecast, by Application
      • 8.2.6.3.3 Market size and forecast, by Flare
      • 8.2.6.3.4 Market size and forecast, by Seeding Technique
  • 8.3 Europe
    • 8.3.1 Key trends and opportunities
    • 8.3.2 Europe Market size and forecast, by Type
    • 8.3.3 Europe Market size and forecast, by Application
    • 8.3.4 Europe Market size and forecast, by Flare
    • 8.3.5 Europe Market size and forecast, by Seeding Technique
    • 8.3.6 Europe Market size and forecast, by country
      • 8.3.6.1 Germany
      • 8.3.6.1.1 Market size and forecast, by Type
      • 8.3.6.1.2 Market size and forecast, by Application
      • 8.3.6.1.3 Market size and forecast, by Flare
      • 8.3.6.1.4 Market size and forecast, by Seeding Technique
      • 8.3.6.2 U.K.
      • 8.3.6.2.1 Market size and forecast, by Type
      • 8.3.6.2.2 Market size and forecast, by Application
      • 8.3.6.2.3 Market size and forecast, by Flare
      • 8.3.6.2.4 Market size and forecast, by Seeding Technique
      • 8.3.6.3 France
      • 8.3.6.3.1 Market size and forecast, by Type
      • 8.3.6.3.2 Market size and forecast, by Application
      • 8.3.6.3.3 Market size and forecast, by Flare
      • 8.3.6.3.4 Market size and forecast, by Seeding Technique
      • 8.3.6.4 Russia
      • 8.3.6.4.1 Market size and forecast, by Type
      • 8.3.6.4.2 Market size and forecast, by Application
      • 8.3.6.4.3 Market size and forecast, by Flare
      • 8.3.6.4.4 Market size and forecast, by Seeding Technique
      • 8.3.6.5 Rest of Europe
      • 8.3.6.5.1 Market size and forecast, by Type
      • 8.3.6.5.2 Market size and forecast, by Application
      • 8.3.6.5.3 Market size and forecast, by Flare
      • 8.3.6.5.4 Market size and forecast, by Seeding Technique
  • 8.4 Asia-Pacific
    • 8.4.1 Key trends and opportunities
    • 8.4.2 Asia-Pacific Market size and forecast, by Type
    • 8.4.3 Asia-Pacific Market size and forecast, by Application
    • 8.4.4 Asia-Pacific Market size and forecast, by Flare
    • 8.4.5 Asia-Pacific Market size and forecast, by Seeding Technique
    • 8.4.6 Asia-Pacific Market size and forecast, by country
      • 8.4.6.1 China
      • 8.4.6.1.1 Market size and forecast, by Type
      • 8.4.6.1.2 Market size and forecast, by Application
      • 8.4.6.1.3 Market size and forecast, by Flare
      • 8.4.6.1.4 Market size and forecast, by Seeding Technique
      • 8.4.6.2 India
      • 8.4.6.2.1 Market size and forecast, by Type
      • 8.4.6.2.2 Market size and forecast, by Application
      • 8.4.6.2.3 Market size and forecast, by Flare
      • 8.4.6.2.4 Market size and forecast, by Seeding Technique
      • 8.4.6.3 Japan
      • 8.4.6.3.1 Market size and forecast, by Type
      • 8.4.6.3.2 Market size and forecast, by Application
      • 8.4.6.3.3 Market size and forecast, by Flare
      • 8.4.6.3.4 Market size and forecast, by Seeding Technique
      • 8.4.6.4 Rest of Asia-Pacific
      • 8.4.6.4.1 Market size and forecast, by Type
      • 8.4.6.4.2 Market size and forecast, by Application
      • 8.4.6.4.3 Market size and forecast, by Flare
      • 8.4.6.4.4 Market size and forecast, by Seeding Technique
  • 8.5 LAMEA
    • 8.5.1 Key trends and opportunities
    • 8.5.2 LAMEA Market size and forecast, by Type
    • 8.5.3 LAMEA Market size and forecast, by Application
    • 8.5.4 LAMEA Market size and forecast, by Flare
    • 8.5.5 LAMEA Market size and forecast, by Seeding Technique
    • 8.5.6 LAMEA Market size and forecast, by country
      • 8.5.6.1 Latin America
      • 8.5.6.1.1 Market size and forecast, by Type
      • 8.5.6.1.2 Market size and forecast, by Application
      • 8.5.6.1.3 Market size and forecast, by Flare
      • 8.5.6.1.4 Market size and forecast, by Seeding Technique
      • 8.5.6.2 Middle East
      • 8.5.6.2.1 Market size and forecast, by Type
      • 8.5.6.2.2 Market size and forecast, by Application
      • 8.5.6.2.3 Market size and forecast, by Flare
      • 8.5.6.2.4 Market size and forecast, by Seeding Technique
      • 8.5.6.3 Africa
      • 8.5.6.3.1 Market size and forecast, by Type
      • 8.5.6.3.2 Market size and forecast, by Application
      • 8.5.6.3.3 Market size and forecast, by Flare
      • 8.5.6.3.4 Market size and forecast, by Seeding Technique

CHAPTER 9: COMPANY LANDSCAPE

  • 9.1. Introduction
  • 9.2. Top winning strategies
  • 9.3. Product Mapping of Top 10 Player
  • 9.4. Competitive Dashboard
  • 9.5. Competitive Heatmap
  • 9.6. Key developments

CHAPTER 10: COMPANY PROFILES

  • 10.1 WEATHER MODIFICATION, INC
    • 10.1.1 Company overview
    • 10.1.2 Company snapshot
    • 10.1.3 Operating business segments
    • 10.1.4 Product portfolio
    • 10.1.5 Business performance
    • 10.1.6 Key strategic moves and developments
  • 10.2 RHS CONSULTING, LIMITED
    • 10.2.1 Company overview
    • 10.2.2 Company snapshot
    • 10.2.3 Operating business segments
    • 10.2.4 Product portfolio
    • 10.2.5 Business performance
    • 10.2.6 Key strategic moves and developments
  • 10.3 NORTH AMERICAN WEATHER CONSULTANTS, INC
    • 10.3.1 Company overview
    • 10.3.2 Company snapshot
    • 10.3.3 Operating business segments
    • 10.3.4 Product portfolio
    • 10.3.5 Business performance
    • 10.3.6 Key strategic moves and developments
  • 10.4 SEEDING OPERATIONS AND ATMOSPHERIC RESEARCH
    • 10.4.1 Company overview
    • 10.4.2 Company snapshot
    • 10.4.3 Operating business segments
    • 10.4.4 Product portfolio
    • 10.4.5 Business performance
    • 10.4.6 Key strategic moves and developments
  • 10.5 snowy hydro limited
    • 10.5.1 Company overview
    • 10.5.2 Company snapshot
    • 10.5.3 Operating business segments
    • 10.5.4 Product portfolio
    • 10.5.5 Business performance
    • 10.5.6 Key strategic moves and developments
  • 10.6 Mettech S.p.A
    • 10.6.1 Company overview
    • 10.6.2 Company snapshot
    • 10.6.3 Operating business segments
    • 10.6.4 Product portfolio
    • 10.6.5 Business performance
    • 10.6.6 Key strategic moves and developments
  • 10.7 AFJets Sdn Bhd
    • 10.7.1 Company overview
    • 10.7.2 Company snapshot
    • 10.7.3 Operating business segments
    • 10.7.4 Product portfolio
    • 10.7.5 Business performance
    • 10.7.6 Key strategic moves and developments
  • 10.8 CLOUD SEEDING TECHNOLOGIES
    • 10.8.1 Company overview
    • 10.8.2 Company snapshot
    • 10.8.3 Operating business segments
    • 10.8.4 Product portfolio
    • 10.8.5 Business performance
    • 10.8.6 Key strategic moves and developments
  • 10.9 3D s.a
    • 10.9.1 Company overview
    • 10.9.2 Company snapshot
    • 10.9.3 Operating business segments
    • 10.9.4 Product portfolio
    • 10.9.5 Business performance
    • 10.9.6 Key strategic moves and developments
  • 10.10 Ice Crystal Engineering
    • 10.10.1 Company overview
    • 10.10.2 Company snapshot
    • 10.10.3 Operating business segments
    • 10.10.4 Product portfolio
    • 10.10.5 Business performance
    • 10.10.6 Key strategic moves and developments

LIST OF TABLES

  • TABLE 1. GLOBAL CLOUD SEEDING MARKET, BY TYPE, 2021-2031,($MILLION)
  • TABLE 2. CLOUD SEEDING MARKET REVENUE, FOR AERIAL CLOUD SEEDING, BY REGION , 2021-2031,($MILLION)
  • TABLE 3. CLOUD SEEDING MARKET FOR AERIAL CLOUD SEEDING BY COUNTRY, 2021-2031,($MILLION)
  • TABLE 4. CLOUD SEEDING MARKET REVENUE, FOR GROUND BASED CLOUD SEEDING, BY REGION , 2021-2031,($MILLION)
  • TABLE 5. CLOUD SEEDING MARKET FOR GROUND BASED CLOUD SEEDING BY COUNTRY, 2021-2031,($MILLION)
  • TABLE 6. GLOBAL CLOUD SEEDING MARKET, BY APPLICATION, 2021-2031,($MILLION)
  • TABLE 7. CLOUD SEEDING MARKET REVENUE, FOR INCREASING PRECIPITATION, BY REGION , 2021-2031,($MILLION)
  • TABLE 8. CLOUD SEEDING MARKET FOR INCREASING PRECIPITATION BY COUNTRY, 2021-2031,($MILLION)
  • TABLE 9. CLOUD SEEDING MARKET REVENUE, FOR MITIGATING HAIL DAMAGE, BY REGION , 2021-2031,($MILLION)
  • TABLE 10. CLOUD SEEDING MARKET FOR MITIGATING HAIL DAMAGE BY COUNTRY, 2021-2031,($MILLION)
  • TABLE 11. CLOUD SEEDING MARKET REVENUE, FOR DISPERSING FOG, BY REGION , 2021-2031,($MILLION)
  • TABLE 12. CLOUD SEEDING MARKET FOR DISPERSING FOG BY COUNTRY, 2021-2031,($MILLION)
  • TABLE 13. GLOBAL CLOUD SEEDING MARKET, BY FLARE, 2021-2031,($MILLION)
  • TABLE 14. CLOUD SEEDING MARKET REVENUE, FOR END BURNING FLARES, BY REGION , 2021-2031,($MILLION)
  • TABLE 15. CLOUD SEEDING MARKET FOR END BURNING FLARES BY COUNTRY, 2021-2031,($MILLION)
  • TABLE 16. CLOUD SEEDING MARKET REVENUE, FOR EJECTION FLARES, BY REGION , 2021-2031,($MILLION)
  • TABLE 17. CLOUD SEEDING MARKET FOR EJECTION FLARES BY COUNTRY, 2021-2031,($MILLION)
  • TABLE 18. CLOUD SEEDING MARKET REVENUE, FOR AUTOMATIC AND REMOTE BASED GENERATOR, BY REGION , 2021-2031,($MILLION)
  • TABLE 19. CLOUD SEEDING MARKET FOR AUTOMATIC AND REMOTE BASED GENERATOR BY COUNTRY, 2021-2031,($MILLION)
  • TABLE 20. CLOUD SEEDING MARKET REVENUE, FOR MANUAL GENERATOR, BY REGION , 2021-2031,($MILLION)
  • TABLE 21. CLOUD SEEDING MARKET FOR MANUAL GENERATOR BY COUNTRY, 2021-2031,($MILLION)
  • TABLE 22. CLOUD SEEDING MARKET REVENUE, FOR FLARE TREES, BY REGION , 2021-2031,($MILLION)
  • TABLE 23. CLOUD SEEDING MARKET FOR FLARE TREES BY COUNTRY, 2021-2031,($MILLION)
  • TABLE 24. GLOBAL CLOUD SEEDING MARKET, BY SEEDING TECHNIQUE, 2021-2031,($MILLION)
  • TABLE 25. CLOUD SEEDING MARKET REVENUE, FOR HYGROSCOPIC, BY REGION , 2021-2031,($MILLION)
  • TABLE 26. CLOUD SEEDING MARKET FOR HYGROSCOPIC BY COUNTRY, 2021-2031,($MILLION)
  • TABLE 27. CLOUD SEEDING MARKET REVENUE, FOR GLACIOGENIC , BY REGION , 2021-2031,($MILLION)
  • TABLE 28. CLOUD SEEDING MARKET FOR GLACIOGENIC  BY COUNTRY, 2021-2031,($MILLION)
  • TABLE 29. CLOUD SEEDING MARKET, BY REGION, 2021-2031,($MILLION)
  • TABLE 30. NORTH AMERICA CLOUD SEEDING MARKET, BY TYPE, 2021-2031,($MILLION)
  • TABLE 31. NORTH AMERICA CLOUD SEEDING MARKET, BY APPLICATION, 2021-2031,($MILLION)
  • TABLE 32. NORTH AMERICA CLOUD SEEDING MARKET, BY FLARE, 2021-2031,($MILLION)
  • TABLE 33. NORTH AMERICA CLOUD SEEDING MARKET, BY SEEDING TECHNIQUE, 2021-2031,($MILLION)
  • TABLE 34. NORTH AMERICA CLOUD SEEDING MARKET, BY COUNTRY, 2021-2031,($MILLION)
  • TABLE 35. U.S. CLOUD SEEDING MARKET, BY TYPE, 2021-2031,($MILLION)
  • TABLE 36. U.S. CLOUD SEEDING MARKET, BY APPLICATION, 2021-2031,($MILLION)
  • TABLE 37. U.S. CLOUD SEEDING MARKET, BY FLARE, 2021-2031,($MILLION)
  • TABLE 38. U.S. CLOUD SEEDING MARKET, BY SEEDING TECHNIQUE, 2021-2031,($MILLION)
  • TABLE 39. CANADA CLOUD SEEDING MARKET, BY TYPE, 2021-2031,($MILLION)
  • TABLE 40. CANADA CLOUD SEEDING MARKET, BY APPLICATION, 2021-2031,($MILLION)
  • TABLE 41. CANADA CLOUD SEEDING MARKET, BY FLARE, 2021-2031,($MILLION)
  • TABLE 42. CANADA CLOUD SEEDING MARKET, BY SEEDING TECHNIQUE, 2021-2031,($MILLION)
  • TABLE 43. MEXICO CLOUD SEEDING MARKET, BY TYPE, 2021-2031,($MILLION)
  • TABLE 44. MEXICO CLOUD SEEDING MARKET, BY APPLICATION, 2021-2031,($MILLION)
  • TABLE 45. MEXICO CLOUD SEEDING MARKET, BY FLARE, 2021-2031,($MILLION)
  • TABLE 46. MEXICO CLOUD SEEDING MARKET, BY SEEDING TECHNIQUE, 2021-2031,($MILLION)
  • TABLE 47. EUROPE CLOUD SEEDING MARKET, BY TYPE, 2021-2031,($MILLION)
  • TABLE 48. EUROPE CLOUD SEEDING MARKET, BY APPLICATION, 2021-2031,($MILLION)
  • TABLE 49. EUROPE CLOUD SEEDING MARKET, BY FLARE, 2021-2031,($MILLION)
  • TABLE 50. EUROPE CLOUD SEEDING MARKET, BY SEEDING TECHNIQUE, 2021-2031,($MILLION)
  • TABLE 51. EUROPE CLOUD SEEDING MARKET, BY COUNTRY, 2021-2031,($MILLION)
  • TABLE 52. GERMANY CLOUD SEEDING MARKET, BY TYPE, 2021-2031,($MILLION)
  • TABLE 53. GERMANY CLOUD SEEDING MARKET, BY APPLICATION, 2021-2031,($MILLION)
  • TABLE 54. GERMANY CLOUD SEEDING MARKET, BY FLARE, 2021-2031,($MILLION)
  • TABLE 55. GERMANY CLOUD SEEDING MARKET, BY SEEDING TECHNIQUE, 2021-2031,($MILLION)
  • TABLE 56. U.K. CLOUD SEEDING MARKET, BY TYPE, 2021-2031,($MILLION)
  • TABLE 57. U.K. CLOUD SEEDING MARKET, BY APPLICATION, 2021-2031,($MILLION)
  • TABLE 58. U.K. CLOUD SEEDING MARKET, BY FLARE, 2021-2031,($MILLION)
  • TABLE 59. U.K. CLOUD SEEDING MARKET, BY SEEDING TECHNIQUE, 2021-2031,($MILLION)
  • TABLE 60. FRANCE CLOUD SEEDING MARKET, BY TYPE, 2021-2031,($MILLION)
  • TABLE 61. FRANCE CLOUD SEEDING MARKET, BY APPLICATION, 2021-2031,($MILLION)
  • TABLE 62. FRANCE CLOUD SEEDING MARKET, BY FLARE, 2021-2031,($MILLION)
  • TABLE 63. FRANCE CLOUD SEEDING MARKET, BY SEEDING TECHNIQUE, 2021-2031,($MILLION)
  • TABLE 64. RUSSIA CLOUD SEEDING MARKET, BY TYPE, 2021-2031,($MILLION)
  • TABLE 65. RUSSIA CLOUD SEEDING MARKET, BY APPLICATION, 2021-2031,($MILLION)
  • TABLE 66. RUSSIA CLOUD SEEDING MARKET, BY FLARE, 2021-2031,($MILLION)
  • TABLE 67. RUSSIA CLOUD SEEDING MARKET, BY SEEDING TECHNIQUE, 2021-2031,($MILLION)
  • TABLE 68. REST OF EUROPE CLOUD SEEDING MARKET, BY TYPE, 2021-2031,($MILLION)
  • TABLE 69. REST OF EUROPE CLOUD SEEDING MARKET, BY APPLICATION, 2021-2031,($MILLION)
  • TABLE 70. REST OF EUROPE CLOUD SEEDING MARKET, BY FLARE, 2021-2031,($MILLION)
  • TABLE 71. REST OF EUROPE CLOUD SEEDING MARKET, BY SEEDING TECHNIQUE, 2021-2031,($MILLION)
  • TABLE 72. ASIA-PACIFIC CLOUD SEEDING MARKET, BY TYPE, 2021-2031,($MILLION)
  • TABLE 73. ASIA-PACIFIC CLOUD SEEDING MARKET, BY APPLICATION, 2021-2031,($MILLION)
  • TABLE 74. ASIA-PACIFIC CLOUD SEEDING MARKET, BY FLARE, 2021-2031,($MILLION)
  • TABLE 75. ASIA-PACIFIC CLOUD SEEDING MARKET, BY SEEDING TECHNIQUE, 2021-2031,($MILLION)
  • TABLE 76. ASIA-PACIFIC CLOUD SEEDING MARKET, BY COUNTRY, 2021-2031,($MILLION)
  • TABLE 77. CHINA CLOUD SEEDING MARKET, BY TYPE, 2021-2031,($MILLION)
  • TABLE 78. CHINA CLOUD SEEDING MARKET, BY APPLICATION, 2021-2031,($MILLION)
  • TABLE 79. CHINA CLOUD SEEDING MARKET, BY FLARE, 2021-2031,($MILLION)
  • TABLE 80. CHINA CLOUD SEEDING MARKET, BY SEEDING TECHNIQUE, 2021-2031,($MILLION)
  • TABLE 81. INDIA CLOUD SEEDING MARKET, BY TYPE, 2021-2031,($MILLION)
  • TABLE 82. INDIA CLOUD SEEDING MARKET, BY APPLICATION, 2021-2031,($MILLION)
  • TABLE 83. INDIA CLOUD SEEDING MARKET, BY FLARE, 2021-2031,($MILLION)
  • TABLE 84. INDIA CLOUD SEEDING MARKET, BY SEEDING TECHNIQUE, 2021-2031,($MILLION)
  • TABLE 85. JAPAN CLOUD SEEDING MARKET, BY TYPE, 2021-2031,($MILLION)
  • TABLE 86. JAPAN CLOUD SEEDING MARKET, BY APPLICATION, 2021-2031,($MILLION)
  • TABLE 87. JAPAN CLOUD SEEDING MARKET, BY FLARE, 2021-2031,($MILLION)
  • TABLE 88. JAPAN CLOUD SEEDING MARKET, BY SEEDING TECHNIQUE, 2021-2031,($MILLION)
  • TABLE 89. REST OF ASIA-PACIFIC CLOUD SEEDING MARKET, BY TYPE, 2021-2031,($MILLION)
  • TABLE 90. REST OF ASIA-PACIFIC CLOUD SEEDING MARKET, BY APPLICATION, 2021-2031,($MILLION)
  • TABLE 91. REST OF ASIA-PACIFIC CLOUD SEEDING MARKET, BY FLARE, 2021-2031,($MILLION)
  • TABLE 92. REST OF ASIA-PACIFIC CLOUD SEEDING MARKET, BY SEEDING TECHNIQUE, 2021-2031,($MILLION)
  • TABLE 93. LAMEA CLOUD SEEDING MARKET, BY TYPE, 2021-2031,($MILLION)
  • TABLE 94. LAMEA CLOUD SEEDING MARKET, BY APPLICATION, 2021-2031,($MILLION)
  • TABLE 95. LAMEA CLOUD SEEDING MARKET, BY FLARE, 2021-2031,($MILLION)
  • TABLE 96. LAMEA CLOUD SEEDING MARKET, BY SEEDING TECHNIQUE, 2021-2031,($MILLION)
  • TABLE 97. LAMEA CLOUD SEEDING MARKET, BY COUNTRY, 2021-2031,($MILLION)
  • TABLE 98. LATIN AMERICA CLOUD SEEDING MARKET, BY TYPE, 2021-2031,($MILLION)
  • TABLE 99. LATIN AMERICA CLOUD SEEDING MARKET, BY APPLICATION, 2021-2031,($MILLION)
  • TABLE 100. LATIN AMERICA CLOUD SEEDING MARKET, BY FLARE, 2021-2031,($MILLION)
  • TABLE 101. LATIN AMERICA CLOUD SEEDING MARKET, BY SEEDING TECHNIQUE, 2021-2031,($MILLION)
  • TABLE 102. MIDDLE EAST CLOUD SEEDING MARKET, BY TYPE, 2021-2031,($MILLION)
  • TABLE 103. MIDDLE EAST CLOUD SEEDING MARKET, BY APPLICATION, 2021-2031,($MILLION)
  • TABLE 104. MIDDLE EAST CLOUD SEEDING MARKET, BY FLARE, 2021-2031,($MILLION)
  • TABLE 105. MIDDLE EAST CLOUD SEEDING MARKET, BY SEEDING TECHNIQUE, 2021-2031,($MILLION)
  • TABLE 106. AFRICA CLOUD SEEDING MARKET, BY TYPE, 2021-2031,($MILLION)
  • TABLE 107. AFRICA CLOUD SEEDING MARKET, BY APPLICATION, 2021-2031,($MILLION)
  • TABLE 108. AFRICA CLOUD SEEDING MARKET, BY FLARE, 2021-2031,($MILLION)
  • TABLE 109. AFRICA CLOUD SEEDING MARKET, BY SEEDING TECHNIQUE, 2021-2031,($MILLION)
  • TABLE 110.WEATHER MODIFICATION, INC: COMPANY SNAPSHOT
  • TABLE 111.WEATHER MODIFICATION, INC: OPERATING SEGMENTS
  • TABLE 112.WEATHER MODIFICATION, INC: PRODUCT PORTFOLIO
  • TABLE 113.WEATHER MODIFICATION, INC: NET SALES,
  • TABLE 114.WEATHER MODIFICATION, INC: KEY STRATERGIES
  • TABLE 115.RHS CONSULTING, LIMITED: COMPANY SNAPSHOT
  • TABLE 116.RHS CONSULTING, LIMITED: OPERATING SEGMENTS
  • TABLE 117.RHS CONSULTING, LIMITED: PRODUCT PORTFOLIO
  • TABLE 118.RHS CONSULTING, LIMITED: NET SALES,
  • TABLE 119.RHS CONSULTING, LIMITED: KEY STRATERGIES
  • TABLE 120.NORTH AMERICAN WEATHER CONSULTANTS, INC: COMPANY SNAPSHOT
  • TABLE 121.NORTH AMERICAN WEATHER CONSULTANTS, INC: OPERATING SEGMENTS
  • TABLE 122.NORTH AMERICAN WEATHER CONSULTANTS, INC: PRODUCT PORTFOLIO
  • TABLE 123.NORTH AMERICAN WEATHER CONSULTANTS, INC: NET SALES,
  • TABLE 124.NORTH AMERICAN WEATHER CONSULTANTS, INC: KEY STRATERGIES
  • TABLE 125.SEEDING OPERATIONS AND ATMOSPHERIC RESEARCH: COMPANY SNAPSHOT
  • TABLE 126.SEEDING OPERATIONS AND ATMOSPHERIC RESEARCH: OPERATING SEGMENTS
  • TABLE 127.SEEDING OPERATIONS AND ATMOSPHERIC RESEARCH: PRODUCT PORTFOLIO
  • TABLE 128.SEEDING OPERATIONS AND ATMOSPHERIC RESEARCH: NET SALES,
  • TABLE 129.SEEDING OPERATIONS AND ATMOSPHERIC RESEARCH: KEY STRATERGIES
  • TABLE 130.SNOWY HYDRO LIMITED: COMPANY SNAPSHOT
  • TABLE 131.SNOWY HYDRO LIMITED: OPERATING SEGMENTS
  • TABLE 132.SNOWY HYDRO LIMITED: PRODUCT PORTFOLIO
  • TABLE 133.SNOWY HYDRO LIMITED: NET SALES,
  • TABLE 134.SNOWY HYDRO LIMITED: KEY STRATERGIES
  • TABLE 135.METTECH S.P.A: COMPANY SNAPSHOT
  • TABLE 136.METTECH S.P.A: OPERATING SEGMENTS
  • TABLE 137.METTECH S.P.A: PRODUCT PORTFOLIO
  • TABLE 138.METTECH S.P.A: NET SALES,
  • TABLE 139.METTECH S.P.A: KEY STRATERGIES
  • TABLE 140.AFJETS SDN BHD: COMPANY SNAPSHOT
  • TABLE 141.AFJETS SDN BHD: OPERATING SEGMENTS
  • TABLE 142.AFJETS SDN BHD: PRODUCT PORTFOLIO
  • TABLE 143.AFJETS SDN BHD: NET SALES,
  • TABLE 144.AFJETS SDN BHD: KEY STRATERGIES
  • TABLE 145.CLOUD SEEDING TECHNOLOGIES: COMPANY SNAPSHOT
  • TABLE 146.CLOUD SEEDING TECHNOLOGIES: OPERATING SEGMENTS
  • TABLE 147.CLOUD SEEDING TECHNOLOGIES: PRODUCT PORTFOLIO
  • TABLE 148.CLOUD SEEDING TECHNOLOGIES: NET SALES,
  • TABLE 149.CLOUD SEEDING TECHNOLOGIES: KEY STRATERGIES
  • TABLE 150.3D S.A: COMPANY SNAPSHOT
  • TABLE 151.3D S.A: OPERATING SEGMENTS
  • TABLE 152.3D S.A: PRODUCT PORTFOLIO
  • TABLE 153.3D S.A: NET SALES,
  • TABLE 154.3D S.A: KEY STRATERGIES
  • TABLE 155.ICE CRYSTAL ENGINEERING: COMPANY SNAPSHOT
  • TABLE 156.ICE CRYSTAL ENGINEERING: OPERATING SEGMENTS
  • TABLE 157.ICE CRYSTAL ENGINEERING: PRODUCT PORTFOLIO
  • TABLE 158.ICE CRYSTAL ENGINEERING: NET SALES,
  • TABLE 159.ICE CRYSTAL ENGINEERING: KEY STRATERGIES

LIST OF FIGURES

  • FIGURE 1.CLOUD SEEDING MARKET SEGMENTATION
  • FIGURE 2.CLOUD SEEDING MARKET,2021-2031
  • FIGURE 3.CLOUD SEEDING MARKET,2021-2031
  • FIGURE 4. TOP INVESTMENT POCKETS, BY REGION
  • FIGURE 5.PORTER FIVE-1
  • FIGURE 6.PORTER FIVE-2
  • FIGURE 7.PORTER FIVE-3
  • FIGURE 8.PORTER FIVE-4
  • FIGURE 9.PORTER FIVE-5
  • FIGURE 10.TOP PLAYER POSITIONING
  • FIGURE 11.CLOUD SEEDING MARKET:DRIVERS, RESTRAINTS AND OPPORTUNITIES
  • FIGURE 12.CLOUD SEEDING MARKET,BY TYPE,2021(%)
  • FIGURE 13.COMPARATIVE SHARE ANALYSIS OF AERIAL CLOUD SEEDING CLOUD SEEDING MARKET,2021-2031(%)
  • FIGURE 14.COMPARATIVE SHARE ANALYSIS OF GROUND BASED CLOUD SEEDING CLOUD SEEDING MARKET,2021-2031(%)
  • FIGURE 15.CLOUD SEEDING MARKET,BY APPLICATION,2021(%)
  • FIGURE 16.COMPARATIVE SHARE ANALYSIS OF INCREASING PRECIPITATION CLOUD SEEDING MARKET,2021-2031(%)
  • FIGURE 17.COMPARATIVE SHARE ANALYSIS OF MITIGATING HAIL DAMAGE CLOUD SEEDING MARKET,2021-2031(%)
  • FIGURE 18.COMPARATIVE SHARE ANALYSIS OF DISPERSING FOG CLOUD SEEDING MARKET,2021-2031(%)
  • FIGURE 19.CLOUD SEEDING MARKET,BY FLARE,2021(%)
  • FIGURE 20.COMPARATIVE SHARE ANALYSIS OF END BURNING FLARES CLOUD SEEDING MARKET,2021-2031(%)
  • FIGURE 21.COMPARATIVE SHARE ANALYSIS OF EJECTION FLARES CLOUD SEEDING MARKET,2021-2031(%)
  • FIGURE 22.COMPARATIVE SHARE ANALYSIS OF AUTOMATIC AND REMOTE BASED GENERATOR CLOUD SEEDING MARKET,2021-2031(%)
  • FIGURE 23.COMPARATIVE SHARE ANALYSIS OF MANUAL GENERATOR CLOUD SEEDING MARKET,2021-2031(%)
  • FIGURE 24.COMPARATIVE SHARE ANALYSIS OF FLARE TREES CLOUD SEEDING MARKET,2021-2031(%)
  • FIGURE 25.CLOUD SEEDING MARKET,BY SEEDING TECHNIQUE,2021(%)
  • FIGURE 26.COMPARATIVE SHARE ANALYSIS OF HYGROSCOPIC CLOUD SEEDING MARKET,2021-2031(%)
  • FIGURE 27.COMPARATIVE SHARE ANALYSIS OF GLACIOGENIC  CLOUD SEEDING MARKET,2021-2031(%)
  • FIGURE 28.CLOUD SEEDING MARKET BY REGION,2021
  • FIGURE 29.U.S. CLOUD SEEDING MARKET,2021-2031($MILLION)
  • FIGURE 30.CANADA CLOUD SEEDING MARKET,2021-2031($MILLION)
  • FIGURE 31.MEXICO CLOUD SEEDING MARKET,2021-2031($MILLION)
  • FIGURE 32.GERMANY CLOUD SEEDING MARKET,2021-2031($MILLION)
  • FIGURE 33.U.K. CLOUD SEEDING MARKET,2021-2031($MILLION)
  • FIGURE 34.FRANCE CLOUD SEEDING MARKET,2021-2031($MILLION)
  • FIGURE 35.RUSSIA CLOUD SEEDING MARKET,2021-2031($MILLION)
  • FIGURE 36.REST OF EUROPE CLOUD SEEDING MARKET,2021-2031($MILLION)
  • FIGURE 37.CHINA CLOUD SEEDING MARKET,2021-2031($MILLION)
  • FIGURE 38.INDIA CLOUD SEEDING MARKET,2021-2031($MILLION)
  • FIGURE 39.JAPAN CLOUD SEEDING MARKET,2021-2031($MILLION)
  • FIGURE 40.REST OF ASIA-PACIFIC CLOUD SEEDING MARKET,2021-2031($MILLION)
  • FIGURE 41.LATIN AMERICA CLOUD SEEDING MARKET,2021-2031($MILLION)
  • FIGURE 42.MIDDLE EAST CLOUD SEEDING MARKET,2021-2031($MILLION)
  • FIGURE 43.AFRICA CLOUD SEEDING MARKET,2021-2031($MILLION)
  • FIGURE 44. TOP WINNING STRATEGIES, BY YEAR
  • FIGURE 45. TOP WINNING STRATEGIES, BY DEVELOPMENT
  • FIGURE 46. TOP WINNING STRATEGIES, BY COMPANY
  • FIGURE 47.PRODUCT MAPPING OF TOP 10 PLAYERS
  • FIGURE 48.COMPETITIVE DASHBOARD
  • FIGURE 49.COMPETITIVE HEATMAP OF TOP 10 KEY PLAYERS
  • FIGURE 50.WEATHER MODIFICATION, INC.: NET SALES ,($MILLION)
  • FIGURE 51.RHS CONSULTING, LIMITED.: NET SALES ,($MILLION)
  • FIGURE 52.NORTH AMERICAN WEATHER CONSULTANTS, INC.: NET SALES ,($MILLION)
  • FIGURE 53.SEEDING OPERATIONS AND ATMOSPHERIC RESEARCH.: NET SALES ,($MILLION)
  • FIGURE 54.SNOWY HYDRO LIMITED.: NET SALES ,($MILLION)
  • FIGURE 55.METTECH S.P.A.: NET SALES ,($MILLION)
  • FIGURE 56.AFJETS SDN BHD.: NET SALES ,($MILLION)
  • FIGURE 57.CLOUD SEEDING TECHNOLOGIES.: NET SALES ,($MILLION)
  • FIGURE 58.3D S.A.: NET SALES ,($MILLION)
  • FIGURE 59.ICE CRYSTAL ENGINEERING.: NET SALES ,($MILLION)