全球玻璃市场 - 2023-2030
市场调查报告书
商品编码
1382532

全球玻璃市场 - 2023-2030

Global Glass Market - 2023-2030

出版日期: | 出版商: DataM Intelligence | 英文 226 Pages | 商品交期: 约2个工作天内

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简介目录

概述

2022年全球玻璃市场规模达2,607亿美元,预计2030年将达到3,791亿美元,2023-2030年预测期间CAGR为4.8%。

全球玻璃市场多元化且充满活力,有许多不同的应用。它包括用于包装、电子、建筑等多种行业的玻璃製品的製造和分销。永续性和对节能玻璃不断增长的需求是两个关键的市场驱动因素。

此外,提高智慧玻璃技术的使用以及不断增加对采用先进玻璃製造技术的投资是促进全球玻璃市场成长的其他重要因素。

玻璃工业是能源密集产业之一。儘管能源效率不断提高,但生产过程对高温的依赖限制了现有技术的进步。可以用可再生电力加热的新熔炉在欧洲的试点项目中进行了测试,并对氢气的使用进行了研究。

欧洲各地都有玻璃厂,占全球市场的近26.7%。然而,这些地区的小型企业减少排放所需的投资极为困难,特别是对于氢气管道等重要基础设施而言。因此,政府正在提供支持,以改善市场上先进玻璃製造的发展,从而带来未来的成长前景。

动力学

对节能玻璃和永续发展的需求不断增加

低辐射 (Low-E) 玻璃通常称为节能玻璃,有助于减少透过窗户和外墙的热传递。这意味着建筑物供暖和製冷所需的能源更少,从而降低能源消耗和能源成本。随着能源效率成为住宅和商业建筑的首要任务,有助于最大限度减少能源使用的玻璃解决方案的需求变得越来越大。

公司也投资采用节能眼镜。例如,2020 年,由欧盟资助的 Switch2Save 计画正在创建价格合理的智慧玻璃系统,非常适合巨大的窗户和玻璃帷幕。经过一年的实验,初步结果表明,这些节能型中空玻璃单元 (IGU) 可以将大量玻璃结构的一次能源消耗减少高达 70%。 Switch2Save 智慧玻璃解决方案将电致变色 (EC) 和热致变色 (TC) 窗户技术与巧妙的开关协定相结合。

玻璃製造的技术进步

智慧玻璃、自清洁玻璃和轻质玻璃等技术进步是推动玻璃市场的主要因素。可切换玻璃,通常称为智慧玻璃,是一种可以响应电流或其他刺激而改变其光传输特性的玻璃。由于这项技术在能源效率、隐私、美观和舒适度方面具有相当大的优势,预计在未来五年内将发展并变得更加普遍。

目前,智慧眼镜主要分为三大类:1)电致变色2)聚合物分散液晶(PDLC); 3) 悬浮粒子装置(SPD)。智慧玻璃技术的性能、尺寸和可承受性预计将随着不断进步而提高,从而开闢更广阔的市场。智慧玻璃可用于室内隔间以及窗户、门和天窗。最大尺寸限制仍然是许多专案的主要挑战。

环境问题

英国南安普敦大学的研究人员表示,玻璃的熔化温度比塑胶和铝更高。原始玻璃在其原料熔化过程中释放的温室气体进一步增加了对环境的影响。据国际能源总署称,平板玻璃和货柜业每年排放超过 60 兆吨二氧化碳。这可能会让人感到惊讶,但根据布洛克的研究,塑胶瓶对环境的危害比玻璃瓶小。

此外,回收玻璃并不能消除重熔过程(玻璃生产过程中消耗最多的能源)是其主要问题之一。它占生产过程中使用的能源的 75%。玻璃通常被归类为一次性使用,儘管它平均可以重复使用 12-20 次。被一次性丢进垃圾掩埋场的玻璃可能需要一百万年才能降解。全球范围内,玻璃回收率差异很大。 2018年美国的平均回收率为31.3%,而欧盟和英国的平均回收率为74%和76%。因此,上述因素是阻碍玻璃市场成长的潜在因素。

目录

第 1 章:方法与范围

  • 研究方法论
  • 报告的研究目的和范围

第 2 章:定义与概述

第 3 章:执行摘要

  • 按类型分類的片段
  • 按原料分类的片段
  • 按应用程式片段
  • 最终使用者的片段
  • 按地区分類的片段

第 4 章:动力学

  • 影响因素
    • 司机
      • 对节能玻璃和永续发展的需求不断增加
      • 玻璃製造的技术进步
    • 限制
      • 环境问题
    • 机会
    • 影响分析

第 5 章:产业分析

  • 波特五力分析
  • 供应链分析
  • 定价分析
  • 监管分析
  • 俄乌战争影响分析
  • DMI 意见

第 6 章:COVID-19 分析

  • COVID-19 分析
    • 新冠疫情爆发前的情景
    • 新冠疫情期间的情景
    • 新冠疫情后的情景
  • COVID-19 期间的定价动态
  • 供需谱
  • 疫情期间政府与市场相关的倡议
  • 製造商策略倡议
  • 结论

第 7 章:按类型

  • 平板玻璃
  • 容器玻璃
  • 玻璃纤维
  • 特种玻璃
  • 其他的

第 8 章:依原料分类

  • 钠钙玻璃
  • 硼硅酸盐玻璃
  • 熔融石英
  • 铝硅酸盐玻璃
  • 其他的

第 9 章:按应用

  • 建筑玻璃
  • 汽车玻璃
  • 电子和显示器玻璃
  • 食品和饮料包装
  • 药品包装
  • 太阳能板
  • 光学玻璃
  • 其他的

第 10 章:最终用户

  • 建筑与施工
  • 汽车
  • 电气与电子
  • 包装
  • 太阳能
  • 航太
  • 卫生保健
  • 其他的

第 11 章:按地区

  • 北美洲
    • 我们
    • 加拿大
    • 墨西哥
  • 欧洲
    • 德国
    • 英国
    • 法国
    • 俄罗斯
    • 西班牙
    • 欧洲其他地区
  • 南美洲
    • 巴西
    • 阿根廷
    • 南美洲其他地区
  • 亚太
    • 中国
    • 印度
    • 日本
    • 澳洲
    • 亚太其他地区
  • 中东和非洲

第 12 章:竞争格局

  • 竞争场景
  • 市场定位/份额分析
  • 併购分析

第 13 章:公司简介

  • Saint-Gobain
    • 公司简介
    • 类型组合和描述
    • 财务概览
    • 主要进展
  • Asahi India Glass Limited
  • Corning Incorporated
  • Nippon Sheet Glass
  • Guardian Industries
  • SCHOTT AG
  • Central Glass Co., Ltd
  • PPG Industries
  • Vitro SAB de CV
  • Cardinal Glass Industries

第 14 章:附录

简介目录
Product Code: MA7476

Overview

Global Glass Market reached US$ 260.7 billion in 2022 and is expected to reach US$ 379.1 billion by 2030, growing with a CAGR of 4.8% during the forecast period 2023-2030.

The global glass market is diverse and dynamic and has many different applications. It includes the manufacturing and distribution of glass goods utilized in a variety of industries, including packaging, electronics, construction and more. Sustainability and rising demand for energy-efficient glass are two key market-driving drivers.

Furthermore, improving the use of smart glass technology and growing investments in the adoption of advanced technologies for glass manufacturing are other prominent factors contributing to the growth of the global glass market.

One of the energy-intensive industries is the glass industry. Although it has consistently increased its energy efficiency, the production process' reliance on high temperatures places restrictions on how far the available technologies may advance. New furnaces that could be heated with renewable electricity are tested in Europe in pilot projects and research looks into the usage of hydrogen.

Many locations throughout Europe have glassworks which has made it contribute nearly 26.7% to the global market. However, the investments required to reduce emissions for smaller businesses in these areas are extremely difficult, particularly for vital infrastructure like hydrogen pipelines. Thus government is providing support to improve the development of advanced glass manufacturing in the market leading to future growth prospects.

Dynamics

Increasing Demand for Energy-Efficient Glass and Sustainability

Low-emissivity (Low-E) glass, often known as energy-efficient glass, helps reduce heat transfer via windows and facades. The implies that less energy is needed in buildings for heating and cooling, which lowers energy consumption and lowers energy costs. Glass solutions that might help minimize energy usage are becoming more and more in demand as energy efficiency becomes a priority for both residential and commercial structures.

Companies are also investing in adopting energy-efficient glasses. For instance, in 2020, The Switch2Save project, financed by the European Union, is creating reasonably priced smart glass systems that fit well with huge windows and glass facades. After a year of the experiment, preliminary findings indicate that these energy-smart insulating glass units (IGUs) can reduce a structure with a lot of glazing by up to 70% in terms of primary energy use. Electrochromic (EC) and thermochromic (TC) window technologies are combined with clever switching protocols in the Switch2Save smart glass solutions.

Technological Advancements in Glass Manufacturing

Technological advancements such as smart glass, self-cleaning glass and lightweight glass are major factors contributing to the market of glass. Switchable glass, commonly referred to as smart glass, is a type of glass that can alter its light transmission characteristics in response to an electric current or other stimulus. Since this technology offers considerable advantages for energy efficiency, privacy, aesthetics and comfort, it is anticipated to advance and become more prevalent during the next five years.

Currently, there are three main categories of smart glasses: 1) electrochromic 2) Polymer Dispersed Liquid Crystal (PDLC); and 3) Suspended Particle Device (SPD). The performance, size and affordability of Smart Glass technologies are anticipated to improve with continued advancements, opening up a wider market. Smart Glass can be utilized for interior partitions as well as windows, doors and skylights. Maximum size restrictions continue to be the key challenge for many projects.

Environmental Concerns

According to a researcher from University of Southampton in UK, glass has to melt at temperatures higher than plastic and aluminum. The environmental impact of virgin glass is further increased by the release of greenhouse gases during the melting process of its raw components. Over 60 megatonnes of CO2 are released annually by the flat-glass and container sectors, according to the International Energy Agency. It might come as a surprise, but according to Brock's research, plastic bottles are less harmful to the environment than glass ones.

Furthermore, The fact that recycling glass does not eliminate the remelting process-which uses the most energy during glass production-is one of its main issues. It makes up 75% of the energy used in the production process. Glass is generally classified as single-use even though it may be reused an average of 12-20 times. Glass that has been thrown away once-and-for-all all all in landfills may take up to a million years to degrade. Globally, glass recycling rates differ greatly. The average recycling rate in U.S. was 31.3% in 2018, compared to 74% and 76% in the EU and UK. Thus the above factors are the potential factors hampering the growth of the glass market.

Segment Analysis

The global glass market is segmented based on type, raw material, application, end-user and region.

Growing Investment Drives the Flat Glass Segmental Growth

Flat glass is a growing market based on types and is expected to cover more than 40.9% market share in the forecast period. Research & development investments result in innovations in flat glass manufacturing. Innovations in float glass production methods, coating technologies and the development of energy-efficient and smart glass are instances of these developments. Customers seeking exceptional glass products are drawn to advanced technology, fueling the segment's expansion.

For instance, in August 2022, Mexican glass manufacturer Vitro explored the development of a flat and container glass plant. The Mexican container and float glass manufacturer intends to invest US$ 400 million in a free zone framework in a 350,000m2 flat glass production and a 150,000m2 container glass facility.

Geographical Penetration

Partnership Among Key Players Supplements the Regional Market Growth

Europe has been a dominant force in the global glass market and is expected to reach up to 40.1% in 2022 in terms of revenue. Collaborations between important stakeholders frequently involve the exchange of technology and research capabilities. It can result in the development of innovative glass products and manufacturing techniques, with the potential to open up new markets and applications.

For instance, in February 2023, AGC and Saint-Gobain will collaboratively design a pilot flat glass production that will lower each company's direct CO2 emissions. AGC's patterned glass production plant in Barevka, Czech Republic, will be completely rebuilt and modernized. The line's objective is to be 50% electrified and 50% fueled by a mix of oxygen and gas. The is a technological breakthrough when compared to current technology utilized in natural gas-fired flat glass furnaces.

COVID-19 Impact Analysis

Manufacturing of float glass has been impacted by COVID-19, much like the rest of the glass industry. Difficulties with the supply chain and possible closures as a result of state orders to stay at home and shelter in place have affected the industry. With a few exceptions, the majority of float manufacturing facilities in U.S. seem to be still in operation as of right present. When the coronavirus first started to spread and stay-at-home restrictions were put into place, the majority of American corporations with float facilities issued statements about worker safety and material supply. Companies pledged communication about disruptions brought on by the pandemic, reassured clients that there was a sufficient supply of raw glass and highlighted worker safety precautions.

Nevertheless, COVID-19 has had consequences, mostly because of the economic effects of the pandemic.

Russia-Ukraine War Impact Analysis

Commodity and energy price volatility can be caused by geopolitical tensions and trade disruptions. Energy price fluctuations, such as natural gas, can have an impact on glass producers' production costs. The European glass industry is energy-intensive and energy prices account for a considerable portion of production costs. Geopolitical events can have an impact on energy prices, thereby raising production costs.

The conflict between Russia and Ukraine may disrupt supply chains, reducing the availability of raw materials, particularly minerals and chemicals required in glass manufacture. If European glass manufacturers rely on regional imports, disruptions could result in supply shortages and price instability.

By Type

  • Flat Glass
  • Container Glass
  • Fiber Glass
  • Specialty Glass
  • Others

By Raw Material

  • Soda-Lime Glass
  • Borosilicate Glass
  • Fused Silica
  • Aluminosilicate Glass
  • Others

By Application

  • Architectural Glass
  • Automotive Glass
  • Electronics and Display Glass
  • Food and Beverage Packaging
  • Pharmaceutical Packaging
  • Solar Panels
  • Optical Glass
  • Others

By End-User

  • Building and Construction
  • Automotive
  • Electrical & Electronics
  • Packaging
  • Solar Energy
  • Aerospace
  • Healthcare
  • Others

By Region

  • North America
    • U.S.
    • Canada
    • Mexico
  • Europe
    • Germany
    • UK
    • France
    • Italy
    • Russia
    • Rest of Europe
  • South America
    • Brazil
    • Argentina
    • Rest of South America
  • Asia-Pacific
    • China
    • India
    • Japan
    • Australia
    • Rest of Asia-Pacific
  • Middle East and Africa

Key Developments

  • On August 19, 2023, By enhancing the circularity of electric light-duty vehicles, the ZEvRA (Zero Emission Electric Vehicles Enabled by Harmonised Circularity) project was started with Sisecam as one of its partners to contribute to a sustainable and competitive future. The Horizon Europe program of the European Union provided funding for this creative endeavor for EUR 250,000.
  • On 03 March 2023, During Research and development (R&D) tests at the Herzogenrath factory in Germany, Saint-Gobain became the first company in the world to produce a test batch of flat glass utilizing more than 30% hydrogen. Saint-Gobain has demonstrated for the first time in the world that it is technically feasible to produce flat glass containing a large amount of hydrogen. It will complement existing decarbonized energy sources and cut the site's direct CO2 emissions (scope 1) by up to 70%.
  • By 06 February 2023, AGC and Saint-Gobain, two of the top flat glass producers in the world concerning comes to sustainability, announce that they are working together to design a groundbreaking pilot flat glass line that will drastically cut its direct CO2 emissions. AGC's patterned glass production line in Barevka, Czech Republic, will be completely renovated as part of this R&D project to create a high-performing, cutting-edge line that aims to be 50% electrified and 50% fueled by a combination of oxygen and gas. Compared to the technology now employed in natural gas-fired flat glass furnaces, this represents a technological advance.

Competitive Landscape

The major global players in the market include: Saint-Gobain, Asahi India Glass Limited, Corning Incorporated, Nippon Sheet Glass, Guardian Industries, SCHOTT AG, Central Glass Co., Ltd, PPG Industries, Vitro S.A.B. de C.V, Cardinal Glass Industries and others.

Why Purchase the Report?

  • To visualize the global glass market segmentation based on type, raw material, application, end-user and region, as well as understand key commercial assets and players.
  • Identify commercial opportunities by analyzing trends and co-development.
  • Excel data sheet with numerous data points of glass market-level with all segments.
  • PDF report consists of a comprehensive analysis after exhaustive qualitative interviews and an in-depth study.
  • Product mapping available as Excel consisting of key products of all the major players.

The global glass market report would provide approximately 69 tables, 81 figures and 226 Pages.

Target Audience 2023

  • Manufacturers/ Buyers
  • Industry Investors/Investment Bankers
  • Research Professionals
  • Emerging Companies

Table of Contents

1. Methodology and Scope

  • 1.1. Research Methodology
  • 1.2. Research Objective and Scope of the Report

2. Definition and Overview

3. Executive Summary

  • 3.1. Snippet by Type
  • 3.2. Snippet by Raw Material
  • 3.3. Snippet by Application
  • 3.4. Snippet by End-User
  • 3.5. Snippet by Region

4. Dynamics

  • 4.1. Impacting Factors
    • 4.1.1. Drivers
      • 4.1.1.1. Increasing Demand for Energy-Efficient Glass and Sustainability
      • 4.1.1.2. Technological Advancements in Glass Manufacturing
    • 4.1.2. Restraints
      • 4.1.2.1. Environmental Concerns
    • 4.1.3. Opportunity
    • 4.1.4. Impact Analysis

5. Industry Analysis

  • 5.1. Porter's Five Force Analysis
  • 5.2. Supply Chain Analysis
  • 5.3. Pricing Analysis
  • 5.4. Regulatory Analysis
  • 5.5. Russia-Ukraine War Impact Analysis
  • 5.6. DMI Opinion

6. COVID-19 Analysis

  • 6.1. Analysis of COVID-19
    • 6.1.1. Scenario Before COVID
    • 6.1.2. Scenario During COVID
    • 6.1.3. Scenario Post COVID
  • 6.2. Pricing Dynamics Amid COVID-19
  • 6.3. Demand-Supply Spectrum
  • 6.4. Government Initiatives Related to the Market During Pandemic
  • 6.5. Manufacturers Strategic Initiatives
  • 6.6. Conclusion

7. By Type

  • 7.1. Introduction
    • 7.1.1. Market Size Analysis and Y-o-Y Growth Analysis (%), By Type
    • 7.1.2. Market Attractiveness Index, By Type
  • 7.2. Flat Glass*
    • 7.2.1. Introduction
    • 7.2.2. Market Size Analysis and Y-o-Y Growth Analysis (%)
  • 7.3. Container Glass
  • 7.4. Fiber Glass
  • 7.5. Specialty Glass
  • 7.6. Others

8. By Raw Material

  • 8.1. Introduction
    • 8.1.1. Market Size Analysis and Y-o-Y Growth Analysis (%), By Raw Material
    • 8.1.2. Market Attractiveness Index, By Raw Material
  • 8.2. Soda-Lime Glass*
    • 8.2.1. Introduction
    • 8.2.2. Market Size Analysis and Y-o-Y Growth Analysis (%)
  • 8.3. Borosilicate Glass
  • 8.4. Fused Silica
  • 8.5. Aluminosilicate Glass
  • 8.6. Others

9. By Application

  • 9.1. Introduction
    • 9.1.1. Market Size Analysis and Y-o-Y Growth Analysis (%), By Application
    • 9.1.2. Market Attractiveness Index, By Application
  • 9.2. Architectural Glass*
    • 9.2.1. Introduction
    • 9.2.2. Market Size Analysis and Y-o-Y Growth Analysis (%)
  • 9.3. Automotive Glass
  • 9.4. Electronics and Display Glass
  • 9.5. Food and Beverage Packaging
  • 9.6. Pharmaceutical Packaging
  • 9.7. Solar Panels
  • 9.8. Optical Glass
  • 9.9. Others

10. By End-User

  • 10.1. Introduction
    • 10.1.1. Market Size Analysis and Y-o-Y Growth Analysis (%), By End-User
    • 10.1.2. Market Attractiveness Index, By End-User
  • 10.2. Building and Construction*
    • 10.2.1. Introduction
    • 10.2.2. Market Size Analysis and Y-o-Y Growth Analysis (%)
  • 10.3. Automotive
  • 10.4. Electrical & Electronics
  • 10.5. Packaging
  • 10.6. Solar Energy
  • 10.7. Aerospace
  • 10.8. Healthcare
  • 10.9. Others

11. By Region

  • 11.1. Introduction
    • 11.1.1. Market Size Analysis and Y-o-Y Growth Analysis (%), By Region
    • 11.1.2. Market Attractiveness Index, By Region
  • 11.2. North America
    • 11.2.1. Introduction
    • 11.2.2. Key Region-Specific Dynamics
    • 11.2.3. Market Size Analysis and Y-o-Y Growth Analysis (%), By Type
    • 11.2.4. Market Size Analysis and Y-o-Y Growth Analysis (%), By Raw Material
    • 11.2.5. Market Size Analysis and Y-o-Y Growth Analysis (%), By Application
    • 11.2.6. Market Size Analysis and Y-o-Y Growth Analysis (%), By End-User
    • 11.2.7. Market Size Analysis and Y-o-Y Growth Analysis (%), By Country
      • 11.2.7.1. U.S.
      • 11.2.7.2. Canada
      • 11.2.7.3. Mexico
  • 11.3. Europe
    • 11.3.1. Introduction
    • 11.3.2. Key Region-Specific Dynamics
    • 11.3.3. Market Size Analysis and Y-o-Y Growth Analysis (%), By Type
    • 11.3.4. Market Size Analysis and Y-o-Y Growth Analysis (%), By Raw Material
    • 11.3.5. Market Size Analysis and Y-o-Y Growth Analysis (%), By Application
    • 11.3.6. Market Size Analysis and Y-o-Y Growth Analysis (%), By End-User
    • 11.3.7. Market Size Analysis and Y-o-Y Growth Analysis (%), By Country
      • 11.3.7.1. Germany
      • 11.3.7.2. UK
      • 11.3.7.3. France
      • 11.3.7.4. Russia
      • 11.3.7.5. Spain
      • 11.3.7.6. Rest of Europe
  • 11.4. South America
    • 11.4.1. Introduction
    • 11.4.2. Key Region-Specific Dynamics
    • 11.4.3. Market Size Analysis and Y-o-Y Growth Analysis (%), By Type
    • 11.4.4. Market Size Analysis and Y-o-Y Growth Analysis (%), By Raw Material
    • 11.4.5. Market Size Analysis and Y-o-Y Growth Analysis (%), By Application
    • 11.4.6. Market Size Analysis and Y-o-Y Growth Analysis (%), By End-User
    • 11.4.7. Market Size Analysis and Y-o-Y Growth Analysis (%), By Country
      • 11.4.7.1. Brazil
      • 11.4.7.2. Argentina
      • 11.4.7.3. Rest of South America
  • 11.5. Asia-Pacific
    • 11.5.1. Introduction
    • 11.5.2. Key Region-Specific Dynamics
    • 11.5.3. Market Size Analysis and Y-o-Y Growth Analysis (%), By Type
    • 11.5.4. Market Size Analysis and Y-o-Y Growth Analysis (%), By Raw Material
    • 11.5.5. Market Size Analysis and Y-o-Y Growth Analysis (%), By Application
    • 11.5.6. Market Size Analysis and Y-o-Y Growth Analysis (%), By End-User
    • 11.5.7. Market Size Analysis and Y-o-Y Growth Analysis (%), By Country
      • 11.5.7.1. China
      • 11.5.7.2. India
      • 11.5.7.3. Japan
      • 11.5.7.4. Australia
      • 11.5.7.5. Rest of Asia-Pacific
  • 11.6. Middle East and Africa
    • 11.6.1. Introduction
    • 11.6.2. Key Region-Specific Dynamics
    • 11.6.3. Market Size Analysis and Y-o-Y Growth Analysis (%), By Type
    • 11.6.4. Market Size Analysis and Y-o-Y Growth Analysis (%), By Raw Material
    • 11.6.5. Market Size Analysis and Y-o-Y Growth Analysis (%), By Application
    • 11.6.6. Market Size Analysis and Y-o-Y Growth Analysis (%), By End-User

12. Competitive Landscape

  • 12.1. Competitive Scenario
  • 12.2. Market Positioning/Share Analysis
  • 12.3. Mergers and Acquisitions Analysis

13. Company Profiles

  • 13.1. Saint-Gobain*
    • 13.1.1. Company Overview
    • 13.1.2. Type Portfolio and Description
    • 13.1.3. Financial Overview
    • 13.1.4. Key Developments
  • 13.2. Asahi India Glass Limited
  • 13.3. Corning Incorporated
  • 13.4. Nippon Sheet Glass
  • 13.5. Guardian Industries
  • 13.6. SCHOTT AG
  • 13.7. Central Glass Co., Ltd
  • 13.8. PPG Industries
  • 13.9. Vitro S.A.B. de C.V
  • 13.10. Cardinal Glass Industries

LIST NOT EXHAUSTIVE

14. Appendix

  • 14.1. About Us and Services
  • 14.2. Contact Us