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市场调查报告书
商品编码
1552531

全球电磁武器市场(2024-2034)

Global Electromagnetic Weapons Market 2024-2034

出版日期: | 出版商: Aviation & Defense Market Reports (A&D) | 英文 150+ Pages | 商品交期: 3个工作天内

价格

全球电磁武器市场规模2024年估计为15.9亿美元,预计2024年至2034年年复合成长率(CAGR)为13.61%,到2034年将成长至56.9亿美元。

Global Electromagnetic Weapons Market-IMG1

全球电磁武器市场概况

电磁脉衝武器产生强大的电磁脉衝,可以破坏或破坏电子电路。这种脉衝可以透过多种方式传递,包括高空核爆、电磁脉衝产生器和定向能武器。电磁脉衝的影响可能是毁灭性的,导致大范围停电、通讯故障和关键基础设施崩溃。电磁脉衝武器的概念已经被研究了几十年,并且近年来取得了重大进展。儘管其潜在用途广泛,但其使用也存在道德和法律问题。

科技对全球电磁武器市场的影响

技术进步对于电磁脉衝(EMP)武器的开发和改进非常重要,大幅提高了其有效性和多功能性。关键驱动因素之一是高功率微波(HPM)技术,可产生强大的电磁脉衝,可穿透结构并停用电子设备。这项技术扩大了电磁脉衝武器的潜在用途,并使它们成为扰乱敌方行动的宝贵工具。另一个重要的进步是定向能武器(DEW)。 DEW 将电磁能量聚焦成窄光束,可瞄准精确目标。这种增加的功率密度使 DEW 能够以极高的精度摧毁特定的电子系统,并最大限度地减少附带损害。核爆是另一个因素,因为高空核爆会产生巨大的电磁脉衝,影响大范围。儘管该技术本身不是武器,但可以对大面积的电子基础设施造成重大损害,使其成为大规模衝突中的强大战略工具。最后,电子战系统已经发展到透过干扰敌方通讯并在敌方电子防御中造成漏洞来支援电磁脉衝战略。这些系统可用于破坏敌方网路,为电磁脉衝攻击铺平道路,并使敌方电子系统无法运作。因此,HPM、定向能武器技术、核爆和电子战系统的进步共同增强了电磁脉衝武器的能力。这些技术为压制敌方电子设备提供了多种选择,从影响广泛的大规模攻击到可以瘫痪特定系统的精确目标攻击。随着电磁脉衝武器的不断发展,它们可能在未来的军事战略中发挥更重要的作用,并有可能扰乱日益依赖先进电子和通讯技术的现代战争。

全球电磁武器市场的主要驱动力

有几个因素推动电磁脉衝(EMP)武器的开发和部署,特别是它们在现代战争中的独特能力。主要驱动因素之一是这些武器提供的军事优势。电磁脉衝有可能在不造成物理破坏的情况下停用敌人的电子系统,以最小的附带损害消除威胁。这使得电磁脉衝在战略破坏优先于直接战斗的情况下成为一个有吸引力的选择。网路安全威胁的日益普遍也是一个关键因素。随着网路攻击变得更加复杂和广泛,对电磁脉衝武器的需求不断增加,作为破坏敌方电子系统和防止网路入侵的手段。电磁脉衝可以禁用支援通讯和控制系统的电子设备,使其成为数位战场上的强大对抗手段。保护关键基础设施也是电磁脉衝武器开发的一个主要关注点。 EMP 可用于防御性地保护电网、通讯网路和运输系统等关键系统免受网路和实体攻击。一旦发生攻击,电磁脉衝武器可以透过停用支援这些基础设施运作的电子系统来消除威胁并防止进一步的损害或利用。最后,电磁脉衝武器的发展引发新的军备竞赛。当一个国家开始开发和部署电磁脉衝技术时,其他国家认为他们也必须这样做,以应对威胁并维持军事平衡。这种电磁脉衝能力竞赛推动对进攻性电磁脉衝武器和防御措施的投资,以防止其影响。因此,电磁脉衝武器在国防战略中越来越重要。

全球电磁武器市场的区域趋势

电磁脉衝(EMP)武器的开发和部署因地区而异,并受到地缘政治动态、技术能力和国家安全优先事项的影响。在北美,美国在电磁脉衝武器的研发方面处于领先地位,大力投资高功率微波(HPM)和定向能武器(DEW)技术。美国军方已经开发了多种电磁脉衝武器系统,包括高功率微波飞弹计画(CHAMP)和战术高功率微波武器系统(THPMWS),目的是摧毁敌方电子设备和基础设施。在欧洲,俄罗斯在电磁脉衝武器技术方面也取得了重大进展,有报告指出进行了高空核爆试验,以产生大规模的电磁脉衝效应。俄罗斯军事理论强调电磁脉衝武器是摧毁敌方电子系统和破坏关键基础设施的战略手段。同时,英国正大力投资反电子电磁脉衝武器的研究,并加强其防御能力以抵御此类攻击。亚洲对电磁脉衝技术的兴趣也在增加。中国在用于电子战和网路作战的电磁脉衝武器上投入巨资,将这些工具视为获得相对于潜在对手的技术优势的手段。儘管仍处于研发阶段,印度努力开发电磁脉衝能力,目的是保护关键基础设施并应对该地区的潜在威胁。其他地区也在探讨电磁脉衝武器的发展。以色列以其先进的电子战能力而闻名,据信探索电磁脉衝武器作为更广泛防御战略一部分的可能性。在韩国,重点是开发电磁脉衝防御技术,以保护关键基础设施免受潜在威胁,特别是考虑到朝鲜半岛的紧张局势。

主要电磁武器计画

澳洲和英国想要尖端的电磁技术。高达 192万英镑的资金将用于开发赋予电磁瞄准和防御竞争优势的能力。电子战挑战赛是DASA最新推出的主题竞赛。这是 AUKUS Pillar 2 创新挑战系列赛的第一轮,将在澳洲和英国同时举行。只有在英国註册的公司才有资格参加 DASA 竞赛。来自美国或澳洲的参与者必须透过其所在国家/地区的註册网站进行申请。本次竞赛寻求尖端的解决方案,使国防部门在电磁(EM)瞄准方面具有竞争优势,并保护其免受敌方电磁瞄准能力的影响。

俄罗斯开发能够发射能量波并摧毁大量卫星的太空核武器,这引发了人们对美国国家安全最近面临的威胁的担忧。俄罗斯开发一种被军事太空专家称为核 EMP(电磁脉衝)的武器。这种武器产生一股高带电粒子流和电磁能量脉衝,即使在太空中也能摧毁地球轨道卫星。内部人士表示,美国多年来一直在监视俄罗斯开发电磁脉衝等反卫星武器的尝试。然而,美国发现俄罗斯研发核电磁脉衝。

目录

电磁武器市场:报告定义

电磁武器市场区隔

  • 依范围
  • 依地区
  • 依最终用户

电磁武器市场分析(未来10年)

电磁武器市场的市场技术

全球电磁武器市场预测

电磁武器市场:区域趋势与预测

  • 北美
    • 促进/抑制因素和挑战
    • PEST分析
    • 市场预测与情境分析
    • 主要公司
    • 供应商层级状况
    • 企业基准比较
  • 欧洲
  • 中东
  • 亚太地区
  • 南美洲

电磁武器市场:国家分析

  • 美国
    • 防御规划
    • 最新趋势
    • 专利
    • 该市场目前的技术成熟度等级
    • 市场预测与情境分析
  • 加拿大
  • 义大利
  • 法国
  • 德国
  • 荷兰
  • 比利时
  • 西班牙
  • 瑞典
  • 希腊
  • 澳洲
  • 南非
  • 印度
  • 中国
  • 俄罗斯
  • 韩国
  • 日本
  • 马来西亚
  • 新加坡
  • 巴西

电磁武器市场:市场机会矩阵

电磁武器市场:专家对调查的看法

结论

关于航空和国防市场报告

Product Code: AND140

The Global Electromagnetic Weapons Market is estimated at USD 1.59 billion in 2024, projected to grow to USD 5.69 billion by 2034 at a Compound Annual Growth Rate (CAGR) of 13.61% over the forecast period 2024-2034

Global Electromagnetic Weapons Market - IMG1

Introduction to Global Electromagnetic Weapons Market:

EMP weapons generate a powerful electromagnetic pulse that can disrupt or destroy electronic circuits. This pulse can be delivered through various means, including high-altitude nuclear detonations, EMP generators, and directed energy weapons. The effects of an EMP can be devastating, causing widespread power outages, communication failures, and the collapse of critical infrastructure. The concept of EMP weapons has been explored for decades, with significant advancements made in recent years. While their potential applications are vast, there are also ethical and legal concerns surrounding their use.

Technology Impact in Global Electromagnetic Weapons Market:

Technological advancements have been pivotal in the development and refinement of electromagnetic pulse (EMP) weapons, significantly enhancing their effectiveness and versatility. One of the key drivers is high-power microwave (HPM) technology, which enables the generation of intense electromagnetic pulses capable of penetrating structures and disabling electronic equipment. This technology has broadened the potential applications of EMP weapons, making them valuable tools for disrupting enemy operations. Another critical advancement is in directed energy weapons (DEWs), which focus electromagnetic energy into narrow beams for precise targeting. This increased power density allows DEWs to disrupt or destroy specific electronic systems with great accuracy, minimizing collateral damage. Nuclear detonations are another factor, as a high-altitude nuclear explosion can generate a massive EMP that affects a wide area. Although not a weapon in itself, this technique can cause extensive damage to electronic infrastructure over large regions, making it a powerful strategic tool in large-scale conflicts. Finally, electronic warfare systems have evolved to support EMP strategies by jamming enemy communications and creating vulnerabilities in their electronic defenses. These systems can be used to disrupt enemy networks and pave the way for EMP attacks, rendering adversaries' electronic systems inoperative. Thus, advancements in HPM, DEW technologies, nuclear detonations, and electronic warfare systems have collectively enhanced the capability of EMP weapons. These technologies offer a range of options for disabling enemy electronics, from large-scale attacks that impact broad areas to precise, targeted strikes that can incapacitate specific systems. As EMP weapons continue to evolve, they are likely to play a more significant role in future military strategies, with the potential to disrupt modern warfare, which is increasingly reliant on advanced electronic and communication technologies.

Key Drivers in Global Electromagnetic Weapons Market:

Several factors are driving the development and deployment of electromagnetic pulse (EMP) weapons, particularly due to their unique capabilities in modern warfare. One of the primary drivers is the significant military advantage these weapons offer. EMPs have the potential to disable enemy electronic systems without causing physical destruction, allowing forces to neutralize threats while minimizing collateral damage. This makes EMPs an attractive option in scenarios where strategic disruption is prioritized over direct combat. The increasing prevalence of cybersecurity threats is another critical factor. As cyberattacks become more sophisticated and widespread, the demand for EMP weapons has grown as a way to disrupt enemy electronic systems and safeguard against cyber intrusions. EMPs can disable the electronics that support communication and control systems, providing a powerful countermeasure in the digital battlespace. Protecting critical infrastructure is also a major concern driving EMP weapon development. EMPs can be used defensively to protect vital systems like power grids, communication networks, and transportation systems from both cyber and physical attacks. In the event of an attack, EMP weapons could neutralize the threat by disabling the electronic systems that underpin the operation of these infrastructures, thus preventing further damage or exploitation. Lastly, the development of EMP weapons has contributed to an emerging arms race. As one nation begins to develop and deploy EMP technology, other countries feel compelled to do the same in order to counter the threat and maintain military parity. This race for EMP capabilities has prompted investments in both offensive EMP weapons and defensive measures to protect against their impact. As a result, EMP weapons are becoming an increasingly important aspect of national defense strategies.

Regional Trends in Global Electromagnetic Weapons Market :

The development and deployment of electromagnetic pulse (EMP) weapons vary significantly across regions, influenced by geopolitical dynamics, technological capabilities, and national security priorities. In North America, the United States leads in EMP weapon research and development, with substantial investments in high-power microwave (HPM) and directed energy weapons (DEW) technologies. The U.S. military has developed several EMP weapon systems, including the High Power Microwave Advanced Missile Project (CHAMP) and the Tactical High Power Microwave Weapon System (THPMWS), aimed at disabling enemy electronics and infrastructure. In Europe, Russia has also made significant advancements in EMP weapon technology, with reports of testing high-altitude nuclear detonations to generate large-scale EMP effects. Russia's military doctrine places a strong emphasis on EMP weapons as a strategic tool for neutralizing enemy electronic systems and disrupting critical infrastructure. The United Kingdom, on the other hand, has focused its investments on researching EMP weapons for counter-electronic measures and enhancing defensive capabilities to protect against such attacks. Asia has seen growing interest in EMP technology as well. China has heavily invested in EMP weapons for use in electronic warfare and cyber operations, viewing these tools as a way to gain a technological edge over potential adversaries. India, while still in the research and development phase, is working to develop EMP capabilities aimed at protecting its critical infrastructure and countering potential threats in the region. Other regions are also exploring EMP weapon development. Israel, known for its advanced electronic warfare capabilities, is believed to have explored the potential of EMP weapons as part of its broader defense strategy. In South Korea, the focus has been on developing EMP defense technologies to safeguard critical infrastructure from potential threats, particularly given the tensions on the Korean Peninsula.

Key Electromagnetic Weapons Market Program:

Australia and the UK are looking for cutting-edge electromagnetic technology. Funding of up to £1.92 million is available for the development of capabilities that provide electromagnetic targeting and defence a competitive edge. The Electronic Warfare Challenge is the latest themed competition that DASA has introduced. This is the inaugural round of the AUKUS Pillar 2 Innovation Challenge Series, which will take place simultaneously in Australia and the UK. Only UK-registered firms are eligible to participate in the DASA competition. To enter, participants from the United States or Australia should visit their respective national competition page. This competition looks for cutting-edge solutions that can give the defence sector a competitive edge in electromagnetic (EM) targeting and shield it from the capabilities of the opposition in EM targeting.

Russia has been developing nuclear space weapons that have the potential to launch an energy wave and take out a sizable number of satellites, which has raised concerns about the threat to US national security in recent days. Russia is developing a weapon known to military space experts as a nuclear EMP (electromagnetic pulse). It can destroy satellites circling the Earth even while they are in space because it produces a stream of highly charged particles and an electromagnetic energy pulse. According to insiders, the US has been monitoring Russia's attempts for years to develop anti-satellite weapons, such as EMP. But US intelligence has just learnt that Russia has advanced its efforts to create nuclear electromagnetic pulses.

Table of Contents

Electromagnetic Weapons Market Report Definition

Electromagnetic Weapons Market Segmentation

By Range

By Region

By End User

Electromagnetic Weapons Market Analysis for next 10 Years

The 10-year Electromagnetic Weapons Market analysis would give a detailed overview of Electromagnetic Weapons Market growth, changing dynamics, technology adoption overviews and the overall market attractiveness is covered in this chapter.

Market Technologies of Electromagnetic Weapons Market

This segment covers the top 10 technologies that is expected to impact this market and the possible implications these technologies would have on the overall market.

Global Electromagnetic Weapons Market Forecast

The 10-year Electromagnetic Weapons Market forecast of this market is covered in detailed across the segments which are mentioned above.

Regional Electromagnetic Weapons Market Trends & Forecast

The regional Electromagnetic Weapons Market trends, drivers, restraints and Challenges of this market, the Political, Economic, Social and Technology aspects are covered in this segment. The market forecast and scenario analysis across regions are also covered in detailed in this segment. The last part of the regional analysis includes profiling of the key companies, supplier landscape and company benchmarking. The current market size is estimated based on the normal scenario.

North America

Drivers, Restraints and Challenges

PEST

Market Forecast & Scenario Analysis

Key Companies

Supplier Tier Landscape

Company Benchmarking

Europe

Middle East

APAC

South America

Country Analysis of Electromagnetic Weapons Market

This chapter deals with the key defense programs in this market, it also covers the latest news and patents which have been filed in this market. Country level 10 year market forecast and scenario analysis are also covered in this chapter.

US

Defense Programs

Latest News

Patents

Current levels of technology maturation in this market

Market Forecast & Scenario Analysis

Canada

Italy

France

Germany

Netherlands

Belgium

Spain

Sweden

Greece

Australia

South Africa

India

China

Russia

South Korea

Japan

Malaysia

Singapore

Brazil

Opportunity Matrix for Electromagnetic Weapons Market

The opportunity matrix helps the readers understand the high opportunity segments in this market.

Expert Opinions on Electromagnetic Weapons Market Report

Hear from our experts their opinion of the possible analysis for this market.

Conclusions

About Aviation and Defense Market Reports

List of Tables

  • Table 1: 10 Year Market Outlook, 2022-2032
  • Table 2: Drivers, Impact Analysis, North America
  • Table 3: Restraints, Impact Analysis, North America
  • Table 4: Challenges, Impact Analysis, North America
  • Table 5: Drivers, Impact Analysis, Europe
  • Table 6: Restraints, Impact Analysis, Europe
  • Table 7: Challenges, Impact Analysis, Europe
  • Table 8: Drivers, Impact Analysis, Middle East
  • Table 9: Restraints, Impact Analysis, Middle East
  • Table 10: Challenges, Impact Analysis, Middle East
  • Table 11: Drivers, Impact Analysis, APAC
  • Table 12: Restraints, Impact Analysis, APAC
  • Table 13: Challenges, Impact Analysis, APAC
  • Table 14: Drivers, Impact Analysis, South America
  • Table 15: Restraints, Impact Analysis, South America
  • Table 16: Challenges, Impact Analysis, South America
  • Table 17: Scenario Analysis, Scenario 1, By Region, 2022-2032
  • Table 18: Scenario Analysis, Scenario 1, By End User, 2022-2032
  • Table 19: Scenario Analysis, Scenario 1, By Range, 2022-2032
  • Table 20: Scenario Analysis, Scenario 2, By Region, 2022-2032
  • Table 21: Scenario Analysis, Scenario 2, By End User, 2022-2032
  • Table 22: Scenario Analysis, Scenario 2, By Range, 2022-2032

List of Figures

  • Figure 1: Global Defense Electromagnetic Weapons Market Forecast, 2022-2032
  • Figure 2: Global Defense Electromagnetic Weapons Market Forecast, By Region, 2022-2032
  • Figure 3: Global Defense Electromagnetic Weapons Market Forecast, By End User, 2022-2032
  • Figure 4: Global Defense Electromagnetic Weapons Market Forecast, By Range, 2022-2032
  • Figure 5: North America, Defense Electromagnetic Weapons Market, Market Forecast, 2022-2032
  • Figure 6: Europe, Defense Electromagnetic Weapons Market, Market Forecast, 2022-2032
  • Figure 7: Middle East, Defense Electromagnetic Weapons Market, Market Forecast, 2022-2032
  • Figure 8: APAC, Defense Electromagnetic Weapons Market, Market Forecast, 2022-2032
  • Figure 9: South America, Defense Electromagnetic Weapons Market, Market Forecast, 2022-2032
  • Figure 10: United States, Defense Electromagnetic Weapons Market, Technology Maturation, 2022-2032
  • Figure 11: United States, Defense Electromagnetic Weapons Market, Market Forecast, 2022-2032
  • Figure 12: Canada, Defense Electromagnetic Weapons Market, Technology Maturation, 2022-2032
  • Figure 13: Canada, Defense Electromagnetic Weapons Market, Market Forecast, 2022-2032
  • Figure 14: Italy, Defense Electromagnetic Weapons Market, Technology Maturation, 2022-2032
  • Figure 15: Italy, Defense Electromagnetic Weapons Market, Market Forecast, 2022-2032
  • Figure 16: France, Defense Electromagnetic Weapons Market, Technology Maturation, 2022-2032
  • Figure 17: France, Defense Electromagnetic Weapons Market, Market Forecast, 2022-2032
  • Figure 18: Germany, Defense Electromagnetic Weapons Market, Technology Maturation, 2022-2032
  • Figure 19: Germany, Defense Electromagnetic Weapons Market, Market Forecast, 2022-2032
  • Figure 20: Netherlands, Defense Electromagnetic Weapons Market, Technology Maturation, 2022-2032
  • Figure 21: Netherlands, Defense Electromagnetic Weapons Market, Market Forecast, 2022-2032
  • Figure 22: Belgium, Defense Electromagnetic Weapons Market, Technology Maturation, 2022-2032
  • Figure 23: Belgium, Defense Electromagnetic Weapons Market, Market Forecast, 2022-2032
  • Figure 24: Spain, Defense Electromagnetic Weapons Market, Technology Maturation, 2022-2032
  • Figure 25: Spain, Defense Electromagnetic Weapons Market, Market Forecast, 2022-2032
  • Figure 26: Sweden, Defense Electromagnetic Weapons Market, Technology Maturation, 2022-2032
  • Figure 27: Sweden, Defense Electromagnetic Weapons Market, Market Forecast, 2022-2032
  • Figure 28: Brazil, Defense Electromagnetic Weapons Market, Technology Maturation, 2022-2032
  • Figure 29: Brazil, Defense Electromagnetic Weapons Market, Market Forecast, 2022-2032
  • Figure 30: Australia, Defense Electromagnetic Weapons Market, Technology Maturation, 2022-2032
  • Figure 31: Australia, Defense Electromagnetic Weapons Market, Market Forecast, 2022-2032
  • Figure 32: India, Defense Electromagnetic Weapons Market, Technology Maturation, 2022-2032
  • Figure 33: India, Defense Electromagnetic Weapons Market, Market Forecast, 2022-2032
  • Figure 34: China, Defense Electromagnetic Weapons Market, Technology Maturation, 2022-2032
  • Figure 35: China, Defense Electromagnetic Weapons Market, Market Forecast, 2022-2032
  • Figure 36: Saudi Arabia, Defense Electromagnetic Weapons Market, Technology Maturation, 2022-2032
  • Figure 37: Saudi Arabia, Defense Electromagnetic Weapons Market, Market Forecast, 2022-2032
  • Figure 38: South Korea, Defense Electromagnetic Weapons Market, Technology Maturation, 2022-2032
  • Figure 39: South Korea, Defense Electromagnetic Weapons Market, Market Forecast, 2022-2032
  • Figure 40: Japan, Defense Electromagnetic Weapons Market, Technology Maturation, 2022-2032
  • Figure 41: Japan, Defense Electromagnetic Weapons Market, Market Forecast, 2022-2032
  • Figure 42: Malaysia, Defense Electromagnetic Weapons Market, Technology Maturation, 2022-2032
  • Figure 43: Malaysia, Defense Electromagnetic Weapons Market, Market Forecast, 2022-2032
  • Figure 44: Singapore, Defense Electromagnetic Weapons Market, Technology Maturation, 2022-2032
  • Figure 45: Singapore, Defense Electromagnetic Weapons Market, Market Forecast, 2022-2032
  • Figure 46: United Kingdom, Defense Electromagnetic Weapons Market, Technology Maturation, 2022-2032
  • Figure 47: United Kingdom, Defense Electromagnetic Weapons Market, Market Forecast, 2022-2032
  • Figure 48: Opportunity Analysis, Defense Electromagnetic Weapons Market, By Region (Cumulative Market), 2022-2032
  • Figure 49: Opportunity Analysis, Defense Electromagnetic Weapons Market, By Region (CAGR), 2022-2032
  • Figure 50: Opportunity Analysis, Defense Electromagnetic Weapons Market, By End User (Cumulative Market), 2022-2032
  • Figure 51: Opportunity Analysis, Defense Electromagnetic Weapons Market, By End User (CAGR), 2022-2032
  • Figure 52: Opportunity Analysis, Defense Electromagnetic Weapons Market, By Range (Cumulative Market), 2022-2032
  • Figure 53: Opportunity Analysis, Defense Electromagnetic Weapons Market, By Range (CAGR), 2022-2032
  • Figure 54: Scenario Analysis, Defense Electromagnetic Weapons Market, Cumulative Market, 2022-2032
  • Figure 55: Scenario Analysis, Defense Electromagnetic Weapons Market, Global Market, 2022-2032
  • Figure 56: Scenario 1, Defense Electromagnetic Weapons Market, Total Market, 2022-2032
  • Figure 57: Scenario 1, Defense Electromagnetic Weapons Market, By Region, 2022-2032
  • Figure 58: Scenario 1, Defense Electromagnetic Weapons Market, By End User, 2022-2032
  • Figure 59: Scenario 1, Defense Electromagnetic Weapons Market, By Range, 2022-2032
  • Figure 60: Scenario 2, Defense Electromagnetic Weapons Market, Total Market, 2022-2032
  • Figure 61: Scenario 2, Defense Electromagnetic Weapons Market, By Region, 2022-2032
  • Figure 62: Scenario 2, Defense Electromagnetic Weapons Market, By End User, 2022-2032
  • Figure 63: Scenario 2, Defense Electromagnetic Weapons Market, By Range, 2022-2032
  • Figure 64: Company Benchmark, Defense Electromagnetic Weapons Market, 2022-2032