Product Code: ANV2502
REPORT HIGHLIGHT
Radiopaque Coatings Market size was valued at USD 897.56 Million in 2023, expanding at a CAGR of 4.5% from 2024 to 2032.
Materials used to make objects or substrates visible under X-ray or other imaging modalities are known as radiopaque coatings. These coatings include materials that, when exposed to X-rays, attenuate, or scatter the radiation. This causes the coated object to look opaque or to stand out against the backdrop in X-ray images. This characteristic makes radiopaque coatings useful in medical imaging, where they can be applied to improve the visibility of implants, medical equipment, and other body parts. In non-destructive testing (NDT) and industrial imaging, where accurate object recognition and localization are required, radiopaque coatings are also used.
Radiopaque Coatings Market- Market Dynamics
Growing product launches drive market growth
The growing product launches are expected to drive market growth during the forecast period. For instance, in December 2023, The Flexcon Global product line of polyester printable films and overlaminates for lifetime medical device labeling and tracking solutions was launched. Flexcon Global is the go-to source for cutting-edge coatings, film laminations, and functional technologies. The Food and Drug Administration's (FDA) unique device identification (UDI) rule for FDA Class I, II, and III medical devices used outside the body is satisfied by this series of label substrates. With a more straightforward product offering, MedFlex(R) products simplify complexity and make it simpler for specifiers and consumers to choose the right products for medical devices. All products are offered by Quick-Ship for purchase worldwide. These biocompatible adhesive labeling and over-laminating solutions, which have been proven in the industry, have a permanent solvent-based adhesive. The raw material components are controlled to guarantee constant quality and performance.
Radiopaque Coatings Market- Key Insights
As per the analysis shared by our research analyst, the global market is estimated to grow annually at a CAGR of around 4.5% over the forecast period (2024-2032)
Based on type segmentation, the Polymeric Coatings segment is expected to capture the largest revenue share over the projected period
Based on application segmentation, the Medical Devices and Implants segment is expected to hold a prominent market share over the forecast period
Based on region, North America is expected to dominate the market over the forecast period
Radiopaque Coatings Market- Segmentation Analysis:
The Global Radiopaque Coatings Market is segmented based on Type, Application and Region.
Based on the type, the Radiopaque Coatings market is bifurcated into Metal-Based Coatings, Polymeric Coatings, Ceramic-Based Coatings, Hybrid Coatings and Others. The Polymeric Coatings segment is expected to capture the largest revenue share over the projected period. Radiopaque fillers, including barium sulfate or iodinated chemicals, are incorporated into polymer matrices to create polymeric radiopaque coatings. These coatings are biocompatible, flexible, and can be tailored for certain medicinal uses. Devices used in interventional procedures, such as balloons, stents, and guidewires, frequently include polymeric coatings.
Based on the application, the global Radiopaque coating market is segmented into Medical Devices and Implants, Diagnostic Imaging, Non-Destructive Testing (NDT) and Others. The Medical Devices and Implants segment is expected to hold a prominent market share over the forecast period. To improve its visibility during X-rays, CT scans, fluoroscopies, and other imaging modalities, radiopaque coatings are widely employed in medical equipment and implants. During procedures, healthcare practitioners can precisely position and track gadgets thanks to these coatings. Dental, orthopedic, vascular, guidewire, stent, and catheter implants are a few common examples.
Radiopaque Coatings Market- Geographical Insights
Geographically, this market is widespread in the regions of North America, Latin America, Europe, Asia Pacific, and the Middle East and Africa. These regions are further divided as per the nations bringing business. North America is expected to dominate the market over the forecast period. The regional market expansion is attributed to the rising prevalence of chronic diseases such as CVD, orthopedic implants and others. For instance, a study released today in the Journal of the American College of Cardiology projects a considerable increase in the prevalence of cardiovascular risk factors and disease in the United States by the year 2060. All four CV risk factors are predicted to rise in the general U.S. population between 2025 and 2060, with diabetes seeing the biggest percentage increase at 39.3% to 55 million people, followed by dyslipidemia at 27.6% to 126 million, hypertension at 25.1% to 162 million, and obesity at 18.3% to 126 million.
Radiopaque Coatings Market- Competitive Landscape:
The key players operating in the market are Professional Plating, Inc., SYNBONE AG, Evonik, LipoCoat BV, ENS Technology, SPC, AngioDynamics, ASAHI INTECC CO., LTD., UltraTape and Shanghai Eco Polymer Sci.&Tech. Co., Ltd. These players adopted various strategies to gain major market share in the industry including product launches, acquisitions, collaboration and others.
SCOPE OF THE REPORT
The scope of this report covers the market by its major segments, which include as follows:
GLOBAL RADIOPAQUE COATINGS MARKET KEY PLAYERS- DETAILED COMPETITIVE INSIGHTS
Professional Plating, Inc.
SYNBONE AG
Evonik
LipoCoat BV
ENS Technology
SPC
AngioDynamics
ASAHI INTECC CO., LTD.
UltraTape
Shanghai Eco Polymer Sci.&Tech. Co., Ltd.
GLOBAL RADIOPAQUE COATINGS MARKET, BY TYPE- MARKET ANALYSIS, 2019 - 2032
- Metal-Based Coatings
- Polymeric Coatings
- Ceramic-Based Coatings
- Hybrid Coatings
- Others
GLOBAL RADIOPAQUE COATINGS MARKET, BY APPLICATION- MARKET ANALYSIS, 2019 - 2032
- Medical Devices and Implants
- Diagnostic Imaging
- Non-Destructive Testing (NDT)
- Others
GLOBAL RADIOPAQUE COATINGS MARKET, BY REGION- MARKET ANALYSIS, 2019 - 2032
- North America
- The U.S.
- Canada
- Europe
- Germany
- France
- Italy
- Spain
- United Kingdom
- Russia
- Netherlands
- Sweden
- Poland
- Rest of Europe
- Asia Pacific
- India
- China
- South Korea
- Japan
- Australia
- Thailand
- Indonesia
- Philippines
- Rest of APAC
- Latin America
- Brazil
- Mexico
- Argentina
- Colombia
- Rest of LATAM
- The Middle East and Africa
- Saudi Arabia
- United Arab Emirates
- Israel
- Turkey
- Algeria
- Egypt
- Rest of MEA
Table of Contents
1.Radiopaque Coatings Market Overview
- 1.1.Study Scope
- 1.2.Market Estimation Years
2.Executive Summary
- 2.1.Market Snippet
- 2.1.1.Radiopaque Coatings Market Snippet by Type
- 2.1.2.Radiopaque Coatings Market Snippet by Application
- 2.1.3.Radiopaque Coatings Market Snippet by Country
- 2.1.4.Radiopaque Coatings Market Snippet by Region
- 2.2.Competitive Insights
3.Radiopaque Coatings Key Market Trends
- 3.1.Radiopaque Coatings Market Drivers
- 3.1.1.Impact Analysis of Market Drivers
- 3.2.Radiopaque Coatings Market Restraints
- 3.2.1.Impact Analysis of Market Restraints
- 3.3.Radiopaque Coatings Market Opportunities
- 3.4.Radiopaque Coatings Market Future Trends
4.Radiopaque Coatings Industry Study
- 4.1.PEST Analysis
- 4.2.Porter's Five Forces Analysis
- 4.3.Growth Prospect Mapping
- 4.4.Regulatory Framework Analysis
5.Radiopaque Coatings Market: COVID-19 Impact Analysis
- 5.1.Pre-COVID-19 Impact Analysis
- 5.2.Post-COVID-19 Impact Analysis
- 5.2.1.Top Performing Segments
- 5.2.2.Marginal Growth Segments
- 5.2.3.Top Looser Segments
- 5.2.4.Marginal Loss Segments
6.Radiopaque Coatings Market Landscape
- 6.1.Radiopaque Coatings Market Share Analysis, 2023
- 6.2.Breakdown Data, by Key Manufacturer
- 6.2.1.Established Players' Analysis
- 6.2.2.Emerging Players' Analysis
7.Radiopaque Coatings Market - By Type
- 7.1.Overview
- 7.1.1.Segment Share Analysis, By Type, 2023 & 2032 (%)
- 7.1.2.Metal-Based Coatings
- 7.1.3.Polymeric Coatings
- 7.1.4.Ceramic-Based Coatings
- 7.1.5.Hybrid Coatings
- 7.1.6.Others
8.Radiopaque Coatings Market - By Application
- 8.1.Overview
- 8.1.1.Segment Share Analysis, By Application, 2023 & 2032 (%)
- 8.1.2.Medical Devices and Implants
- 8.1.3.Diagnostic Imaging
- 8.1.4.Non-Destructive Testing (NDT)
- 8.1.5.Others
9.Radiopaque Coatings Market- By Geography
- 9.1.Introduction
- 9.1.1.Segment Share Analysis, By Geography, 2023 & 2032 (%)
- 9.2.North America
- 9.2.1.Overview
- 9.2.2.Radiopaque Coatings Key Manufacturers in North America
- 9.2.3.North America Market Size and Forecast, By Country, 2019 - 2032 (US$ Million)
- 9.2.4.North America Market Size and Forecast, By Type, 2019 - 2032 (US$ Million)
- 9.2.5.North America Market Size and Forecast, By Application, 2019 - 2032 (US$ Million)
- 9.2.6.U.S.
- 9.2.6.1.Overview
- 9.2.6.2.Market Analysis, Forecast, and Y-O-Y Growth Rate, 2019 - 2032, (US$ Million)
- 9.2.6.3.U.S. Market Size and Forecast, By Type, 2019 - 2032 (US$ Million)
- 9.2.6.4.U.S. Market Size and Forecast, By Application, 2019 - 2032 (US$ Million)
- 9.2.7.Canada
- 9.2.7.1.Overview
- 9.2.7.2.Market Analysis, Forecast, and Y-O-Y Growth Rate, 2019 - 2032, (US$ Million)
- 9.2.7.3.Canada Market Size and Forecast, By Type, 2019 - 2032 (US$ Million)
- 9.2.7.4.Canada Market Size and Forecast, By Application, 2019 - 2032 (US$ Million)
- 9.3.Europe
- 9.3.1.Overview
- 9.3.2.Radiopaque Coatings Key Manufacturers in Europe
- 9.3.3.Europe Market Size and Forecast, By Country, 2019 - 2032 (US$ Million)
- 9.3.4.Europe Market Size and Forecast, By Type, 2019 - 2032 (US$ Million)
- 9.3.5.Europe Market Size and Forecast, By Application, 2019 - 2032 (US$ Million)
- 9.3.6.Germany
- 9.3.6.1.Overview
- 9.3.6.2.Market Analysis, Forecast, and Y-O-Y Growth Rate, 2019 - 2032, (US$ Million)
- 9.3.6.3.Germany Market Size and Forecast, By Type, 2019 - 2032 (US$ Million)
- 9.3.6.4.Germany Market Size and Forecast, By Application, 2019 - 2032 (US$ Million)
- 9.3.7.Italy
- 9.3.7.1.Overview
- 9.3.7.2.Market Analysis, Forecast, and Y-O-Y Growth Rate, 2019 - 2032, (US$ Million)
- 9.3.7.3.Italy Market Size and Forecast, By Type, 2019 - 2032 (US$ Million)
- 9.3.7.4.Italy Market Size and Forecast, By Application, 2019 - 2032 (US$ Million)
- 9.3.8.United Kingdom
- 9.3.8.1.Overview
- 9.3.8.2.Market Analysis, Forecast, and Y-O-Y Growth Rate, 2019 - 2032, (US$ Million)
- 9.3.8.3.United Kingdom Market Size and Forecast, By Type, 2019 - 2032 (US$ Million)
- 9.3.8.4.United Kingdom Market Size and Forecast, By Application, 2019 - 2032 (US$ Million)
- 9.3.9.France
- 9.3.9.1.Overview
- 9.3.9.2.Market Analysis, Forecast, and Y-O-Y Growth Rate, 2019 - 2032, (US$ Million)
- 9.3.9.3.France Market Size and Forecast, By Type, 2019 - 2032 (US$ Million)
- 9.3.9.4.France Market Size and Forecast, By Application, 2019 - 2032 (US$ Million)
- 9.3.10.Russia
- 9.3.10.1.Market Analysis, Forecast, and Y-O-Y Growth Rate, 2019 - 2032, (US$ Million)
- 9.3.10.2.Russia Market Size and Forecast, By Type, 2019 - 2032 (US$ Million)
- 9.3.10.3.Russia Market Size and Forecast, By Application, 2019 - 2032 (US$ Million)
- 9.3.11.Netherlands
- 9.3.11.1.Market Analysis, Forecast, and Y-O-Y Growth Rate, 2019 - 2032, (US$ Million)
- 9.3.11.2.Netherlands Market Size and Forecast, By Type, 2019 - 2032 (US$ Million)
- 9.3.11.3.Netherlands Market Size and Forecast, By Application, 2019 - 2032 (US$ Million)
- 9.3.12.Sweden
- 9.3.12.1.Market Analysis, Forecast, and Y-O-Y Growth Rate, 2019 - 2032, (US$ Million)
- 9.3.12.2.Sweden Market Size and Forecast, By Type, 2019 - 2032 (US$ Million)
- 9.3.12.3.Sweden Market Size and Forecast, By Application, 2019 - 2032 (US$ Million)
- 9.3.13.Poland
- 9.3.13.1.Market Analysis, Forecast, and Y-O-Y Growth Rate, 2019 - 2032, (US$ Million)
- 9.3.13.2.Poland Market Size and Forecast, By Type, 2019 - 2032 (US$ Million)
- 9.3.13.3.Poland Market Size and Forecast, By Application, 2019 - 2032 (US$ Million)
- 9.3.14.Rest of Europe
- 9.3.14.1.Overview
- 9.3.14.2.Market Analysis, Forecast, and Y-O-Y Growth Rate, 2019 - 2032, (US$ Million)
- 9.3.14.3.Rest of the Europe Market Size and Forecast, By Type, 2019 - 2032 (US$ Million)
- 9.3.14.4.Rest of the Europe Market Size and Forecast, By Application, 2019 - 2032 (US$ Million)
- 9.4.Asia Pacific (APAC)
- 9.4.1.Overview
- 9.4.2.Radiopaque Coatings Key Manufacturers in Asia Pacific
- 9.4.3.Asia Pacific Market Size and Forecast, By Country, 2019 - 2032 (US$ Million)
- 9.4.4.Asia Pacific Market Size and Forecast, By Type, 2019 - 2032 (US$ Million)
- 9.4.5.Asia Pacific Market Size and Forecast, By Application, 2019 - 2032 (US$ Million)
- 9.4.6.India
- 9.4.6.1.Overview
- 9.4.6.2.Market Analysis, Forecast, and Y-O-Y Growth Rate, 2019 - 2032, (US$ Million)
- 9.4.6.3.India Market Size and Forecast, By Type, 2019 - 2032 (US$ Million)
- 9.4.6.4.India Market Size and Forecast, By Application, 2019 - 2032 (US$ Million)
- 9.4.7.China
- 9.4.7.1.Overview
- 9.4.7.2.Market Analysis, Forecast, and Y-O-Y Growth Rate, 2019 - 2032, (US$ Million)
- 9.4.7.3.China Market Size and Forecast, By Type, 2019 - 2032 (US$ Million)
- 9.4.7.4.China Market Size and Forecast, By Application, 2019 - 2032 (US$ Million)
- 9.4.8.Japan
- 9.4.8.1.Overview
- 9.4.8.2.Market Analysis, Forecast, and Y-O-Y Growth Rate, 2019 - 2032, (US$ Million)
- 9.4.8.3.Japan Market Size and Forecast, By Type, 2019 - 2032 (US$ Million)
- 9.4.8.4.Japan Market Size and Forecast, By Application, 2019 - 2032 (US$ Million)
- 9.4.9.South Korea
- 9.4.9.1.Overview
- 9.4.9.2.Market Analysis, Forecast, and Y-O-Y Growth Rate, 2019 - 2032, (US$ Million)
- 9.4.9.3.South Korea Market Size and Forecast, By Type, 2019 - 2032 (US$ Million)
- 9.4.9.4.South Korea Market Size and Forecast, By Application, 2019 - 2032 (US$ Million)
- 9.4.10.Australia
- 9.4.10.1.Overview
- 9.4.10.2.Market Analysis, Forecast, and Y-O-Y Growth Rate, 2019 - 2032, (US$ Million)
- 9.4.10.3.Australia Market Size and Forecast, By Type, 2019 - 2032 (US$ Million)
- 9.4.10.4.Australia Market Size and Forecast, By Application, 2019 - 2032 (US$ Million)
- 9.4.11.Thailand
- 9.4.11.1.Overview
- 9.4.11.2.Market Analysis, Forecast, and Y-O-Y Growth Rate, 2019 - 2032, (US$ Million)
- 9.4.11.3.Thailand Market Size and Forecast, By Type, 2019 - 2032 (US$ Million)
- 9.4.11.4.Thailand Market Size and Forecast, By Application, 2019 - 2032 (US$ Million)
- 9.4.12.Indonesia
- 9.4.12.1.Overview
- 9.4.12.2.Market Analysis, Forecast, and Y-O-Y Growth Rate, 2019 - 2032, (US$ Million)
- 9.4.12.3.Indonesia Market Size and Forecast, By Type, 2019 - 2032 (US$ Million)
- 9.4.12.4.Indonesia Market Size and Forecast, By Application, 2019 - 2032 (US$ Million)
- 9.4.13.Philippines
- 9.4.13.1.Overview
- 9.4.13.2.Market Analysis, Forecast, and Y-O-Y Growth Rate, 2019 - 2032, (US$ Million)
- 9.4.13.3.Philippines Market Size and Forecast, By Type, 2019 - 2032 (US$ Million)
- 9.4.13.4.Philippines Market Size and Forecast, By Application, 2019 - 2032 (US$ Million)
- 9.4.14.Rest of APAC
- 9.4.14.1.Overview
- 9.4.14.2.Market Analysis, Forecast, and Y-O-Y Growth Rate, 2019 - 2032, (US$ Million)
- 9.4.14.3.Rest of APAC Market Size and Forecast, By Type, 2019 - 2032 (US$ Million)
- 9.4.14.4.Rest of APAC Market Size and Forecast, By Application, 2019 - 2032 (US$ Million)
- 9.5.Latin America
- 9.5.1.Overview
- 9.5.2.Radiopaque Coatings Key Manufacturers in Latin America
- 9.5.3.Latin America Market Size and Forecast, By Country, 2019 - 2032 (US$ Million)
- 9.5.4.Latin America Market Size and Forecast, By Type, 2019 - 2032 (US$ Million)
- 9.5.5.Latin America Market Size and Forecast, By Application, 2019 - 2032 (US$ Million)
- 9.5.6.Brazil
- 9.5.6.1.Overview
- 9.5.6.2.Market Analysis, Forecast, and Y-O-Y Growth Rate, 2019 - 2032, (US$ Million)
- 9.5.6.3.Brazil Market Size and Forecast, By Type, 2019 - 2032 (US$ Million)
- 9.5.6.4.Brazil Market Size and Forecast, By Application, 2019 - 2032 (US$ Million)
- 9.5.7.Mexico
- 9.5.7.1.Overview
- 9.5.7.2.Market Analysis, Forecast, and Y-O-Y Growth Rate, 2019 - 2032, (US$ Million)
- 9.5.7.3.Mexico Market Size and Forecast, By Type, 2019 - 2032 (US$ Million)
- 9.5.7.4.Mexico Market Size and Forecast, By Application, 2019 - 2032 (US$ Million)
- 9.5.8.Argentina
- 9.5.8.1.Overview
- 9.5.8.2.Market Analysis, Forecast, and Y-O-Y Growth Rate, 2019 - 2032, (US$ Million)
- 9.5.8.3.Argentina Market Size and Forecast, By Type, 2019 - 2032 (US$ Million)
- 9.5.8.4.Argentina Market Size and Forecast, By Application, 2019 - 2032 (US$ Million)
- 9.5.9.Colombia
- 9.5.9.1.Overview
- 9.5.9.2.Market Analysis, Forecast, and Y-O-Y Growth Rate, 2019 - 2032, (US$ Million)
- 9.5.9.3.Colombia Market Size and Forecast, By Type, 2019 - 2032 (US$ Million)
- 9.5.9.4.Colombia Market Size and Forecast, By Application, 2019 - 2032 (US$ Million)
- 9.5.10.Rest of LATAM
- 9.5.10.1.Overview
- 9.5.10.2.Market Analysis, Forecast, and Y-O-Y Growth Rate, 2019 - 2032, (US$ Million)
- 9.5.10.3.Rest of LATAM Market Size and Forecast, By Type, 2019 - 2032 (US$ Million)
- 9.5.10.4.Rest of LATAM Market Size and Forecast, By Application, 2019 - 2032 (US$ Million)
- 9.6.Middle East and Africa
- 9.6.1.Overview
- 9.6.2.Radiopaque Coatings Key Manufacturers in Middle East and Africa
- 9.6.3.Middle East and Africa Market Size and Forecast, By Country, 2019 - 2032 (US$ Million)
- 9.6.4.Middle East and Africa Market Size and Forecast, By Type, 2019 - 2032 (US$ Million)
- 9.6.5.Middle East and Africa Market Size and Forecast, By Application, 2019 - 2032 (US$ Million)
- 9.6.6.Saudi Arabia
- 9.6.6.1.Overview
- 9.6.6.2.Market Analysis, Forecast, and Y-O-Y Growth Rate, 2019 - 2032, (US$ Million)
- 9.6.6.3.Saudi Arabia Market Size and Forecast, By Type, 2019 - 2032 (US$ Million)
- 9.6.6.4.Saudi Arabia Market Size and Forecast, By Application, 2019 - 2032 (US$ Million)
- 9.6.7.United Arab Emirates
- 9.6.7.1.Overview
- 9.6.7.2.Market Analysis, Forecast, and Y-O-Y Growth Rate, 2019 - 2032, (US$ Million)
- 9.6.7.3.United Arab Emirates Market Size and Forecast, By Type, 2019 - 2032 (US$ Million)
- 9.6.7.4.United Arab Emirates Market Size and Forecast, By Application, 2019 - 2032 (US$ Million)
- 9.6.8.Israel
- 9.6.8.1.Overview
- 9.6.8.2.Market Analysis, Forecast, and Y-O-Y Growth Rate, 2019 - 2032, (US$ Million)
- 9.6.8.3.Israel Market Size and Forecast, By Type, 2019 - 2032 (US$ Million)
- 9.6.8.4.Israel Market Size and Forecast, By Application, 2019 - 2032 (US$ Million)
- 9.6.9.Turkey
- 9.6.9.1.Overview
- 9.6.9.2.Market Analysis, Forecast, and Y-O-Y Growth Rate, 2019 - 2032, (US$ Million)
- 9.6.9.3.Turkey Market Size and Forecast, By Type, 2019 - 2032 (US$ Million)
- 9.6.9.4.Turkey Market Size and Forecast, By Application, 2019 - 2032 (US$ Million)
- 9.6.10.Algeria
- 9.6.10.1.Overview
- 9.6.10.2.Market Analysis, Forecast, and Y-O-Y Growth Rate, 2019 - 2032, (US$ Million)
- 9.6.10.3.Algeria Market Size and Forecast, By Type, 2019 - 2032 (US$ Million)
- 9.6.10.4.Algeria Market Size and Forecast, By Application, 2019 - 2032 (US$ Million)
- 9.6.11.Egypt
- 9.6.11.1.Overview
- 9.6.11.2.Market Analysis, Forecast, and Y-O-Y Growth Rate, 2019 - 2032, (US$ Million)
- 9.6.11.3.Egypt Market Size and Forecast, By Type, 2019 - 2032 (US$ Million)
- 9.6.11.4.Egypt Market Size and Forecast, By Application, 2019 - 2032 (US$ Million)
- 9.6.12.Rest of MEA
- 9.6.12.1.Overview
- 9.6.12.2.Market Analysis, Forecast, and Y-O-Y Growth Rate, 2019 - 2032, (US$ Million)
- 9.6.12.3.Rest of MEA Market Size and Forecast, By Type, 2019 - 2032 (US$ Million)
- 9.6.12.4.Rest of MEA Market Size and Forecast, By Application, 2019 - 2032 (US$ Million)
10.Key Vendor Analysis- Radiopaque Coatings Industry
- 10.1.Competitive Dashboard
- 10.2.Company Profiles
- 10.2.1.Professional Plating, Inc.
- 10.2.2.SYNBONE AG
- 10.2.3.Evonik
- 10.2.4.LipoCoat BV
- 10.2.5.ENS Technology
- 10.2.6.SPC
- 10.2.7.AngioDynamics
- 10.2.8.ASAHI INTECC CO., LTD.
- 10.2.9.UltraTape
- 10.2.10.Shanghai Eco Polymer Sci.&Tech. Co.,Ltd.
11.360 Degree Analyst View
12.Appendix
- 12.1.Research Methodology
- 12.2.References
- 12.3.Abbreviations
- 12.4.Disclaimer
- 12.5.Contact Us