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市场调查报告书
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1446807

全球生物除草剂市场 - 2023-20230

Global Bioherbicides Market - 2023-20230

出版日期: | 出版商: DataM Intelligence | 英文 181 Pages | 商品交期: 约2个工作天内

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简介目录

概述

全球生物除草剂市场在2022年达到9.002亿美元,预计到2030年将达到30.545亿美元,在2023-2030年预测期间CAGR为16.5%。

增加有机农业是推动生物除草剂市场成长的关键趋势。根据有机农业研究所 FiBL 和 IFOAM 出版的第 22 版《有机农业世界》,在 187 个国家实行有机农业,至少有 310 万农民采用有机耕作方式管理着 7,230 万公顷的农地。随着越来越多的农民转向有机种植,对生物除草剂等自然和永续杂草控制方法的需求持续增长。

人们越来越意识到与合成除草剂相关的环境和健康危害,促使人们转向环保和更安全的杂草控制解决方案。生物除草剂作为负责任的替代品越来越受到青睐,符合对永续和健康农业实践不断增长的需求。这一趋势反映出人们更广泛地致力于减少除草剂使用对生态的影响,同时满足消费者对更安全、无化学品食品生产的偏好。

微生物生物除草剂因其有效性而在生物除草剂市场中占有重要份额。由于有机农业的不断发展,亚太地区在生物除草剂市场中占据了酸和营养素的重要份额。根据《2021 年有机农业世界》、FiBL 和 IFOAM 的数据,2019 年,亚洲有超过 590 万公顷的土地用于有机农业。 140 万生产商中的大多数位于印度。

动力学

有机产品的需求不断增加

由于担心合成化学品带来的潜在健康和环境风险,消费者越来越多地寻求有机食品。美国农业部农业行销服务处公布的资料显示,2022年有机液态奶平均零售价格从1月的4.26美元上涨至11月份的4.56美元,其中包括宾州匹兹堡在内的一些地方年均上涨1.79美元。一年多了。生物除草剂被视为确保有机产品不含合成除草剂残留的一种方法。

有机食品产业正在不断发展。例如,位于英国的 Abel & Cole Ltd. 在 2020 年 4 月将其有机食品订单增加了 25%。生物除草剂源自天然来源,被认为符合有机认证标准,推动了其市场成长。

政府倡议

政府经常提供财政诱因、补助或补贴,鼓励农民过渡或继续从事有机农业。透过Paramparagat Krishi Vikas Yojana (PKVY) 和东北地区有机价值链发展使命(MOVCDNER) 计划,政府自2015-16 年以来一直在全国范围内鼓励有机农业。为了协助全国无化学品有机农业,总共投入了卢比。从 2015-16 年到 2022-23 年,PKVY 和 MOVCDNER 已提供 2679.96 千万卢比。

政府的支持可以促进有机产品的推广,包括使用生物除草剂种植的产品。随着政府支持和消费者对有机产品的需求增加,越来越多的农民转向有机农业。有机农业实践的扩张直接刺激了对生物除草剂的需求。

消费者采用率和意识较低

在所有情况下,生物除草剂与合成除草剂一样有效。它们的性能可能受到天气条件、杂草种类和施用方法等因素的影响。如果农民认为生物除草剂在杂草控制方面不太可靠,他们可能会犹豫是否要采用生物除草剂。许多生物除草剂的杂草控制范围有限,并且对特定杂草种类有效。这可能会限制它们的适用性,并且可能需要使用多种产品来解决一系列杂草类型。

生物除草剂可能对天气条件敏感,例如温度和湿度。不一致的天气模式会影响生物除草剂的性能并导致不可预测的结果。因此,有限的功效、狭窄的活性范围、较短的保质期导致生物除草剂的采用率较低并限制了其市场成长。

目录

第 1 章:方法与范围

  • 研究方法论
  • 报告的研究目的和范围

第 2 章:定义与概述

第 3 章:执行摘要

  • 按类型分類的片段
  • 配方片段
  • 按申请模式分類的片段
  • 按作用方式分類的片段
  • 按应用程式片段
  • 按地区分類的片段

第 4 章:动力学

  • 影响因素
    • 司机
      • 有机产品的需求不断增加
      • 政府倡议
    • 限制
      • 消费者采用率和意识较低
    • 机会
    • 影响分析

第 5 章:产业分析

  • 波特五力分析
  • 供应链分析
  • 定价分析
  • 监管分析

第 6 章:COVID-19 分析

  • COVID-19 分析
    • 新冠疫情爆发前的情景
    • 新冠疫情期间的情景
    • 新冠疫情后的情景
  • COVID-19 期间的定价动态
  • 供需谱
  • 疫情期间政府与市场相关的倡议
  • 製造商策略倡议
  • 结论

第 7 章:按类型

  • 微生物
  • 生化
  • 其他的

第 8 章:按配方

  • 颗粒状
  • 液体
  • 其他的

第 9 章:按申请方式

  • 种子处理
  • 土壤应用
  • 叶面
  • 丰收后

第 10 章:依申请方式

  • 涉及光合作用的 MOA
  • MOA 靶向酶
  • 其他的

第 11 章:按应用

  • 农作物
    • 谷物和谷物
    • 油籽和豆类
    • 水果和蔬菜
  • 非农作物
    • 草坪和观赏植物
    • 种植园作物

第 12 章:按地区

  • 北美洲
    • 我们
    • 加拿大
    • 墨西哥
  • 欧洲
    • 德国
    • 英国
    • 法国
    • 义大利
    • 俄罗斯
    • 欧洲其他地区
  • 南美洲
    • 巴西
    • 阿根廷
    • 南美洲其他地区
  • 亚太
    • 中国
    • 印度
    • 日本
    • 澳洲
    • 亚太其他地区
  • 中东和非洲

第13章:竞争格局

  • 竞争场景
  • 市场定位/份额分析
  • 併购分析

第 14 章:公司简介

  • Certis USA LLC
    • 公司简介
    • 产品组合和描述
    • 财务概览
    • 最近的发展
  • Corteva
  • Pro Farm Group Inc.
  • Emery Oleochemicals
  • Herbanatur, Inc
  • Green Vision Life Sciences
  • Aristo Biotech
  • BioSafe Systems, LLC
  • WestBridge
  • AlphaBio Control

第 15 章:附录

简介目录
Product Code: AG7975

Overview

Global Bioherbicides Market reached US$ 900.2 million in 2022 and is expected to reach US$ 3054.5 million by 2030, growing with a CAGR of 16.5% during the forecast period 2023-2030.

Increasing organic farming is a pivotal trend driving the growth of the bioherbicides market. According to the 22nd edition of The World of Organic Agriculture, published by the Research Institute of Organic Agriculture FiBL and IFOAM, in 187 countries, organic farming is practiced, and at least 3.1 million farmers use organic practices managing 72.3 million hectares of agricultural land. As more farmers transition to organic practices, the demand for natural and sustainable weed control methods, like bioherbicides, continues to rise.

The rising awareness of the environmental and health hazards linked to synthetic herbicides is prompting a shift towards eco-friendly and safer weed control solutions. Bioherbicides are gaining favor as a responsible alternative, aligning with the growing demand for sustainable and health-conscious agriculture practices. This trend reflects a broader commitment to reducing the ecological impact of herbicide use while meeting consumer preferences for safer, chemical-free food production.

Microbial bioherbicides hold a significant share of the bioherbicides market due to their effectiveness. Asia-Pacific held a significant share of the acids & and nutrients in the bioherbicides market due to its growing organic farming. According to The World of Organic Agriculture 2021, FiBL & IFOAM, in 2019, more than 5.9 million hectares in Asia were devoted to organic farming. The majority of the 1.4 million producers were located in India.

Dynamics

Increasing Demand for Organic Products

Consumers are increasingly seeking organic food products due to concerns about the potential health and environmental risks associated with synthetic chemicals. According to data released by the USDA Agricultural Marketing Service, the average retail price for organic fluid milk in 2022 increased from US$4.26 in January to US$4.56 in November, with some places, including Pittsburgh, PA, experiencing an average increase of US$1.79 year over year. Bioherbicides are seen as a way to ensure that organic products remain free from synthetic herbicide residues.

The organic food industry is growing. For instance, Abel & Cole Ltd., situated in the United Kingdom, boosted its 25% organic food orders in April 2020. Bioherbicides are derived from natural sources and are considered compliant with organic certification standards driving its market growth.

Government Initiatives

Governments often offer financial incentives, grants, or subsidies to encourage farmers to transition to or continue practicing organic agriculture. Through the programs Paramparagat Krishi Vikas Yojana (PKVY) and Mission Organic Value Chain Development for North Eastern Region (MOVCDNER), the government has been encouraging organic farming across the nation since 2015-16. To assist chemical-free organic farming in the nation, a total of Rs. 2679.96 crore has been made available under PKVY and MOVCDNER from 2015-16 till date in 2022-23.

Government support can lead to the promotion of organic products, including those grown using bioherbicides. As government support and consumer demand for organic products increase, more farmers transition to organic farming. This expansion in organic farming practices directly fuels the demand for bioherbicides.

Low Consumer Adoption and Awareness

Bioherbicides are as effective as synthetic herbicides in all situations. Their performance can be influenced by factors like weather conditions, weed species, and application methods. Farmers may be hesitant to adopt bioherbicides if they perceive them as less reliable in weed control. Many bioherbicides have a limited spectrum of weed control and are effective against specific weed species. This can restrict their applicability and may require the use of multiple products to address a range of weed types.

Bioherbicides can be sensitive to weather conditions, such as temperature and humidity. Inconsistent weather patterns can affect the performance of bioherbicides and lead to unpredictable results. Hence, the limited efficacy, narrow spectrum of activity, less shelf life lead to a low adoption rate of bioherbicides and restrain their market growth.

Segment Analysis

The global bioherbicides market is segmented based on type, formulation, mode of application, mode of action, application and region.

Effectiveness and Broad-Spectrum Activity of Microbial Bioherbicides

Microbial bioherbicides, which contain live microorganisms, such as bacteria or fungi, are known to be effective in controlling a wide range of weed species. They work by infecting and causing diseases in the target weeds, leading to their suppression or death. Many microbial bioherbicides exhibit a broad spectrum of activity, meaning they can target and control various weed species. This versatility is a key advantage for farmers as it allows them to manage multiple weed types with a single product.

The Expert Group on Biopesticides, a division of the Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD) Working Party on Pesticides, hosted the OECD Conference on Innovating Microbial Pesticide Testing from September 13-16, 2022, in Paris, France. The conference's main objective was to come to an agreement on and start implementing a work plan to improve the current test guidelines for microbial pesticides, which are defined as "microorganisms (e.g., bacteria, fungi, viruses) that are used to control a wide range of agricultural pests, including plant disease-causing microorganisms, fungi, insects, and weeds."

Geographical Penetration

Asia-Pacific's Growing Organic Farming

Asai-pacific has a robust agriculture sector. According to the International Labour Organisation, in the Asia-Pacific area, agriculture employed 563 million people in 2021. This large-scale agriculture industry demands large amounts of various agricultural products including herbicides. The need for effective and sustainable weed control methods in agriculture has driven the demand for bioherbicides.

The demand for organic products is growing in Asia-Pacific. According to APEDA, Ministry of Commerce and Industry, around 2.9 million MT of certified organic products were produced in India (2022-23), including all types of food products such as oil seeds, sugar cane, cereals and millets, cotton, pulses, aromatic & medicinal plants, tea, coffee, etc. Bioherbicides are preferred for organic farming due to their compatibility with organic certification standards.

Competitive Landscape

The major global players include Certis USA L.L.C., Corteva, Pro Farm Group Inc., Emery Oleochemicals, Herbanatur, Inc, Green Vision Life Sciences, Aristo Biotech, BioSafe Systems, LLC, WestBridge, AlphaBio Control

COVID-19 Impact Analysis

COVID Impact

The pandemic disrupted global supply chains, impacting the production and distribution of agricultural inputs, including bioherbicides. Delays in the availability of bioherbicide products could have affected farmers' access to these alternatives. The pandemic led to labor shortages in agriculture, which influenced weed control practices. Bioherbicides, which can be labor-intensive, may have been affected differently compared to synthetic herbicides.

However, consumer Demand for Organic Products: Consumer interest in organic and chemical-free food products grew during the pandemic as people became more health-conscious. This increased demand for organic agriculture, which often relies on bioherbicides and other natural inputs Some governments introduced stimulus packages and policies to support agriculture during the pandemic. These measures may have included incentives for sustainable and organic farming practices, indirectly boosting the bioherbicides market.

Russia- Ukraine War Impact

Conflict in the region disrupted supply chains for agricultural inputs, including bioherbicides. This resulted in delays in the availability of these products, affecting farmers' access to bioherbicides. Trade disruptions and sanctions affected the import and export of agricultural products and inputs, including bioherbicides. This influenced the availability and cost of these products.

Instability and conflict in the region led to increased costs for production, transportation, and distribution. This resulted in higher prices for bioherbicides. The war impacted the agricultural activities in the region which affected the bioherbicides market growth in that region.

By Type

  • Microbial
  • Biochemical
  • Others

By Formulation

  • Granular
  • Liquid
  • Others

By Mode of Application

  • Seed Treatment
  • Soil Application
  • Foliar
  • Post-Harvest

By Mode of Action

  • MOA Involving Photosynthesis
  • MOA Targeting Enzymes
  • Others

By Application

  • Agricultural Crops
    • Cereals and Grains
    • Oilseeds and Pulses
    • Fruits and Vegetables
  • Non-Agricultural Crops
    • Turf & Ornamentals
    • Plantation Crops

By Region

  • North America
    • U.S.
    • Canada
    • Mexico
  • Europe
    • Germany
    • UK
    • France
    • Italy
    • Russia
    • Rest of Europe
  • South America
    • Brazil
    • Argentina
    • Rest of South America
  • Asia-Pacific
    • China
    • India
    • Japan
    • Australia
    • Rest of Asia-Pacific
  • Middle East and Africa

Key Developments

  • In March 2020, WeedOUT, a biological crop protection technology company, announced the first closure of a Series A financing sponsored by Syngenta Venture to combat weeds that are resistant to chemical herbicides like glyphosate
  • In December 2022, FMC Corporation, an agricultural sciences company, and Micropep Technologies provider of micropeptide technology, announced a strategic collaboration to develop bioherbicides to manage damaging herbicide-resistant weeds that lower crop yields.
  • In December 2021, Marrone Bio Innovations, Inc. acquired exclusive rights to high-performing strains of Streptomyces acidiscabies, enabling the quick commercialization of the second-generation bioherbicide MBI-006.
  • In July 2023, as part of a Small Business Innovation Research (SBIR) Phase I study with the title "Safe control of herbicide-resistant weeds with a novel natural bioherbicide platform," Harpe BioHerbicides received a grant from the NSF for $275,000.
  • In July 2020, Seipasa, the Spanish company specializing in the development and formulation of biopesticides, biostimulants, and fertilizers for agriculture and the Technical University of Valencia (UPV), through the Mediterranean Agroforestry Institute (IAM), announced that they are working on the development of a new bioherbicide. This initiative seeks to create a synthetic pesticide substitute that is both efficient and sustainable.

Why Purchase the Report?

  • To visualize the global bioherbicides market segmentation based on type, formulation, mode of application, mode of action, application and region, as well as understand key commercial assets and players.
  • Identify commercial opportunities by analyzing trends and co-development.
  • Excel data sheet with numerous data points of bioherbicides market-level with all segments.
  • PDF report consists of a comprehensive analysis after exhaustive qualitative interviews and an in-depth study.
  • Product mapping available as Excel consisting of key products of all the major players.

The global bioherbicides market report would provide approximately 76 tables, 77 figures and 181 Pages.

Target Audience 2023

  • Manufacturers/ Buyers
  • Industry Investors/Investment Bankers
  • Research Professionals
  • Emerging Companies

Table of Contents

1. Methodology and Scope

  • 1.1. Research Methodology
  • 1.2. Research Objective and Scope of the Report

2. Definition and Overview

3. Executive Summary

  • 3.1. Snippet by Type
  • 3.2. Snippet by Formulation
  • 3.3. Snippet by Mode of Application
  • 3.4. Snippet by Mode of Action
  • 3.5. Snippet by Application
  • 3.6. Snippet by Region

4. Dynamics

  • 4.1. Impacting Factors
    • 4.1.1. Drivers
      • 4.1.1.1. Increasing Demand for Organic Products
      • 4.1.1.2. Government Initiatives
    • 4.1.2. Restraints
      • 4.1.2.1. Low Consumer Adoption and Awareness
    • 4.1.3. Opportunity
    • 4.1.4. Impact Analysis

5. Industry Analysis

  • 5.1. Porter's Five Force Analysis
  • 5.2. Supply Chain Analysis
  • 5.3. Pricing Analysis
  • 5.4. Regulatory Analysis

6. COVID-19 Analysis

  • 6.1. Analysis of COVID-19
    • 6.1.1. Scenario Before COVID
    • 6.1.2. Scenario During COVID
    • 6.1.3. Scenario Post COVID
  • 6.2. Pricing Dynamics Amid COVID-19
  • 6.3. Demand-Supply Spectrum
  • 6.4. Government Initiatives Related to the Market During Pandemic
  • 6.5. Manufacturers Strategic Initiatives
  • 6.6. Conclusion

7. By Type

  • 7.1. Introduction
    • 7.1.1. Market Size Analysis and Y-o-Y Growth Analysis (%), By Type
    • 7.1.2. Market Attractiveness Index, By Type
  • 7.2. Microbial*
    • 7.2.1. Introduction
    • 7.2.2. Market Size Analysis and Y-o-Y Growth Analysis (%)
  • 7.3. Biochemical
  • 7.4. Others

8. By Formulation

  • 8.1. Introduction
    • 8.1.1. Market Size Analysis and Y-o-Y Growth Analysis (%), By Formulation
    • 8.1.2. Market Attractiveness Index, By Formulation
  • 8.2. Granular*
    • 8.2.1. Introduction
    • 8.2.2. Market Size Analysis and Y-o-Y Growth Analysis (%)
  • 8.3. Liquid
  • 8.4. Others

9. By Mode of Application

  • 9.1. Introduction
    • 9.1.1. Market Size Analysis and Y-o-Y Growth Analysis (%), By Mode of Application
    • 9.1.2. Market Attractiveness Index, By Mode of Application
  • 9.2. Seed Treatment *
    • 9.2.1. Introduction
    • 9.2.2. Market Size Analysis and Y-o-Y Growth Analysis (%)
  • 9.3. Soil Application
  • 9.4. Foliar
  • 9.5. Post-Harvest

10. By Mode of Application

  • 10.1. Introduction
    • 10.1.1. Market Size Analysis and Y-o-Y Growth Analysis (%), By Mode of Application
    • 10.1.2. Market Attractiveness Index, By Mode of Application
  • 10.2. MOA Involving Photosynthesis*
    • 10.2.1. Introduction
    • 10.2.2. Market Size Analysis and Y-o-Y Growth Analysis (%)
  • 10.3. MOA Targeting Enzymes
  • 10.4. Others

11. By Application

  • 11.1. Introduction
    • 11.1.1. Market Size Analysis and Y-o-Y Growth Analysis (%), By Application
    • 11.1.2. Market Attractiveness Index, By Application
  • 11.2. Agricultural Crops*
    • 11.2.1. Introduction
    • 11.2.2. Market Size Analysis and Y-o-Y Growth Analysis (%)
    • 11.2.3. Cereals and Grains
    • 11.2.4. Oilseeds and Pulses
    • 11.2.5. Fruits and Vegetables
  • 11.3. Non-Agricultural Crops
    • 11.3.1. Turf & Ornamentals
    • 11.3.2. Plantation Crops

12. By Region

  • 12.1. Introduction
    • 12.1.1. Market Size Analysis and Y-o-Y Growth Analysis (%), By Region
    • 12.1.2. Market Attractiveness Index, By Region
  • 12.2. North America
    • 12.2.1. Introduction
    • 12.2.2. Key Region-Specific Dynamics
    • 12.2.3. Market Size Analysis and Y-o-Y Growth Analysis (%), By Type
    • 12.2.4. Market Size Analysis and Y-o-Y Growth Analysis (%), By Formulation
    • 12.2.5. Market Size Analysis and Y-o-Y Growth Analysis (%), By Mode of Application
    • 12.2.6. Market Size Analysis and Y-o-Y Growth Analysis (%), By Mode of Action
    • 12.2.7. Market Size Analysis and Y-o-Y Growth Analysis (%), By Application
    • 12.2.8. Market Size Analysis and Y-o-Y Growth Analysis (%), By Country
      • 12.2.8.1. U.S.
      • 12.2.8.2. Canada
      • 12.2.8.3. Mexico
  • 12.3. Europe
    • 12.3.1. Introduction
    • 12.3.2. Key Region-Specific Dynamics
    • 12.3.3. Market Size Analysis and Y-o-Y Growth Analysis (%), By Type
    • 12.3.4. Market Size Analysis and Y-o-Y Growth Analysis (%), By Formulation
    • 12.3.5. Market Size Analysis and Y-o-Y Growth Analysis (%), By Mode of Application
    • 12.3.6. Market Size Analysis and Y-o-Y Growth Analysis (%), By Mode of Action
    • 12.3.7. Market Size Analysis and Y-o-Y Growth Analysis (%), By Application
    • 12.3.8. Market Size Analysis and Y-o-Y Growth Analysis (%), By Country
      • 12.3.8.1. Germany
      • 12.3.8.2. UK
      • 12.3.8.3. France
      • 12.3.8.4. Italy
      • 12.3.8.5. Russia
      • 12.3.8.6. Rest of Europe
  • 12.4. South America
    • 12.4.1. Introduction
    • 12.4.2. Key Region-Specific Dynamics
    • 12.4.3. Market Size Analysis and Y-o-Y Growth Analysis (%), By Type
    • 12.4.4. Market Size Analysis and Y-o-Y Growth Analysis (%), By Formulation
    • 12.4.5. Market Size Analysis and Y-o-Y Growth Analysis (%), By Mode of Application
    • 12.4.6. Market Size Analysis and Y-o-Y Growth Analysis (%), By Mode of Action
    • 12.4.7. Market Size Analysis and Y-o-Y Growth Analysis (%), By Application
    • 12.4.8. Market Size Analysis and Y-o-Y Growth Analysis (%), By Country
      • 12.4.8.1. Brazil
      • 12.4.8.2. Argentina
      • 12.4.8.3. Rest of South America
  • 12.5. Asia-Pacific
    • 12.5.1. Introduction
    • 12.5.2. Key Region-Specific Dynamics
    • 12.5.3. Market Size Analysis and Y-o-Y Growth Analysis (%), By Type
    • 12.5.4. Market Size Analysis and Y-o-Y Growth Analysis (%), By Formulation
    • 12.5.5. Market Size Analysis and Y-o-Y Growth Analysis (%), By Mode of Application
    • 12.5.6. Market Size Analysis and Y-o-Y Growth Analysis (%), By Mode of Action
    • 12.5.7. Market Size Analysis and Y-o-Y Growth Analysis (%), By Application
    • 12.5.8. Market Size Analysis and Y-o-Y Growth Analysis (%), By Country
      • 12.5.8.1. China
      • 12.5.8.2. India
      • 12.5.8.3. Japan
      • 12.5.8.4. Australia
      • 12.5.8.5. Rest of Asia-Pacific
  • 12.6. Middle East and Africa
    • 12.6.1. Introduction
    • 12.6.2. Key Region-Specific Dynamics
    • 12.6.3. Market Size Analysis and Y-o-Y Growth Analysis (%), By Type
    • 12.6.4. Market Size Analysis and Y-o-Y Growth Analysis (%), By Formulation
    • 12.6.5. Market Size Analysis and Y-o-Y Growth Analysis (%), By Mode of Application
    • 12.6.6. Market Size Analysis and Y-o-Y Growth Analysis (%), By Mode of Action
    • 12.6.7. Market Size Analysis and Y-o-Y Growth Analysis (%), By Application

13. Competitive Landscape

  • 13.1. Competitive Scenario
  • 13.2. Market Positioning/Share Analysis
  • 13.3. Mergers and Acquisitions Analysis

14. Company Profiles

  • 14.1. Certis USA L.L.C.*
    • 14.1.1. Company Overview
    • 14.1.2. Product Portfolio and Description
    • 14.1.3. Financial Overview
    • 14.1.4. Recent Developments
  • 14.2. Corteva
  • 14.3. Pro Farm Group Inc.
  • 14.4. Emery Oleochemicals
  • 14.5. Herbanatur, Inc
  • 14.6. Green Vision Life Sciences
  • 14.7. Aristo Biotech
  • 14.8. BioSafe Systems, LLC
  • 14.9. WestBridge
  • 14.10. AlphaBio Control

LIST NOT EXHAUSTIVE

15. Appendix

  • 15.1. About Us and Services
  • 15.2. Contact Us