封面
市场调查报告书
商品编码
1887796

全球种子包衣材料市场:市场规模、产业趋势、机会分析及预测(2025-2033 年),依产地、成分、类型、作物及地区划分

Global Seed Coating Material Market: By Origin, Ingredients, Type, Crop, Region- Market Size, Industry Dynamics, Opportunity Analysis and Forecast for 2025-2033

出版日期: | 出版商: Astute Analytica | 英文 297 Pages | 商品交期: 最快1-2个工作天内

价格
简介目录

种子包衣材料市场正经历显着成长,预计到 2024 年将达到约 24.91 亿美元。这一成长趋势预计将在未来几年持续强劲,到 2033 年市场规模预计将成长近一倍,达到约 46.55 亿美元。 2025 年至 2033 年预测期内的复合年增长率 (CAGR) 为 7.59%,显示全球对种子包衣材料的需求持续强劲。

推动这一成长的关键因素有很多。最重要的是,农民越来越重视作物保护,以保护他们的投资免受病虫害和不利环境条件的影响,这些因素会损害种子活力和产量。提高发芽率是另一个关键驱动因素,而种子包衣在确保均匀发芽和早期健康生长方面发挥着至关重要的作用。这些益处转化为农业生产力的提高和粮食安全的增强,使种子包衣成为现代农业实践的重要组成部分。

市场趋势

种子包衣材料市场的竞争格局主要由少数几家大型综合公司主导,这些公司掌控种子遗传和化学处理技术。这些行业领导者利用其在整个价值链上的全面控制来推动创新并占显着的市场占有率。例如,Corteva 预计收入将超过 170 亿美元,并正在策略性地扩展其专有的种子处理技术部门,因此脱颖而出。

巴斯夫也是塑造市场格局的关键参与者,其数十亿欧元的创新研发管线专注于综合种子处理和性状技术。这一重点体现了该公司致力于透过开发结合遗传学和化学保护的先进解决方案来提高作物产量和抗性的承诺。

近期一项值得关注的进展是,亚什兰公司宣布将于2025年9月在全球推出Agrimar Ecocoat,这是一种突破性的种子包衣聚合物,代表着农化产业在性能和永续性方面的重大飞跃。 Agrimar Ecocoat采用亚什兰公司的转化植物油(TVO)技术平台开发而成,是天然来源、可生物降解且不含微塑胶的解决方案。

主要成长驱动因素

对种子包衣材料日益增长的需求不仅仅是农业技术领域的一种趋势;它更应被视为一项关键的财务策略,旨在保护现代农业中最昂贵的投入——种子本身。鑑于被处理的种子价值庞大,该市场的重要性显而易见。领先的种子细分市场的年净销售额接近95亿美元,足以证明其重要性。每包种子所包含的遗传特性代表着一项重大投资,农民无法承受因保护不足而导致这些资产损失的风险。在已开发国家,高产作物的种子成本已上涨至平均每英亩约 120 美元,因此使用种子包衣成为重要的保障措施。

新机遇

种子包衣市场目前正经历重大变革,其推动力是紧迫的监管时间表,这些时间表正在从根本上改变该行业的化学成分。几十年来,标准合成聚合物一直是种子包衣的基础材料,因其耐用性和性能而备受青睐。然而,随着人们日益关注环境问题,这些材料的未来充满不确定性,因为主要地区正在对微塑胶实施严格的法规。这项监管转变不仅仅是指导方针,而是一项明确的强制性规定,它启动了倒数计时,强制要求在 2028 年 10 月之前逐步淘汰不可生物降解的种子包衣。

优化障碍

不可预测的天气条件,例如极端温度和不稳定的降雨模式,对种子性能和作物生长构成重大挑战。不稳定的气候模式会降低土壤水分和其他种子发育所需因素的稳定性,使种子难以如预期生长。当降雨不足时,干旱会阻碍种子吸收所需水分,导致发芽率低甚至不发芽。相反,降雨过多或洪水会导致种子被冲离播种地或沉入积水土壤中,这两种情况都会严重影响作物的生长。

目录

第一章:研究架构

  • 研究目标
  • 产品概述
  • 市场区隔

第二章:研究方法

  • 质性研究
    • 一手和二手资料来源
  • 量化研究
    • 一手和二手资料来源
  • 依地区划分的一手调查受访者组成
  • 研究假设
  • 市场规模估算
  • 资料三角验证

第三章:摘要整理:全球种子包衣材料市场

第四章:全球种子包衣材料市场概述

  • 产业价值链分析
    • 製造商
    • 供应商
    • 终端用户
  • 行业展望
    • 种子包衣材料需求成长
  • PESTLE 分析
  • 波特五力分析
    • 供应商议价能力
    • 买方议价能力
    • 替代品威胁
    • 新进入者威胁
    • 竞争强度
  • 市场动态与趋势
    • 成长驱动因素
    • 限制因素
    • 挑战
    • 主要趋势
  • 新冠疫情对市场成长趋势的影响评估
  • 市场成长及展望
    • 市场收入估算及预测(2020-2033 年)
    • 市场估计与预测,2020-2033 年
    • 价格趋势分析
  • 竞争格局概览
    • 市场集中度
    • 公司市占率分析(价值,%),2024 年
    • 竞争格局图

第五章 全球种子包衣材料市场分析:依原产地划分

  • 主要发现
  • 市场规模及预测,2020-2033 年
    • 天然
    • 合成

第六章 全球种子包衣材料市场分析:依组成部分

  • 主要发现
  • 市场规模及预测(2020-2033)
    • 助剂
    • 黏合剂
    • 着色剂
    • 肥料
    • 聚合物
    • 播种润滑剂

第七章 全球种子包衣材料市场分析:依类型

  • 主要发现
  • 市场规模及预测(2020-2033)
    • 薄膜包衣
    • 製粒
    • 种子处理
    • 其他

第八章 全球种子包衣材料市场分析:依作物

  • 主要发现
  • 市场规模及2020-2033 年预测
    • 谷物
    • 谷类食品
    • 油籽
    • 水果
    • 蔬菜
    • 其他

第九章 全球种子包衣材料市场区域分析

  • 主要见解
  • 市场规模及预测(2020-2033 年)
    • 北美
    • 欧洲
    • 亚太地区
    • 中东和非洲
    • 南美

第十章 北美种子包衣材料市场分析

第十一章 欧洲种子包衣材料市场分析

第十二章 亚太地区种子包衣材料市场分析

第十三章:中东与非洲种子包衣材料市场分析

第十四章:南美洲种子包衣材料市场分析

第十五章:中国种子包衣材料市场分析

第十六章:印度种子包衣材料市场分析

第十七章:日本种子包衣材料市场分析

第十八章:韩国种子包衣材料市场分析

第十九章:澳洲与纽西兰种子包衣材料市场分析

第二十章:东协种子包衣材料市场分析

第二十一章:亚太其他地区种子包衣材料市场分析

第22章:公司简介

  • 拜耳作物科学股份公司
  • 巴斯夫股份公司
  • 科莱恩国际
  • 科莱恩国际
  • 英科泰克集团
  • 克罗玛泰克公司
  • 杰曼斯种子技术公司
  • 布雷特杨
  • 基石苯胺公司
  • 精密实验室
  • 马亨德拉海外公司
  • 德国种子技术公司
  • 其他主要参与者
简介目录
Product Code: AA1223708

The seed coating material market is experiencing significant growth, with its valuation reaching approximately US$ 2,491.0 million in 2024. This upward trend is expected to continue robustly over the coming years, with projections indicating that the market will nearly double in size to reach an estimated US$ 4,655.5 million by 2033. This growth corresponds to a compound annual growth rate (CAGR) of 7.59% during the forecast period from 2025 to 2033, signaling strong and sustained demand for seed coating materials worldwide.

Several key factors are driving this expansion. Foremost among them is the increasing need for enhanced crop protection, as farmers seek to safeguard their investments against pests, diseases, and adverse environmental conditions that can undermine seed viability and crop yields. Improved germination rates are another critical driver, with seed coatings playing a crucial role in ensuring uniform emergence and healthy early growth. These benefits translate into higher agricultural productivity and greater food security, making seed coatings an essential component of modern farming practices.

Noteworthy Market Developments

The competitive landscape of the seed coating material market is largely dominated by a handful of massive, integrated companies that hold sway over both seed genetics and chemical treatments. These industry giants leverage their comprehensive control across the value chain to drive innovation and capture significant market share. Corteva, for example, stands out with projected revenues exceeding $17 billion and has strategically expanded its proprietary seed-applied technology divisions.

BASF is another major player shaping the market dynamics, with a multi-billion euro innovation pipeline focused heavily on integrated seed treatments and trait technologies. This emphasis reflects the company's commitment to developing advanced solutions that combine genetics and chemical protection to improve crop performance and resilience.

In a notable recent development, Ashland announced in September 2025 the global launch of Agrimer Eco-Coat. This is a pioneering seed coating polymer that represents a significant leap forward in both performance and sustainability for the agrochemical industry. Developed using Ashland's Transformed Vegetable Oils (TVO) technology platform, Agrimer Eco-Coat is a nature-derived, inherently biodegradable, and microplastic-free solution.

Core Growth Drivers

The rising demand for seed coating materials should be viewed not merely as an agronomic trend but as a critical financial strategy essential to safeguarding the most expensive input on today's farms: the seed itself. The importance of this market becomes clear when considering the immense value of the seeds being treated. Major seed segments generate net sales approaching $9.5 billion annually, reflecting the high stakes involved. The genetic traits contained within each seed bag represent a significant investment, and farmers cannot afford to jeopardize these assets through suboptimal protection. In advanced economies, where seed costs have escalated to an average of around $120 per acre for high-yield crops, the use of seed coatings is regarded as an indispensable form of insurance.

Emerging Opportunity Trends

The seed coating material market is presently experiencing a significant transformation driven by an urgent regulatory timeline that is fundamentally altering the industry's chemical landscape. For decades, standard synthetic polymers have been the backbone of seed coatings, valued for their durability and performance. However, these materials now face an uncertain future as key regions impose stringent restrictions on microplastics, reflecting growing environmental concerns. This regulatory shift is not merely a guideline but a firm mandate, initiating a countdown toward the mandatory phase-out of non-biodegradable seed coatings by October 2028.

Barriers to Optimization

Unpredictable weather conditions, such as extreme temperatures and irregular rainfall patterns, pose significant challenges to seed performance and crop establishment. When weather patterns become erratic, the consistency of factors like soil moisture-which is crucial for seed development-often deteriorates, making it difficult for seeds to thrive as intended. During periods of insufficient rainfall, drought conditions can prevent seeds from absorbing the necessary water, leading to poor germination rates or seed failure. Conversely, excessive rainfall or flooding can cause seeds to be washed away from their planting sites or submerged in waterlogged soil, both of which severely impair their ability to establish.

Detailed Market Segmentation

By Ingredient, Polymers currently hold the leading position in the seed coating material market, accounting for approximately 30.6% of the total share. Their dominance is primarily attributed to their exceptional binding capabilities and remarkable durability, which are critical qualities during the handling, transport, and planting of seeds. Polymers serve as the essential adhesive matrix that ensures coatings remain uniformly attached to the seed surface, preventing flaking or damage that could compromise seed quality and performance. This structural integrity is vital in maintaining seed viability and ensuring smooth processing throughout the supply chain.

By Origin, Synthetic materials dominate the global seed coating material market, holding an impressive 55.30% share. This commanding presence is largely due to their proven effectiveness in protecting seeds and the well-established manufacturing infrastructure that supports large-scale production. Synthetic coatings have become the preferred choice for many agricultural producers because they reliably deliver consistent performance, ensuring seeds are well-protected throughout their vulnerable early stages in the soil.

By Type, Film coating technology currently leads the seed coating material market, commanding a significant 45.6% share. This dominance is primarily driven by the growing adoption of precision agriculture and the increasing reliance on automated planting systems. As farming practices become more technologically advanced, the need for coatings that maintain seed integrity while supporting efficient planting operations has become critical. Film coatings offer a solution that aligns perfectly with these modern agricultural demands.

By Crop, Grains dominate the seed coating material market, capturing a substantial 30.2% share due to their position as the largest category in terms of planted acreage worldwide. This dominance is closely linked to global food security initiatives, which have driven increased cultivation of staple grains to meet the nutritional needs of growing populations. For example, India reported a significant expansion in summer sowing areas for 2025, with an increase of 6.5 lakh hectares, directly boosting the demand for treated seeds. This surge in acreage reflects broader efforts to enhance crop productivity and ensure stable food supplies, particularly in regions where grains form the backbone of the diet.

Segment Breakdown

By Origin

  • Natural
  • Synthetic

By Ingredient

  • Adjuvants
  • Binders
  • Colorants
  • Fertilizers
  • Polymers
  • Seed Planting Lubricants

By Type

  • Film Coating
  • Pelleting
  • Seed Dressing
  • Others

By Crop

  • Grain
  • Cereal
  • Oilseed
  • Fruit
  • Vegetable
  • Others

By Region

  • North America
  • The U.S.
  • Canada
  • Mexico
  • Europe
  • Western Europe
  • The UK
  • Germany
  • France
  • Italy
  • Spain
  • Rest of Western Europe
  • Eastern Europe
  • Poland
  • Russia
  • Rest of Eastern Europe
  • Asia Pacific
  • China
  • India
  • Japan
  • Australia & New Zealand
  • South Korea
  • ASEAN
  • Rest of Asia Pacific
  • Middle East & Africa (MEA)
  • Saudi Arabia
  • South Africa
  • UAE
  • Rest of MEA
  • South America
  • Argentina
  • Brazil
  • Rest of South America

Geography Breakdown

  • North America holds a commanding position in the seed coating material market, capturing approximately 30.50% of the total market share. This dominance is a clear reflection of the region's highly advanced agronomic practices and technological sophistication. In both the United States and Canada, seeds are no longer viewed as mere agricultural inputs but are treated as high-value technology platforms integral to modern farming success. This perspective is closely tied to the widespread adoption of genetically modified organisms (GMOs) in key crops such as corn, soybeans, and cotton, which has significantly elevated the cost and value of seeds.
  • In these markets, the price of a single bag of seed can easily surpass $300, underscoring the premium nature of the product. Given this substantial investment, farmers are motivated to protect their seeds with advanced, multi-functional coatings. These "stacked" coatings combine a blend of fungicides, insecticides, and biological agents designed to shield the seed from a range of threats, ensuring optimal germination and crop health.

Leading Market Participants

  • Bayer Crop Science AG
  • BASF SE
  • Clariant International
  • Croda International
  • Incotec Group
  • Chromatech Incorporated
  • Germains Seed Technology
  • Brett Young
  • Keystone Aniline Corporation
  • Precision Laboratories
  • Mahendra Overseas
  • German Seeds Technology
  • Other Prominent Players

Table of Content

Chapter 1. Research Framework

  • 1.1. Research Objective
  • 1.2. Product Overview
  • 1.3. Market Segmentation

Chapter 2. Research Methodology

  • 2.1. Qualitative Research
    • 2.1.1. Primary & Secondary Sources
  • 2.2. Quantitative Research
    • 2.2.1. Primary & Secondary Sources
  • 2.3. Breakdown of Primary Research Respondents, By Region
  • 2.4. Assumption for the Study
  • 2.5. Market Size Estimation
  • 2.6. Data Triangulation

Chapter 3. Executive Summary: Global Seed Coating Material Market

Chapter 4. Global Seed Coating Material Market Overview

  • 4.1. Industry Value Chain Analysis
    • 4.1.1. Manufacturers
    • 4.1.2. Providers
    • 4.1.3. End User
  • 4.2. Industry Outlook
    • 4.2.1. Rising Demand Regarding Seed Coating Material
  • 4.3. PESTLE Analysis
  • 4.4. Porter's Five Forces Analysis
    • 4.4.1. Bargaining Power of Suppliers
    • 4.4.2. Bargaining Power of Buyers
    • 4.4.3. Threat of Substitutes
    • 4.4.4. Threat of New Entrants
    • 4.4.5. Degree of Competition
  • 4.5. Market Dynamics and Trends
    • 4.5.1. Growth Drivers
    • 4.5.2. Restraints
    • 4.5.3. Challenges
    • 4.5.4. Key Trends
  • 4.6. Covid-19 Impact Assessment on Market Growth Trend
  • 4.7. Market Growth and Outlook
    • 4.7.1. Market Revenue Estimates and Forecast (US$ Mn), 2020 - 2033
    • 4.7.2. Market Volume Estimates and Forecast (000'' Tons), 2020 - 2033
    • 4.7.3. Price Trend Analysis
  • 4.8. Competition Dashboard
    • 4.8.1. Market Concentration Rate
    • 4.8.2. Company Market Share Analysis (Value %), 2024
    • 4.8.3. Competitor Mapping

Chapter 5. Global Seed Coating Material Market Analysis, By Origin

  • 5.1. Key Insights
  • 5.2. Market Size and Forecast, 2020 - 2033 (US$ Mn & 000" Tons)
    • 5.2.1. Natural
    • 5.2.2. Synthetic

Chapter 6. Global Seed Coating Material Market Analysis, By Ingredient

  • 6.1. Key Insights
  • 6.2. Market Size and Forecast, 2020 - 2033 (US$ Mn)
    • 6.2.1. Adjuvants
    • 6.2.2. Binders
      • 6.2.2.1. Bentonite
      • 6.2.2.2. Polyvinyl Acetate (PVA)
      • 6.2.2.3. Polyvinylpyrrolidone (PVP)
      • 6.2.2.4. Methyl Cellulose
      • 6.2.2.5. Styrene Butadiene Rubber
      • 6.2.2.6. Acrylics
      • 6.2.2.7. Waxes or Wax Emulsions
    • 6.2.3. Colorants
    • 6.2.4. Fertilizers
    • 6.2.5. Polymers
    • 6.2.6. Seed Planting Lubricants

Chapter 7. Global Seed Coating Material Market Analysis, By Type

  • 7.1. Key Insights
  • 7.2. Market Size and Forecast, 2020 - 2033 (US$ Mn)
    • 7.2.1. Film Coating
    • 7.2.2. Pelleting
    • 7.2.3. Seed Dressing
    • 7.2.4. Others

Chapter 8. Global Seed Coating Material Market Analysis, By Crop

  • 8.1. Key Insights
  • 8.2. Market Size and Forecast, 2020 - 2033 (US$ Mn & 000" Tons)
    • 8.2.1. Grain
    • 8.2.2. Cereal
    • 8.2.3. Oilseed
    • 8.2.4. Fruit
    • 8.2.5. Vegetable
    • 8.2.6. Others

Chapter 9. Global Seed Coating Material Market Analysis, By Region

  • 9.1. Key Insights
  • 9.2. Market Size and Forecast, 2020 - 2033 (US$ Mn)
    • 9.2.1. North America
      • 9.2.1.1. The U.S.
      • 9.2.1.2. Canada
      • 9.2.1.3. Mexico
    • 9.2.2. Europe
      • 9.2.2.1. Western Europe
        • 9.2.2.1.1. The UK
        • 9.2.2.1.2. Germany
        • 9.2.2.1.3. France
        • 9.2.2.1.4. Italy
        • 9.2.2.1.5. Spain
        • 9.2.2.1.6. Rest of Western Europe
      • 9.2.2.2. Eastern Europe
        • 9.2.2.2.1. Poland
        • 9.2.2.2.2. Russia
        • 9.2.2.2.3. Rest of Eastern Europe
    • 9.2.3. Asia Pacific
      • 9.2.3.1. China
      • 9.2.3.2. India
      • 9.2.3.3. Japan
      • 9.2.3.4. South Korea
      • 9.2.3.5. Australia & New Zealand
      • 9.2.3.6. ASEAN
      • 9.2.3.7. Rest of Asia Pacific
    • 9.2.4. Middle East & Africa
      • 9.2.4.1. UAE
      • 9.2.4.2. Saudi Arabia
      • 9.2.4.3. South Africa
      • 9.2.4.4. Rest of MEA
    • 9.2.5. South America
      • 9.2.5.1. Argentina
      • 9.2.5.2. Brazil
      • 9.2.5.3. Rest of South America

Chapter 10. North America Seed Coating Material Market Analysis

  • 10.1. Key Insights
  • 10.2. Market Size and Forecast, 2020 - 2033 (US$ Mn & 000" Tons)
    • 10.2.1. By Origin
    • 10.2.2. By Ingredient
    • 10.2.3. By Type
    • 10.2.4. By Crop
    • 10.2.5. By Country

Chapter 11. Europe Seed Coating Material Market Analysis

  • 11.1. Key Insights
  • 11.2. Market Size and Forecast, 2020 - 2033 (US$ Mn & 000" Tons)
    • 11.2.1. By Origin
    • 11.2.2. By Ingredient
    • 11.2.3. By Type
    • 11.2.4. By Crop
    • 11.2.5. By Country

Chapter 12. Asia Pacific Seed Coating Material Market Analysis

  • 12.1. Key Insights
  • 12.2. Market Size and Forecast, 2020 - 2033 (US$ Mn & 000" Tons)
    • 12.2.1. By Origin
    • 12.2.2. By Ingredient
    • 12.2.3. By Type
    • 12.2.4. By Crop
    • 12.2.5. By Country

Chapter 13. Middle East & Africa Seed Coating Material Market Analysis

  • 13.1. Key Insights
  • 13.2. Market Size and Forecast, 2020 - 2033 (US$ Mn & 000" Tons)
    • 13.2.1. By Origin
    • 13.2.2. By Ingredient
    • 13.2.3. By Type
    • 13.2.4. By Crop
    • 13.2.5. By Country

Chapter 14. South America Seed Coating Material Market Analysis

  • 14.1. Key Insights
  • 14.2. Market Size and Forecast, 2020 - 2033 (US$ Mn & 000" Tons)
    • 14.2.1. By Origin
    • 14.2.2. By Ingredient
    • 14.2.3. By Type
    • 14.2.4. By Crop
    • 14.2.5. By Country

Chapter 15. China Seed Coating Material Market Analysis

  • 15.1. Key Insights
  • 15.2. Market Size and Forecast, 2020 - 2033 (US$ Mn & 000" Tons)
    • 15.2.1. By Origin
    • 15.2.2. By Ingredient
    • 15.2.3. By Type
    • 15.2.4. By Crop

Chapter 16. India Seed Coating Material Market Analysis

  • 16.1. Key Insights
  • 16.2. Market Size and Forecast, 2020 - 2033 (US$ Mn & 000" Tons)
    • 16.2.1. By Origin
    • 16.2.2. By Ingredient
    • 16.2.3. By Type
    • 16.2.4. By Crop

Chapter 17. Japan Seed Coating Material Market Analysis

  • 17.1. Key Insights
  • 17.2. Market Size and Forecast, 2020 - 2033 (US$ Mn & 000" Tons)
    • 17.2.1. By Origin
    • 17.2.2. By Ingredient
    • 17.2.3. By Type
    • 17.2.4. By Crop

Chapter 18. South Korea Seed Coating Material Market Analysis

  • 18.1. Key Insights
  • 18.2. Market Size and Forecast, 2020 - 2033 (US$ Mn & 000" Tons)
    • 18.2.1. By Origin
    • 18.2.2. By Ingredient
    • 18.2.3. By Type
    • 18.2.4. By Crop

Chapter 19. Australia & New Zealand Seed Coating Material Market Analysis

  • 19.1. Key Insights
  • 19.2. Market Size and Forecast, 2020 - 2033 (US$ Mn & 000" Tons)
    • 19.2.1. By Origin
    • 19.2.2. By Ingredient
    • 19.2.3. By Type
    • 19.2.4. By Crop

Chapter 20. ASEAN Seed Coating Material Market Analysis

  • 20.1. Key Insights
  • 20.2. Market Size and Forecast, 2020 - 2033 (US$ Mn & 000" Tons)
    • 20.2.1. By Origin
    • 20.2.2. By Ingredient
    • 20.2.3. By Type
    • 20.2.4. By Crop

Chapter 21. Rest of Asia Pacific Seed Coating Material Market Analysis

  • 21.1. Key Insights
  • 21.2. Market Size and Forecast, 2020 - 2033 (US$ Mn & 000" Tons)
    • 21.2.1. By Origin
    • 21.2.2. By Ingredient
    • 21.2.3. By Type
    • 21.2.4. By Crop

Chapter 22. Company Profile (Company Overview, Financial Matrix, Key Product landscape, Key Personnel, Key Competitors, Contact Address, Measurement Methods, and Business Strategy Outlook)

  • 22.1. Bayer Crop Science AG
  • 22.2. BASF SE
  • 22.3. Clariant International
  • 22.4. Croda International
  • 22.5. Incotec Group
  • 22.6. Chromatech Incorporated
  • 22.7. Germains Seed Technology
  • 22.8. Brett Young
  • 22.9. Keystone Aniline Corporation
  • 22.10. Precision Laboratories
  • 22.11. Mahendra Overseas
  • 22.12. German Seeds Technology
  • 22.13. Other Prominent Players