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市场调查报告书
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全球曲轴箱通风 (CV) 市场 - 2024-2031

Global Crankcase Ventilation (CV) Market - 2024-2031

出版日期: | 出版商: DataM Intelligence | 英文 230 Pages | 商品交期: 约2个工作天内

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简介目录

概述

全球曲轴箱通风市场将于 2023 年达到 246 亿美元,预计到 2031 年将达到 367 亿美元,2024-2031 年预测期间CAGR为 5.2%。

在全球范围内,由于全球汽车工业的普遍扩张,对排放控制技术的需求不断增长,这从汽车产量和销售的上升就可见一斑。随着汽车市场的成长,CV 系统变得越来越重要。先进且有效率的曲轴箱通风系统是车辆技术不断改进的结果。为了提高这些系统的功能和性能,製造商在研发活动上投入资金。

该地区的主要参与者在市场上推出了新产品,有助于推动全球曲轴箱通风市场的成长。例如,2023年12月4日,Hengst在市场上推出了变速箱油底壳和曲轴箱通风系统。 Hengst 扩大了售后产品组合,包括用于双离合器和自动变速箱的优质变速箱油底壳。

由于汽车行业的快速扩张,北美在曲轴箱通风市场上处于世界领先地位。该地区的客户倾向于将钱花在配备现代技术(例如高效污染控制系统)的汽车和其他汽车上。在美国,透过政府计划和激励措施(例如对环保汽车的税收抵免),进一步加速了污染控制系统的使用。由于这些激励措施,客户会被激励选择配备 CV 系统的汽车。

动力学

全球汽车工业不断发展

全球汽车製造业在汽车领域正在显着成长。随着道路上汽车数量的增加,对液压系统的需求也不断增加。在许多汽车应用中,例如液压系统、动力转向、煞车和悬吊都是必不可少的。保持这些重要的汽车系统的可靠性和效率有助于促进曲轴箱通风的市场成长。

由于工业活动和物流的扩张,对公共汽车和卡车等商用车辆的需求不断增长。为了提高性能,这些车辆的液压系统需要高效率的过滤技术进步。根据AZO Materials给予的2022年资料,全球最大的产业之一是汽车产业。每年生产约 6,000 万辆汽车。汽车产业约占全球GDP的3%。中国和印度是重要的新兴市场,全球 GDP 的 7% 来自汽车产业。

排放监管要求不断提高

在全球范围内,政府监管机构对汽车排放施加越来越多的限制。汽车主要参与者必须遵守当地监管机构制定的排放限值。曲轴箱通风系统有助于实现合规性。排放标准会定期更新和修订。监管机构不断评估车辆排放对环境的影响,并随着时间的推移而收紧标准。法规的不断发展维持了对CV系统等先进排放控制技术的需求。

怠速排放限制是印度最初的一套排放法,于1989 年生效。2010 年,印度全国四轮车采用巴拉特第三阶段排放标准,十三个城市采用巴拉特第四阶段(等于欧四)即;国家首都区以及孟买、加尔各答、金奈、班加罗尔、海得拉巴等城市,包括塞康德拉巴德、艾哈迈达巴德、浦那、苏拉特、坎普尔、阿格拉、肖拉普尔和勒克瑙。

曲轴箱通风 (CV) 系统成本高昂

先进的 CV 系统通常采用先进的技术,例如聚结过滤器、旋风分离器和压力控制阀,以提高其效率。这些技术的复杂性导致更高的製造和开发成本。满足严格的排放标准需要在曲轴箱通风系统中整合先进技术。全球主要参与者投资研发以确保符合这些标准,进而导致生产成本增加。

持续创新和开发新技术以增强曲轴箱通风系统需要大量的研发支出。製造商收回这些成本,导致产品价格上涨。 CV 系统需要经过严格的测试和认证流程,以确保其有效性、耐用性并符合监管标准。测试和认证程序会影响将 CV 系统推向市场的总成本。

目录

第 1 章:方法与范围

  • 研究方法论
  • 报告的研究目的和范围

第 2 章:定义与概述

第 3 章:执行摘要

  • 按组件分類的片段
  • 按产品分类的片段
  • 按车辆分类的片段
  • 引擎片段
  • 按材料分类的片段
  • 按地区分類的片段

第 4 章:动力学

  • 影响因素
    • 司机
      • 全球汽车工业不断发展
      • 排放监管要求不断提高
    • 限制
      • 曲轴箱通风 (CV) 系统成本高昂
    • 机会
    • 影响分析

第 5 章:产业分析

  • 波特五力分析
  • 供应链分析
  • 定价分析
  • 监管分析
  • 俄乌战争影响分析
  • DMI 意见

第 6 章:COVID-19 分析

  • COVID-19 分析
    • 新冠疫情爆发前的情景
    • 新冠疫情期间的情景
    • 新冠疫情后的情景
  • COVID-19 期间的定价动态
  • 供需谱
  • 疫情期间政府与市场相关的倡议
  • 製造商策略倡议
  • 结论

第 7 章:按组件

  • 软管和管子
  • 过滤器
  • 阀门
  • 引擎呼吸器
  • 其他的

第 8 章:副产品

  • 传统履历系统
  • 先进的履历系统

第 9 章:乘车

  • 搭乘用车
  • 商务车辆
  • 非公路车辆

第 10 章:按引擎

  • 汽油引擎
  • 柴油引擎

第 11 章:按材料

  • 不銹钢

第 12 章:按地区

  • 北美洲
    • 我们
    • 加拿大
    • 墨西哥
  • 欧洲
    • 德国
    • 英国
    • 法国
    • 义大利
    • 西班牙
    • 欧洲其他地区
  • 南美洲
    • 巴西
    • 阿根廷
    • 南美洲其他地区
  • 亚太
    • 中国
    • 印度
    • 日本
    • 澳洲
    • 亚太其他地区
  • 中东和非洲

第13章:竞争格局

  • 竞争场景
  • 市场定位/份额分析
  • 併购分析

第 14 章:公司简介

  • Alfdex AB
    • 公司简介
    • 产品组合和描述
    • 财务概览
    • 主要进展
  • MAHLE GmbH
  • MANN+HUMMEL
  • Metal Textiles
  • PARKER HANNIFIN
  • Continental AG
  • Cummins Filtration Inc
  • Seaboard Marine LTD
  • Sogefi
  • Fleetguard Filters Private Limited

第 15 章:附录

简介目录
Product Code: AUTR7932

Overview

Global Crankcase Ventilation Market reached US$ 24.6 Billion in 2023 and is expected to reach US$ 36.7 Billion by 2031, growing with a CAGR of 5.2% during the forecast period 2024-2031.

Globally, the growing need for emission control technology as a result of the global automotive industry's general expansion, which is demonstrated by rising vehicle production and sales. CV systems are becoming more important as the automobile market grows. The advanced and efficient crankcase ventilation systems have been developed as a result of ongoing improvements in vehicle technology. To improve the functionality and performance of these systems, manufacturers spend money on research and development activities.

Major key players in the region launched new products in the market that helped to boost the market growth of the global crankcase ventilation market. For instance, on December 04, 2023, Hengst launched transmission oil pans and crankcase ventilation systems in the market. Hengst expanded their portfolio of aftermarket products to include quality gearbox oil pans for dual-clutch and automatic transmissions.

Due to the fast expansion of the automobile sector, North America leads the world in the crankcase ventilation market. Customers in the area tend to spend their money on cars and other automobiles equipped with modern technology, such as efficient pollution control systems. The use of pollution control systems is further accelerated in U.S. by government programs and incentives such as tax credits for environmentally friendly automobiles. Customers are incentivized to select cars with CV systems because of these incentives.

Dynamics

Growing Automotive Industry Globally

Global vehicle manufacturing is rising significantly in the automotive sector. The growing demand for hydraulic systems develops in line with the number of automobiles on the road. In many automobile applications, such as hydraulic systems, power steering, brakes and suspension, are essential. Maintaining these vital automotive systems' dependability and efficiency helps to boost the market growth of Crankcase Ventilation.

Due to the expansion in industrial activity and logistics, there is a growing need for commercial vehicles such as buses and trucks. To increase performance, these vehicles' hydraulic systems need efficient filtering technological advances. According to the data given by AZO Materials in 2022, one of the largest sectors in the world is the automotive industry. Around 60 million automotive vehicles are manufactured annually. Around 3% of the global GDP was made up of the automobile sector. With 7% of the global GDP coming from the automobile sector, China and India are significant rising markets.

Growing Regulatory Requirements for Emissions

Globally, government regulatory agencies are putting more and more restrictions on automobile emissions. Major key players of automobiles are required to abide by the emission limits established by local regulatory bodies. Crankcase Ventilation systems aid in achieving compliance. Emission standards are subject to periodic updates and amendments. Regulatory bodies continuously assess the environmental impact of vehicle emissions and tighten standards over time. The ongoing evolution of regulations sustains the demand for advanced emission control technologies like CV systems.

Idle emission limits were the initial set of emission laws in India, going into force in 1989. In 2010, Bharat Stage III Emission Norms for 4-wheelers for the entire country whereas Bharat Stage - IV (Eq. to Euro IV) for Thirteen cities namely; National Capital Region and the cities of Mumbai, Kolkata, Chennai, Bangalore, Hyderabad including Secunderabad, Ahmedabad, Pune, Surat, Kanpur, Agra, Sholapur and Lucknow.

High Cost Of Crankcase Ventilation (CV) Systems

Advanced CV systems often incorporate sophisticated technologies, such as coalescing filters, cyclonic separators and pressure control valves, to enhance their efficiency. The complexity of these technologies contributes to higher manufacturing and development costs. Meeting stringent emission standards requires the integration of advanced technologies in crankcase ventilation systems. Major key players globally invest in research and development to ensure compliance with these standards, contributing to increased production costs.

Continuous innovation and the development of new technologies to enhance crankcase ventilation systems involve substantial research and development expenditures. Manufacturers recoup these costs, leading to higher product prices. CV systems required to undergo rigorous testing and certification processes to ensure their effectiveness, durability and compliance with regulatory standards. The testing and certification procedures contribute to the overall cost of bringing a CV system to market.

Segment Analysis

The global crankcase ventilation market is segmented based on component, product, vehicle, engine, material and region.

Growing Adoption of Advanced CV Systems Globally

Based on the product, the crankcase ventilation market is segmented into traditional CV systems and Advanced CV Systems. The advanced CV Systems segment is growing globally over the forecast period. globally emission regulations are becoming more and more strict, which means that sophisticated emission control systems must be developed and implemented. Modern CV systems assist cars meet stringent environmental standards by improving the effectiveness of gas separation and emissions reduction.

Growing product launches of crankcase ventilation systems by the major key players help to boost segment growth over the forecast period. For instance, on October 14, 2021, Mitsubishi Electric launched 'CV Series' of 3D CO2 Laser Processing Systems for Cutting CFRP. By achieving high productivity and processing quality significantly better than current methods, Mitsubishi Electric's CV Series will overcome several obstacles and make it possible to produce CFRP goods in large quantities at a level that was previously unattainable.

Geographical Penetration

North America is Dominating the Crankcase Ventilation Market

North America accounted for the largest market share in the global crankcase ventilation market due to the rising government regulations for emissions. The U.S. is the largest producer of vehicles in the region. The growing presence of major automobile manufacturers helps to increase the demand for various automotive components such as those related to emissions control like crankcase ventilation systems.

Regulation entities like the Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) in US and comparable organizations in Canada and Mexico have strict emission rules in place for vehicles operating in North America. Crankcase ventilation systems and other sophisticated emission control technologies have to be used to comply with these rules. According to the data given by Select USA, U.S. is one of the largest Automotive markets in the world. In 2020, U.S. light vehicle sales were 14.5 million units. The U.S. is the world's second-largest market for vehicle production and sales. According to Autos Drive America, foreign manufacturers manufactured 5 million automobiles in US in 2020.

Competitive Landscape

The major global players in the market include Alfdex AB, MAHLE GmbH, MANN+HUMMEL, Metal Textiles, PARKER HANNIFIN, Continental AG, Cummins Filtration Inc, Seaboard Marine LTD, Sogefi and Fleetguard Filters Private Limited.

COVID-19 Impact Analysis

Globally supply chain has been impacted by travel restrictions, lockdowns and alterations in transportation due to the Government's strict regulations. Production delays resulted from difficulties obtaining components and raw materials for manufacturers of crankcase ventilation equipment. Due to health and safety regulations, several manufacturing facilities had to temporarily close or restrict their production capacity. As a result, components of crankcase ventilation items were delayed and productivity was reduced.

Because of the pandemic, demand for hydraulic filtration products varied throughout businesses. While demand for specific applications fell sharply in certain areas, such as aerospace and the automotive sector, it increased in other industries, such as healthcare and several industrial categories. Lockdowns and unstable economic conditions immediately affected industries like construction, manufacturing and automotive which primarily depend on hydraulic equipment. A decline in these industries' activity resulted in a decline in the market growth of Crankcase Ventilation.

Russia-Ukraine War Impact Analysis

Supply chain interruptions caused by geopolitical crises have an impact on the manufacture and delivery of automobile parts, notably those about crankcase ventilation systems. Delays and shortages result from disruptions to important supply chains or production sites. Due to the Russia-Ukraine war raw material prices fluctuate as a result of economic uncertainty brought on by wars or other crises. The automobile industry adopts a variety of materials, price fluctuations could have an impact on manufacturing costs due to this product prices are increased.

Due to the geopolitical instability, there are economic downturns that negatively impacts consumer confidence and purchasing power. It influences the demand for automotive components, affecting the overall market growth. Russia-Ukraine war led to changes in regulatory environments, including emissions standards and trade agreements. Changes in regulations impact the design and production of automotive components, such as crankcase ventilation systems, to meet evolving requirements.

By Component

  • Hoses and Tubes
  • Filters
  • Valves
  • Engine Breather
  • Others

By Product

  • Traditional CV Systems
  • Advanced CV Systems

By Vehicle

  • Passenger Vehicles
  • Commercial Vehicles
  • Off-Highway Vehicles

By Engine

  • Gasoline Engines
  • Diesel Engines

By Material

  • Stainless Steel
  • Aluminum

By Region

  • North America
    • U.S.
    • Canada
    • Mexico
  • Europe
    • Germany
    • UK
    • France
    • Italy
    • Spain
    • Rest of Europe
  • South America
    • Brazil
    • Argentina
    • Rest of South America
  • Asia-Pacific
    • China
    • India
    • Japan
    • Australia
    • Rest of Asia-Pacific
  • Middle East and Africa

Key Developments

  • On March 30, 2023, Melexis completed its PCB-less pressure sensor IC platform. Customers and OEMs will be able to use a single modular technology to make all of their ICE engine management apps greener by using these pressure sensors. The Melexis pressure sensor family's plug-and-play design accommodates all ICE management applications including Fuel vapor and crankcase ventilation, EGR, GPF/DPF, Secondary Air Injection (SAI) and (T)MAP.
  • On February 01, 2023, Volvo launched a biogas truck for lowering CO2 on longer transports. The new truck carries long-distance transport tasks and reduce overall CO2 emissions. The gas engines have had a comprehensive overhaul; a new turbo, variable oil pump, crankcase ventilation that manages unfiltered oil and pistons and injectors that reduce friction are all responsible for the improved efficiency.
  • On March 08, 2023, Cummins Inc., launched Accelera, a new brand for its New Power business unit. It offers a diverse portfolio of zero-emissions solutions for many of the world's most vital industries empowering customers to accelerate their transition to a sustainable future.

Why Purchase the Report?

  • To visualize the global crankcase ventilation market segmentation based on component, product, vehicle, engine, material and region, as well as understand key commercial assets and players.
  • Identify commercial opportunities by analyzing trends and co-development.
  • Excel data sheet with numerous data points of Crankcase Ventilation market-level with all segments.
  • PDF report consists of a comprehensive analysis after exhaustive qualitative interviews and an in-depth study.
  • Product mapping available as excel consisting of key products of all the major players.

The global crankcase ventilation market report would provide approximately 78 tables, 71 figures and 230 Pages.

Target Audience 2024

  • Manufacturers/ Buyers
  • Industry Investors/Investment Bankers
  • Research Professionals
  • Emerging Companies

Table of Contents

1. Methodology and Scope

  • 1.1. Research Methodology
  • 1.2. Research Objective and Scope of the Report

2. Definition and Overview

3. Executive Summary

  • 3.1. Snippet by Component
  • 3.2. Snippet by Product
  • 3.3. Snippet by Vehicle
  • 3.4. Snippet by Engine
  • 3.5. Snippet by Material
  • 3.6. Snippet by Region

4. Dynamics

  • 4.1. Impacting Factors
    • 4.1.1. Drivers
      • 4.1.1.1. Growing Automotive Industry Globally
      • 4.1.1.2. Growing Regulatory Requirements for Emissions
    • 4.1.2. Restraints
      • 4.1.2.1. High Cost Of Crankcase Ventilation (CV) Systems
    • 4.1.3. Opportunity
    • 4.1.4. Impact Analysis

5. Industry Analysis

  • 5.1. Porter's Five Force Analysis
  • 5.2. Supply Chain Analysis
  • 5.3. Pricing Analysis
  • 5.4. Regulatory Analysis
  • 5.5. Russia-Ukraine War Impact Analysis
  • 5.6. DMI Opinion

6. COVID-19 Analysis

  • 6.1. Analysis of COVID-19
    • 6.1.1. Scenario Before COVID
    • 6.1.2. Scenario During COVID
    • 6.1.3. Scenario Post COVID
  • 6.2. Pricing Dynamics Amid COVID-19
  • 6.3. Demand-Supply Spectrum
  • 6.4. Government Initiatives Related to the Market During Pandemic
  • 6.5. Manufacturers Strategic Initiatives
  • 6.6. Conclusion

7. By Component

  • 7.1. Introduction
    • 7.1.1. Market Size Analysis and Y-o-Y Growth Analysis (%), By Component
    • 7.1.2. Market Attractiveness Index, By Component
  • 7.2. Hoses and Tubes *
    • 7.2.1. Introduction
    • 7.2.2. Market Size Analysis and Y-o-Y Growth Analysis (%)
  • 7.3. Filters
  • 7.4. Valves
  • 7.5. Engine Breather
  • 7.6. Others

8. By Product

  • 8.1. Introduction
    • 8.1.1. Market Size Analysis and Y-o-Y Growth Analysis (%), By Product
    • 8.1.2. Market Attractiveness Index, By Product
  • 8.2. Traditional CV Systems*
    • 8.2.1. Introduction
    • 8.2.2. Market Size Analysis and Y-o-Y Growth Analysis (%)
  • 8.3. Advanced CV Systems

9. By Vehicle

  • 9.1. Introduction
    • 9.1.1. Market Size Analysis and Y-o-Y Growth Analysis (%), By Vehicle
    • 9.1.2. Market Attractiveness Index, By Vehicle
  • 9.2. Passenger Vehicles*
    • 9.2.1. Introduction
    • 9.2.2. Market Size Analysis and Y-o-Y Growth Analysis (%)
  • 9.3. Commercial Vehicles
  • 9.4. Off-Highway Vehicles

10. By Engine

  • 10.1. Introduction
    • 10.1.1. Market Size Analysis and Y-o-Y Growth Analysis (%), By Engine
    • 10.1.2. Market Attractiveness Index, By Engine
  • 10.2. Gasoline Engines*
    • 10.2.1. Introduction
    • 10.2.2. Market Size Analysis and Y-o-Y Growth Analysis (%)
  • 10.3. Diesel Engines

11. By Material

  • 11.1. Introduction
    • 11.1.1. Market Size Analysis and Y-o-Y Growth Analysis (%), By Material
    • 11.1.2. Market Attractiveness Index, By Material
  • 11.2. Stainless Steel*
    • 11.2.1. Introduction
    • 11.2.2. Market Size Analysis and Y-o-Y Growth Analysis (%)
  • 11.3. Aluminum

12. By Region

  • 12.1. Introduction
    • 12.1.1. Market Size Analysis and Y-o-Y Growth Analysis (%), By Region
    • 12.1.2. Market Attractiveness Index, By Region
  • 12.2. North America
    • 12.2.1. Introduction
    • 12.2.2. Key Region-Specific Dynamics
    • 12.2.3. Market Size Analysis and Y-o-Y Growth Analysis (%), By Component
    • 12.2.4. Market Size Analysis and Y-o-Y Growth Analysis (%), By Product
    • 12.2.5. Market Size Analysis and Y-o-Y Growth Analysis (%), By Vehicle
    • 12.2.6. Market Size Analysis and Y-o-Y Growth Analysis (%), By Engine
    • 12.2.7. Market Size Analysis and Y-o-Y Growth Analysis (%), By Material
    • 12.2.8. Market Size Analysis and Y-o-Y Growth Analysis (%), By Country
      • 12.2.8.1. U.S.
      • 12.2.8.2. Canada
      • 12.2.8.3. Mexico
  • 12.3. Europe
    • 12.3.1. Introduction
    • 12.3.2. Key Region-Specific Dynamics
    • 12.3.3. Market Size Analysis and Y-o-Y Growth Analysis (%), By Component
    • 12.3.4. Market Size Analysis and Y-o-Y Growth Analysis (%), By Product
    • 12.3.5. Market Size Analysis and Y-o-Y Growth Analysis (%), By Vehicle
    • 12.3.6. Market Size Analysis and Y-o-Y Growth Analysis (%), By Engine
    • 12.3.7. Market Size Analysis and Y-o-Y Growth Analysis (%), By Material
    • 12.3.8. Market Size Analysis and Y-o-Y Growth Analysis (%), By Country
      • 12.3.8.1. Germany
      • 12.3.8.2. UK
      • 12.3.8.3. France
      • 12.3.8.4. Italy
      • 12.3.8.5. Spain
      • 12.3.8.6. Rest of Europe
  • 12.4. South America
    • 12.4.1. Introduction
    • 12.4.2. Key Region-Specific Dynamics
    • 12.4.3. Market Size Analysis and Y-o-Y Growth Analysis (%), By Component
    • 12.4.4. Market Size Analysis and Y-o-Y Growth Analysis (%), By Product
    • 12.4.5. Market Size Analysis and Y-o-Y Growth Analysis (%), By Vehicle
    • 12.4.6. Market Size Analysis and Y-o-Y Growth Analysis (%), By Engine
    • 12.4.7. Market Size Analysis and Y-o-Y Growth Analysis (%), By Material
    • 12.4.8. Market Size Analysis and Y-o-Y Growth Analysis (%), By Country
      • 12.4.8.1. Brazil
      • 12.4.8.2. Argentina
      • 12.4.8.3. Rest of South America
  • 12.5. Asia-Pacific
    • 12.5.1. Introduction
    • 12.5.2. Key Region-Specific Dynamics
    • 12.5.3. Market Size Analysis and Y-o-Y Growth Analysis (%), By Component
    • 12.5.4. Market Size Analysis and Y-o-Y Growth Analysis (%), By Product
    • 12.5.5. Market Size Analysis and Y-o-Y Growth Analysis (%), By Vehicle
    • 12.5.6. Market Size Analysis and Y-o-Y Growth Analysis (%), By Engine
    • 12.5.7. Market Size Analysis and Y-o-Y Growth Analysis (%), By Material
    • 12.5.8. Market Size Analysis and Y-o-Y Growth Analysis (%), By Country
      • 12.5.8.1. China
      • 12.5.8.2. India
      • 12.5.8.3. Japan
      • 12.5.8.4. Australia
      • 12.5.8.5. Rest of Asia-Pacific
  • 12.6. Middle East and Africa
    • 12.6.1. Introduction
    • 12.6.2. Key Region-Specific Dynamics
    • 12.6.3. Market Size Analysis and Y-o-Y Growth Analysis (%), By Component
    • 12.6.4. Market Size Analysis and Y-o-Y Growth Analysis (%), By Product
    • 12.6.5. Market Size Analysis and Y-o-Y Growth Analysis (%), By Vehicle
    • 12.6.6. Market Size Analysis and Y-o-Y Growth Analysis (%), By Engine
    • 12.6.7. Market Size Analysis and Y-o-Y Growth Analysis (%), By Material

13. Competitive Landscape

  • 13.1. Competitive Scenario
  • 13.2. Market Positioning/Share Analysis
  • 13.3. Mergers and Acquisitions Analysis

14. Company Profiles

  • 14.1. Alfdex AB*
    • 14.1.1. Company Overview
    • 14.1.2. Product Portfolio and Description
    • 14.1.3. Financial Overview
    • 14.1.4. Key Developments
  • 14.2. MAHLE GmbH
  • 14.3. MANN+HUMMEL
  • 14.4. Metal Textiles
  • 14.5. PARKER HANNIFIN
  • 14.6. Continental AG
  • 14.7. Cummins Filtration Inc
  • 14.8. Seaboard Marine LTD
  • 14.9. Sogefi
  • 14.10. Fleetguard Filters Private Limited

LIST NOT EXHAUSTIVE

15. Appendix

  • 15.1. About Us and Services
  • 15.2. Contact Us