塑料抗氧化剂的全球市场-2023-20230
市场调查报告书
商品编码
1176616

塑料抗氧化剂的全球市场-2023-20230

Global Plastic Antioxidants Market - 2023-20230

出版日期: | 出版商: DataM Intelligence | 英文 202 Pages | 商品交期: 约2个工作天内

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简介目录

市场概览

全球塑料抗氧化剂市场预计将在预测期内(2023 年至 2030 年)以 5.50% 的复合年增长率显着增长。

聚合物会随着时间的推移而降解和降解,从而影响流动性、热稳定性和分子量等物理和机械性能。 已经开发了抗氧化剂来减少聚合物的热氧化。 在聚合物中,抗氧化剂可防止自由基和氢过氧化物中间体的产生。 塑料具有与金属、玻璃、纸张和陶瓷相同的机械和电气性能以及耐磨性和耐化学性。 一些行业持续的轻量化创新导致对更轻材料的需求,导致塑料、玻璃、纸张和陶瓷在包装、建筑和汽车行业的使用。 将这些抗氧化剂添加到塑料中可以使它们更耐日晒和耐热。

抗氧化剂是用于製造塑料的化合物。 应用于塑料以防止热机械和热氧化条件下的降解。 抗氧化剂通过减少颜色退化、增加拉伸强度和伸长率、降低衝击强度以及减少表面退化(如开裂)来帮助延长塑料的使用寿命。 塑料抗氧剂的主要种类有主抗氧剂和次抗氧剂,它们常混合在一起製成热稳定的塑料製品。 此外,通过并用主抗氧剂和辅助抗氧剂,可以提高塑料製造过程中的加工稳定性。

市场动态

汽车、消费品、建筑和医疗保健等行业对 PE、PP、PVC 和 PS 等聚合物树脂的塑料抗氧化剂的需求不断增加,这推动了市场的发展。 塑料取代传统材料、医疗需求增加以及新兴国家城市化进程加快推动了塑料抗氧化剂市场。

各种最终用途行业对高性能塑料的需求不断增长

酚类抗氧化剂通常用作塑料和橡胶製造中的成分。 由于其优异的性能,塑料在各个行业中的使用率越来越高。 塑料添加剂用于减缓或限制塑料製品的劣化,从而提高其在高温高压等恶劣环境下的功效和可加工性。

酚类抗氧化剂在聚合物製造中用作抗氧化剂,以防止聚合物产品在苛刻条件下发生氧化。 此外,在汽车行业中越来越多地使用塑料来减轻整体重量,这将增加对塑料添加剂的需求。 这将在预测期内增加对酚类抗氧化剂的需求。

对塑料的偏好超过其他材料

抗氧化剂用于各种聚合物,例如 PE、PP 和 PVC。 这些塑料用于各种行业,包括包装、建筑和建筑以及汽车。 塑料在机械和电气性能、耐磨性和耐化学性方面优于金属、玻璃、纸张和陶瓷等传统材料。 随着技术进步和对更轻材料的需求,塑料正在包装、建筑和汽车行业中取代金属、玻璃、纸张和陶瓷。 有望振兴塑料抗氧剂产业。

塑料为汽车行业(尤其是汽车设计)的安全性、燃油效率和性能的显着改善做出了贡献。 例如,由高强度聚合物纤维製成的安全气囊可以降低正面汽车碰撞中致命伤害的可能性。 它还被应用于快速暴露在热和光下的外部区域,例如儿童座椅、车顶衬里、方向盘、仪表板、挡泥板、燃油系统和前灯罩。

合成树脂抗氧化剂的健康危害

塑料经过抗氧化剂处理以保持其结构并使其具有热稳定性。 2,6-二叔丁基对甲酚 (BHT) 等合成抗氧化剂常用于 PP 和 HDPE 等聚合物中,已被发现对人体有害。 一些研究表明,BHT 会导致实验室动物发生突变、癌症和内分泌影响。 它还会引起人体过敏反应。 低密度聚乙烯、高密度聚乙烯和聚丙烯瓶也被证明可以将可测量水平的 BHT、Chimassorb 81、Irganox PS 800、Irganox 1076 和 Irganox 1010 浸出到食品内容物中。

抗氧化剂对健康的影响包括导致癌症的内分泌失调、儿童发育迟缓、先天性畸形和免疫系统抑制。 含抗氧化剂的塑料生产各种日用品、汽车零部件、食品包装和建筑材料。 这些有害成分从塑料中渗入人体。 由于对健康的不利影响,对酚类抗氧化剂的需求正在下降。

COVID-19 影响分析

全球流行病几乎影响到地球上的每一个行业。 政府机构已宣布为预防和治疗药物的开发、关键医疗设备的购置以及诊断测试的加速批准提供特别财政支持。 2020 年 COVID-19 疫情对全球众多企业造成了严重破坏。 汽车、建筑和施工、消费品和包装等最终用途行业对塑料的需求下降,减少了对塑料加工所需添加剂的需求,尤其是塑料抗氧化剂。

2020年后产业开放,但人手有限,预计2020年全面投入运营。 考虑到这些因素,预计塑料抗氧剂市场将在 2020 年经历负增长,然后在预测年度恢復正增长。

内容

第 1 章塑料抗氧化剂的全球市场研究方法和范围

  • 调查方法
  • 调查目的和范围

第 2 章全球塑料抗氧化剂市场 - 市场定义和概述

第 3 章全球塑料抗氧化剂市场 - 执行摘要

  • 按抗氧化剂划分的市场细分
  • 按聚合物树脂划分的市场细分
  • 按地区划分的市场细分

第 4 章全球塑料抗氧化剂市场 - 市场动态

  • 市场影响因素
    • 司机
      • 各种最终用途行业对高性能塑料的需求不断扩大
      • 对塑料的偏好高于其他材料
    • 约束因素
      • 合成塑料抗氧化剂对健康的有害影响
    • 商机
    • 影响分析

第5章全球塑料抗氧化剂市场-行业分析

  • 波特的五力分析
  • 供应链分析
  • 定价分析
  • 监管分析

第 6 章全球塑料抗氧化剂市场 - COVID-19 分析

  • COVID-19 市场分析
    • COVID-19 之前的市场准入情景
    • COVID-19 的当前市场情景
    • COVID-19 后或未来情景
  • COVID-19 期间的价格动态
  • 供需范围
  • 大流行期间与市场相关的政府举措
  • 製造商的战略举措
  • 总结

第 7 章全球塑料抗氧化剂市场 - 按抗氧化剂分类

  • 酚类抗氧化剂
  • 亚磷酸酯抗氧剂/亚磷酸酯抗氧剂
  • 抗氧化混合物
  • 其他

第 8 章全球塑料抗氧化剂市场 - 按聚合物树脂分类

  • 聚丙烯
  • 聚乙烯
  • 聚氯乙烯
  • 聚苯乙烯
  • 其他

第 9 章全球塑料抗氧化剂市场 - 按地区

  • 北美
    • 美国
    • 加拿大
    • 墨西哥
  • 欧洲
    • 德国
    • 英国
    • 法国
    • 意大利
    • 西班牙
    • 其他欧洲
  • 南美洲
    • 巴西
    • 阿根廷
    • 其他南美洲
  • 亚太地区
    • 中国
    • 印度
    • 日本
    • 澳大利亚
    • 其他亚太地区
  • 中东和非洲

第 10 章全球塑料抗氧化剂市场 - 竞争格局

  • 竞争场景
  • 市场分析/市场份额分析
  • 併购分析

第 11 章全球塑料抗氧化剂市场 - 公司简介

  • 巴斯夫欧洲公司
    • 公司概况
    • 产品组合和说明
    • 主要亮点
    • 财务摘要
  • SI Group
  • Solvay S.A.
  • Clariant AG
  • Sumitomo Chemical Co. Ltd
  • Astra Polymers
  • Everspring Chemical Co. Ltd
  • Dover Chemical Corporation
  • SONGWON
  • Ampacet Corporation

第 12 章全球塑料抗氧化剂市场 - 主要考虑因素

第 13 章全球塑料抗氧化剂市场-DataM

简介目录
Product Code: DMCH6082

Market Overview

The global plastic antioxidants market reached US$ XX million in 2022 and is expected to record significant growth by reaching up to US$ XX million by 2030, growing at a CAGR of 5.50% during the forecast period (2023-2030).

Polymers degrade and break down over time, influencing physical and mechanical qualities such as flow rate, heat stability and molecular weight. To reduce the heat oxidation of polymers, antioxidants have been created. In polymers, antioxidants prevent the generation of free radicals and hydroperoxide intermediates. Plastics have the same mechanical & electrical qualities and abrasion & chemical resistance as metals, glass, paper and ceramics. Continuous lightweight innovation in some industries and the desire for additional lightweight materials resulted in using plastic, glass, paper and ceramic in packaging, construction and the automotive industry. Adding these antioxidants to the plastic increases its resistance to sunshine and heat.

Antioxidants are compounds used in the manufacture of plastic. They are applied to plastic to prevent degradation caused by thermomechanical and thermooxidative conditions. Antioxidants aid in extending the life of plastic by increasing color deterioration, providing tensile strength and elongation and reducing impact strength, cracking and other surface deterioration. Primary and secondary antioxidants are the principal types of plastic antioxidants and primary plastic is frequently mixed with secondary to generate thermally stable plastic products. Furthermore, combining primary and secondary antioxidants improves processing stability during plastic manufacture.

Market Dynamics

The increased demand for plastic antioxidants for polymer resins such as PE, PP, PVC, PS and others in industries such as automotive, consumer goods, building & construction and medical & healthcare is driving the market. Plastics replacing traditional materials, rising medical demand and increased urbanization in developing nations will drive the plastic antioxidants market.

The growing demand for high-performance plastics across various end-use industries

Phenolic antioxidants are commonly used as an ingredient in the manufacture of plastics and rubber. Plastic is being used at an accelerating rate in various industries due to its outstanding characteristics. Plastic additives are used to improve efficacy and workability in tough settings such as high-temperature and high-pressure situations because they slow down or limit the degradation of plastic products.

Phenolic antioxidants are employed as antioxidant additives in polymer manufacturing because they prevent the oxidation of polymeric goods in hostile conditions. Furthermore, the growing use of plastic in the automobile industry to lower total weight will drive up demand for plastic additives. It will enhance phenolic antioxidant demand over the projection period.

Rising preference for plastics over other materials

Antioxidants are employed in various polymers, including PE, PP and PVC. These plastics are utilized in various industries, including packaging, building & construction and automotive. Plastics outperform traditional materials such as metals, glass, paper and ceramics in terms of mechanical and electrical characteristics, abrasion resistance and chemical resistance. Plastics have replaced metals, glass, paper and ceramics in the packaging, building & construction and automotive industries due to ongoing innovation and the need for more lightweight materials. It is projected to fuel the plastic antioxidants industry.

Plastics have contributed to significant advancements in safety, fuel efficiency and performance in the automotive industry, particularly in automobile design. For example, airbags composed of high-strength polymer fabric can lower the chance of fatal injury in a direct, frontal car crash. Child safety seats, roof linings, steering wheels, dashboards, fenders, fuel systems, headlamp covers and other exterior sections that are immediately exposed to heat and light are among the other developments.

Hazardous health effects of synthetic plastic antioxidants

Plastics are treated with antioxidants to maintain their structure and make them more thermally stable. Synthetic antioxidants, such as 2,6 di-tert-butyl-p-cresol (BHT), extensively employed in polymers such as PP and HDPE, are harmful to human health. According to one study, BHT produces mutations, cancers and endocrine consequences in test animals. It also triggers allergic reactions in people. LDPE, HDPE and PP bottles have also been demonstrated to leak measurable levels of BHT, Chimassorb 81, Irganox PS 800, Irganox 1076 and Irganox 1010 into the food contents.

The antioxidants' health impacts include endocrine disturbance, which can lead to cancer, developmental issues in children, congenital deformities and immune system suppression. Plastics containing antioxidants make various household goods, automotive parts, food packaging and building materials. These hazardous components leach from the plastic and into the human body. The demand for phenolic antioxidants is falling due to their negative health impacts.

COVID-19 Impact Analysis

The global epidemic has affected practically every industry on the planet. Government agencies have declared particular financial assistance for developing preventive and curative pharmaceuticals, acquiring critical care medical devices and expediting diagnostic test approval. The COVID-19 epidemic in 2020 wreaked havoc on numerous businesses around the world. The decline in demand for plastics from end-use industries such as automotive, building and construction, consumer products and packaging has resulted in a fall in demand for additives required to process plastics, particularly plastic antioxidants.

Industries opened up after 2020 but with limited staff and are projected to be fully operational by 2020. Given the considerations, the plastic antioxidants market will likely see negative growth in 2020 before rebounding with positive growth during the forecast year.

Segment Analysis

By polymer resin, the plastic antioxidants market is segmented into polypropylene, polyethylene, polyvinyl chloride, polystyrene and others.

The increasing use of polypropylene in packaging

Plastic antioxidants are additives introduced throughout manufacturing to prevent thermal and oxidative degradation and extend product shelf life. Plastic antioxidants are expected to be used the most in polypropylene polymer resin throughout the forecast period, owing to the rising use of polypropylene in the packaging industry, which is expected to drive the plastic antioxidant market.

Polypropylene is a thermoplastic polymer containing tertiary carbon atoms. Because it contains tertiary carbon atoms, it is prone to oxidation and thermal deterioration at high temperatures. Polypropylene is treated at temperatures ranging from 428°F to 536°F, where it degrades to generate low molecular weight compounds. To stabilize Polypropylene, antioxidants are added. Antioxidants are included during palletizing and manufacturing process.

Butylated hydroxyl-toluene (BHT), a primary antioxidant and phosphite and phosphonite, secondary antioxidants, are PP's most often utilized antioxidants. Polypropylene resins are also employed in heavy-duty sacks, hygiene films, compounding and other applications, which increases the need for polypropylene and results in the demand for plastic antioxidants.

Geographical Analysis

The rising usage of resins in various end-use industries in Asia-Pacific

Asia-Pacific is estimated to hold the largest plastic antioxidants market during the projected period. Plastic antioxidants are in high demand in countries such as China and India, owing to the rising use of various resins in various end-user sectors such as electrical & electronics, automotive and oil & gas.

Polyethylene and polypropylene resins are in high demand in the construction and building industries because of their thermal and oxidation resistance qualities. The region's growing urbanization and industrialization are driving up the demand for plastic antioxidants even more. The phenolic antioxidant type slows the oxidation of organic matter by transferring hydrogen atoms from their OH group to the chain carrying the ROO radical. Due to this, it is frequently utilized as a plastic additive in polyolefin and other plastic types.

Furthermore, due to features such as high tensile strength, stiffness and flexibility, acrylonitrile butadiene styrene resin is expected to rise significantly throughout the projected period, owing to its use in various end-user industries. Asia-Pacific construction industry is expected to grow at a healthy CAGR throughout the forecast period, which may result in high demand for polyethylene and polypropylene resins, raising demand for the region's plastic antioxidant market.

BASF SE, SONGWON and Solvay are some of the biggest corporations operating in Asia-Pacific. Furthermore, government backing and a fast-rising industrial base will likely increase the demand for plastic antioxidants during the projection period.

Competitive Landscape

The global plastic antioxidants market is fragmented, with the top five market players expected to control most of the market share. The phenolic antioxidants market has seen substantial growth in the last few years. Key players' chosen tactics for sustaining and expanding the worldwide phenolic antioxidants market include new product development, acquisitions and capacity expansion.

Songwon Industrial Co. Ltd. began producing phenolic antioxidants in Panoli (Gujarat), India, in 2018.

BASF opened the second phase of its new antioxidant manufacturing factory in Shanghai, China, in December 2019 to service the country's rapidly developing antioxidants market.

Major global plastic antioxidants market companies include: BASF SE, SI Group, Solvay S.A., Clariant AG, Sumitomo Chemical Co. Ltd, Astra Polymers, Everspring Chemical Co. Ltd, Dover Chemical Corporation, SONGWON and Ampacet Corporation.

BASF SE

  • Overview: BASF, located in Germany, is one of the world's largest chemical manufacturers. Its offering comprises chemicals, materials, industrial solutions, surface technology, nutrition & care and agricultural solutions. It provides various system solutions, services and products for the chemical, automotive, construction, agriculture, oil, plastics, electrical, electronics, furniture and paper industries. The 11 divisions are divided into six parts based on their business models. They oversee 50 global and regional business units and 75 strategic business units.
  • Product Portfolio: BASF manufactures antioxidants for plastics. Its Irganox® series contains the most antioxidants for usage in organic substrates such as plastics, synthetic fibers and elastomers. In a wide range of applications, Irganox® ensures long-term thermal and process stability. Irganox® branded antioxidants are provided globally, giving the polymer value chain the necessary stabilization, manufacturing flexibility and supply security. BASF experts are present worldwide to determine the best Irganox® antioxidant for any application. BASF also offers customer-specific blends (CSBs) made from extruded or compacted combinations of Irganox® antioxidants and additional additives.
  • Key Development: BASF increased the manufacturing capacity of its antioxidant Irganox® 1010 at its Jurong Island, Singapore, plant in 2022 by incorporating an extra production line into the present production facilities. BASF's capacity expansion gives its clients more flexibility and assures supply reliability. The expanded capacity in Singapore will primarily service the rapidly rising Asia Pacific and Middle East markets.

Why Purchase the Report?

  • Visualize the composition of the plastic antioxidants market segmentation by antioxidant, polymer resin and region, highlighting the critical commercial assets and players.
  • Identify commercial opportunities in the plastic antioxidants market by analyzing trends and co-development deals.
  • Excel data sheet with thousands of plastic antioxidants market-level 4/5 segmentation points.
  • Pdf report with the most relevant analysis cogently put together after exhaustive qualitative interviews and in-depth market study.
  • Product mapping in excel for the key product of all major market players

The global plastic antioxidants market report would provide access to an approx. 53 market data table, 42 figures and 202 pages.

Target Audience 2022

  • Plastic Antioxidants Service Providers/ Buyers
  • Industry Investors/Investment Bankers
  • Education & Research Institutes
  • Emerging Companies
  • Plastic Antioxidants Manufacturers

Table of Contents

1. Global Plastic Antioxidants Market Methodology and Scope

  • 1.1. Research Methodology
  • 1.2. Research Objective and Scope of the Report

2. Global Plastic Antioxidants Market - Market Definition and Overview

3. Global Plastic Antioxidants Market - Executive Summary

  • 3.1. Market Snippet By Antioxidant
  • 3.2. Market Snippet By Polymer Resin
  • 3.3. Market Snippet By Region

4. Global Plastic Antioxidants Market-Market Dynamics

  • 4.1. Market Impacting Factors
    • 4.1.1. Drivers
      • 4.1.1.1. The growing demand for high-performance plastics across various end-use industries
      • 4.1.1.2. Rising preference for plastics over other materials
    • 4.1.2. Restraints
      • 4.1.2.1. Hazardous health effects of synthetic plastic antioxidants
      • 4.1.2.2. XX
    • 4.1.3. Opportunity
      • 4.1.3.1. XX
    • 4.1.4. Impact Analysis

5. Global Plastic Antioxidants Market - Industry Analysis

  • 5.1. Porter's Five Forces Analysis
  • 5.2. Supply Chain Analysis
  • 5.3. Pricing Analysis
  • 5.4. Regulatory Analysis

6. Global Plastic Antioxidants Market - COVID-19 Analysis

  • 6.1. Analysis of COVID-19 on the Market
    • 6.1.1. Before COVID-19 Market Scenario
    • 6.1.2. Present COVID-19 Market Scenario
    • 6.1.3. After COVID-19 or Future Scenario
  • 6.2. Pricing Dynamics Amid COVID-19
  • 6.3. Demand-Supply Spectrum
  • 6.4. Government Initiatives Related to the Market During Pandemic
  • 6.5. Manufacturers Strategic Initiatives
  • 6.6. Conclusion

7. Global Plastic Antioxidants Market - By Antioxidant

  • 7.1. Introduction
    • 7.1.1. Market Size Analysis and Y-o-Y Growth Analysis (%), By Antioxidant
    • 7.1.2. Market Attractiveness Index, By Antioxidant
  • 7.2. Phenolic Antioxidants*
    • 7.2.1. Introduction
    • 7.2.2. Market Size Analysis and Y-o-Y Growth Analysis (%)
  • 7.3. Phosphite & Phosphonite Antioxidants
  • 7.4. Antioxidant Blends
  • 7.5. Others

8. Global Plastic Antioxidants Market - By Polymer Resin

  • 8.1. Introduction
    • 8.1.1. Market Size Analysis and Y-o-Y Growth Analysis (%), By Polymer Resin
    • 8.1.2. Market Attractiveness Index, By Polymer Resin
  • 8.2. Polypropylene*
    • 8.2.1. Introduction
    • 8.2.2. Market Size Analysis and Y-o-Y Growth Analysis (%)
  • 8.3. Polyethylene
  • 8.4. Polyvinyl Chloride
  • 8.5. Polystyrene
  • 8.6. Others

9. Global Plastic Antioxidants Market - By Region

  • 9.1. Introduction
  • 9.2. Market Size Analysis and Y-o-Y Growth Analysis (%), By Region
  • 9.3. Market Attractiveness Index, By Region
  • 9.4. North America
    • 9.4.1. Introduction
    • 9.4.2. Key Region-Specific Dynamics
    • 9.4.3. Market Size Analysis and Y-o-Y Growth Analysis (%), By Antioxidant
    • 9.4.4. Market Size Analysis and Y-o-Y Growth Analysis (%), By Polymer Resin
    • 9.4.5. Market Size Analysis and Y-o-Y Growth Analysis (%), By Country
      • 9.4.5.1. U.S.
      • 9.4.5.2. Canada
      • 9.4.5.3. Mexico
  • 9.5. Europe
    • 9.5.1. Introduction
    • 9.5.2. Key Region-Specific Dynamics
    • 9.5.3. Market Size Analysis and Y-o-Y Growth Analysis (%), By Antioxidant
    • 9.5.4. Market Size Analysis and Y-o-Y Growth Analysis (%), By Polymer Resin
    • 9.5.5. Market Size Analysis and Y-o-Y Growth Analysis (%), By Country
      • 9.5.5.1. Germany
      • 9.5.5.2. UK
      • 9.5.5.3. France
      • 9.5.5.4. Italy
      • 9.5.5.5. Spain
      • 9.5.5.6. Rest of Europe
  • 9.6. South America
    • 9.6.1. Introduction
    • 9.6.2. Key Region-Specific Dynamics
    • 9.6.3. Market Size Analysis and Y-o-Y Growth Analysis (%), By Antioxidant
    • 9.6.4. Market Size Analysis and Y-o-Y Growth Analysis (%), By Polymer Resin
    • 9.6.5. Market Size Analysis and Y-o-Y Growth Analysis (%), By Country
      • 9.6.5.1. Brazil
      • 9.6.5.2. Argentina
      • 9.6.5.3. Rest of South America
  • 9.7. Asia-Pacific
    • 9.7.1. Introduction
    • 9.7.2. Key Region-Specific Dynamics
    • 9.7.3. Market Size Analysis and Y-o-Y Growth Analysis (%), By Antioxidant
    • 9.7.4. Market Size Analysis and Y-o-Y Growth Analysis (%), By Polymer Resin
    • 9.7.5. Market Size Analysis and Y-o-Y Growth Analysis (%), By Country
      • 9.7.5.1. China
      • 9.7.5.2. India
      • 9.7.5.3. Japan
      • 9.7.5.4. Australia
      • 9.7.5.5. Rest of Asia-Pacific
  • 9.8. Middle East and Africa
    • 9.8.1. Introduction
    • 9.8.2. Key Region-Specific Dynamics
    • 9.8.3. Market Size Analysis and Y-o-Y Growth Analysis (%), By Antioxidant
    • 9.8.4. Market Size Analysis and Y-o-Y Growth Analysis (%), By Polymer Resin

10. Global Plastic Antioxidants Market - Competitive Landscape

  • 10.1. Competitive Scenario
  • 10.2. Market Positioning/Share Analysis
  • 10.3. Mergers and Acquisitions Analysis

11. Global Plastic Antioxidants Market - Company Profiles

  • 11.1. BASF SE
    • 11.1.1. Company Overview
    • 11.1.2. Product Portfolio and Description
    • 11.1.3. Key Highlights
    • 11.1.4. Financial Overview
  • 11.2. SI Group
  • 11.3. Solvay S.A.
  • 11.4. Clariant AG
  • 11.5. Sumitomo Chemical Co. Ltd
  • 11.6. Astra Polymers
  • 11.7. Everspring Chemical Co. Ltd
  • 11.8. Dover Chemical Corporation
  • 11.9. SONGWON
  • 11.10. Ampacet Corporation

LIST NOT EXHAUSTIVE

12. Global Plastic Antioxidants Market - Premium Insights

13. Global Plastic Antioxidants Market - DataM

  • 13.1. Appendix
  • 13.2. About Us and Services
  • 13.3. Contact Us