封面
市场调查报告书
商品编码
1446823

全球锂离子电池市场 - 2024-2031

Global Lithium-Ion Battery Market - 2024-2031

出版日期: | 出版商: DataM Intelligence | 英文 207 Pages | 商品交期: 约2个工作天内

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简介目录

概述

2023年,全球锂离子电池市场规模达435亿美元,预计2031年将达到1,244亿美元,2024-2031年预测期间CAGR为13.5%。

随着新的进步和趋势的出现,锂离子电池市场正在呈现显着成长,从采矿到回收的整个链条预计也将经历强劲成长。锂离子电池市场的成长可归因于这些电池在电动车中的使用增加。

例如,根据国际能源协会的报告,汽车锂离子电池的需求量从上一年的2021年的330 GWh增长了约65%,达到550 GWh。这一增长主要归因于销量的增长电动乘用车的数量,与2021 年相比,2022 年新註册量显着增加55%。

到2022年,亚太地区预计将成为成长最快的地区,占据全球锂离子电池市场的1/3以上。中国、日本、印度等国家正在取得重大进展,在锂离子电池替代品开发竞赛中占据主导地位。中国政府一直积极推动电动车的开发和采用,进一步推动了该国电池产业的成长。

动力学

电动车对锂离子电池的需求不断增长

随着电动车需求的不断增长,锂离子电池的使用量也大幅增加。根据国际能源总署的数据,预计到 2031 年,全球电动车用锂离子电池的需求量将达到每年约 2-4 TWh,相当于约 1-200 万吨锂和 300-500 吨锂。千吨钴。

此外,根据IEA 的数据,与2021 年相比,中国汽车电池需求增加了约65%,而电动车销量成长了约78%。此外,在美国,汽车电池需求增加了约80%,超过了美国。到2022年,电动车销量将成长55%左右,这是全球锂离子电池消费量增加的一个主要因素。

政府激励措施和法规

政府法规和行为在推动电动车和电池製造业发展方面发挥关键作用。其中一项重要法规是 2022 年底通过的《减少通货膨胀法案》,该法案承诺为气候和清洁能源计画提供大量资金,特别关注电动车和电池製造。该立法预计将透过提高产能并鼓励汽车製造商在美国及其自由贸易伙伴国内采购电池材料和生产电池来对该行业产生深远影响。

此外,爱尔兰共和军也宣布投资约800亿美元对电池供应链进行新投资,其中总计至少约3,700亿美元分配给该国的清洁能源经济。这是迄今为止加强美国电池供应链的最大努力

锂离子电池运输的风险

由于运输相关问题,锂离子电池进出口成长受到阻碍。锂离子电池的运输有电池故障和热失控等潜在风险。当锂离子电池发生故障时,它会迅速产生大量热量,产生有毒和易燃气体并造成爆炸情况。

此外,这些故障的速度和严重性往往被低估,导致海事界和物流供应链缺乏认识和准备。全球有数十亿个锂离子电池正在流通,此类火灾的影响可能很大,特别是在运输和港口,这进一步影响了锂离子电池市场的成长。

目录

第 1 章:方法与范围

  • 研究方法论
  • 报告的研究目的和范围

第 2 章:定义与概述

第 3 章:执行摘要

  • 按类型分類的片段
  • 按材料分类的片段
  • 按容量分類的片段
  • 电压片段
  • 最终使用者的片段
  • 按地区分類的片段

第 4 章:动力学

  • 影响因素
    • 司机
      • 电动车对锂离子电池的需求不断增长
      • 政府激励措施和法规
    • 限制
      • 锂离子电池运输的风险
    • 机会
    • 影响分析

第 5 章:产业分析

  • 波特五力分析
  • 供应链分析
  • 定价分析
  • 监管分析
  • 俄乌战争影响分析
  • DMI 意见

第 6 章:COVID-19 分析

  • COVID-19 分析
    • 新冠疫情爆发前的情景
    • 新冠疫情期间的情景
    • 新冠疫情后的情景
  • COVID-19 期间的定价动态
  • 供需谱
  • 疫情期间与市场相关的消费性电子倡议
  • 製造商策略倡议
  • 结论

第 7 章:按类型

  • 钴酸锂 (LiCoO2)
  • 磷酸铁锂 (LiFePO4)
  • 锂镍钴阳极氧化物(LiNiCoAlO2 或 NCA)
  • 锂镍锰钴氧化物(LiNiMnCoO2 或 NMC)
  • 钛酸锂(Li4Ti5O12 或 LTO)
  • 锰酸锂

第 8 章:按材料

  • 阴极
  • 阳极
  • 电解质
  • 分隔器
  • 集电器
  • 其他的

第 9 章:按容量

  • 0 至 3,000 毫安培时
  • 3,000 t0 10,000 毫安培小时
  • 10,000 至 60,000 毫安培时
  • 60,000mAh以上
  • 按电压
    • 低(低于 12V)
    • 中型(12-36V)
    • 高(36V以上)

第 10 章:最终用户

  • 汽车
  • 消费性电子产品
  • 航太和国防
  • 海洋
  • 工业的
  • 卫生保健
  • 工业和製造业
  • 其他的

第 11 章:按地区

  • 北美洲
    • 我们
    • 加拿大
    • 墨西哥
  • 欧洲
    • 德国
    • 英国
    • 法国
    • 义大利
    • 俄罗斯
    • 欧洲其他地区
  • 南美洲
    • 巴西
    • 阿根廷
    • 南美洲其他地区
  • 亚太
    • 中国
    • 印度
    • 日本
    • 澳洲
    • 亚太其他地区
  • 中东和非洲

第 12 章:竞争格局

  • 竞争场景
  • 市场定位/份额分析
  • 併购分析

第 13 章:公司简介

  • LG Chem Ltd
    • 公司简介
    • 产品组合和描述
    • 财务概览
    • 主要进展
  • Panasonic Corporation
  • Samsung SDI Co Ltd
  • BYD Co Ltd
  • BAK Group
  • A123 Systems
  • GS Yuasa Corporation
  • Hitachi Ltd
  • Johnsons Controls Inc.
  • Saft Groupe SA

第 14 章:附录

  • 关于我们和磷酸铁锂 (LiFePO4)
简介目录
Product Code: EP1951

Overview

Global Lithium-Ion Battery Market reached US$ 43.5 billion in 2023 and is expected to reach US$ 124.4 billion by 2031, growing with a CAGR of 13.5% during the forecast period 2024-2031.

The lithium-ion battery market is showing significant growth with new advancements and trends, also chain encompassing activities from mining to recycling is projected to experience robust growth. The growth of the lithium-ion battery market can be attributed to the increased use of these batteries in electric vehicles.

For instance, according to the report given by International Energy Association, the demand for automotive lithium-ion batteries surged by approximately 65% to reach 550 GWh compared to 330 GWh in the previous year 2021. The growth can be attributed primarily to the rising sales of electric passenger cars, with new registrations experiencing a notable 55% increase in 2022 compared to 2021.

In 2022, Asia-Pacific is expected to be the fastest growing region holding more than 1/3rd of the global lithium-ion battery market. Countries such as China, Japan, India are taking significant strides to dominate the race for developing alternatives to lithium-ion batteries. Chinese government has been actively promoting the development and adoption of electric vehicles, which has further fueled the growth of the battery industry in the country.

Dynamics

Growing Demand for Li-ion Batteries in Electric Vehicle

The growing demand for electric vehicles has been accompanied by a significant rise in the adoption of Lithium-ion batteries. As per the International Energy Agency, the anticipated globally demand for Li-ion batteries for electric vehicles is projected to reach approximately 2-4 TWh per year by 2031, corresponding to a demand of around 1-2 million tons of lithium and 300-500 kilotons of cobalt.

Moreover, according to IEA, in China, the demand for batteries in vehicles grew by around 65%, while electric car sales increased by around 78% compared to 2021. Also, in U.S. The battery demand in vehicles grew by around 80% outpacing the growth in electric car sales which was around 55% in 2022, which is a major factor for increased consumption of lithium-ion batteries all around the globe.

Government Incentives and Regulations

Government regulations and acts are playing a pivotal role in boosting the electric vehicle and battery manufacturing industries. One such significant regulation is the Inflation Reduction Act passed in late 2022, which promises substantial funding for climate and cleans energy initiatives, with a particular focus on EV and battery manufacturing. The legislation is expected to have a profound impact on the industry by increasing production capacity and encouraging automakers to procure battery materials and produce batteries within U.S. and its free-trade partners.

Furthermore, the IRA has announced to invest approximately US$ 80 billion in new investments into the battery supply chain with a total of at least around US$ 370 billion allocated to the country's clean energy economy. It represents the largest effort to date to strengthen the battery supply chain in U.S.

Risks in the Transport of Lithium-Ion Batteries

The Lithium-ion batteries export and import growth is hindered due to its transportation related problems. The transport of lithium-ion batteries presents potential risks including battery failure and thermal runaway. When a lithium-ion battery fails it can rapidly generate intense heat, produce toxic and flammable gases and create explosive situations.

Also, the speed and severity of these failures are often underestimated, leading to a lack of awareness and preparedness within the maritime community and logistics supply chain. With billions of lithium-ion batteries in circulation globally, the impact of such fires can be significant, particularly in transportation and ports, which furthermore impacting the lithium-ion batteries market growth.

Segment Analysis

The global lithium-ion battery market is segmented based on type, material, capacity, voltage, end-user and region.

Rising EVs Adoption Drives Automotive Segment

Automotive is expected to be the dominant segment with more than 30% of the market during the forecast period 2024-2031. The electric vehicle manufacturers have become the biggest consumers of lithium-ion batteries, owing to the growing sales of EVs. EVs do not emit CO2, NOX and have a lower environmental impact compared to conventional internal combustion engine vehicles.

Owing to this, many countries are encouraging the use of EVs by introducing subsidies and government programs. Major countries have announced plans to ban the sales of ICE vehicles in the future. Norway announced plans to ban the sales of ICE vehicles by 2025, France by 2040 and UK by 2050. India also planned to phase out ICE engines by 2031, while China's similar plan is currently under the relevant research phase.

Geographical Penetration

Growing Electrification in Asia-Pacific

Asia-Pacific is the dominant region in the global lithium-ion battery market covering over 1/3rd of the market. As per IEA, in 2022, there was a significant increase of over 70% in the demand for batteries used in vehicles in China. During the same period, electric car sales experienced remarkable growth, rising by 80% compared to the previous year. Also, As per Invest India, the Indian government has established an ambitious goal of electrifying 30% of the nation's vehicle fleet by 2031.

To facilitate the growth of the electric vehicle industry, the government has implemented various incentives and policies. India has also made advancements in lithium resources, with the announcement of establishing lithium inferred resources of around 6 million Tons in the Reasi district of Jammu and Kashmir in 2023. In line with this growth there is a need for indigenous lithium-ion battery manufacturing in India.

Competitive Landscape

The major global players in the market include LG Chem Ltd, Panasonic Corporation, Samsung SDI Co Ltd, BYD Co Ltd, BAK Group, A123 Systems, GS Yuasa Corporation, Hitachi Ltd, Johnsons Controls Inc. and Saft Groupe S.A.

COVID-19 Impact Analysis

The COVID-19 pandemic had affected the energy storage sector. Although there was a temporary slowdown in energy storage investments, it is expected to regain momentum in the future. The energy storage sector is projected to grow by around 30% in 2031, reaching 740 GWh. LIBs are expected to play a significant role in energy storage, particularly in the context of electric vehicles and related technologies.

COVID-19 pandemic has brought about changes in energy demand, transportation habits and energy storage. The adoption of electric micro-mobility devices, powered by lithium-ion batteries has increased due to their safety and affordability. The shift towards renewable energy sources and the growing importance of sustainability is driving the demand for energy storage technologies, including lithium-ion batteries in both stationary and non-stationary applications.

Russia-Ukraine War Impact

Preliminary estimates suggest that Ukraine holds a significant lithium reserve of around 500,000 tons, a crucial mineral for renewable energy and electric vehicle batteries. With skyrocketing global demand for lithium, which is estimated to grow by around 450% to 4,000%, there are concerns that supply won't meet the demand.

Russia and Ukraine ongoing war have a major impact on the global lithium-ion battery market. One of the main factors is the dependence on Russia and Ukraine as major suppliers of metals used in battery production like lithium, cobalt, nickel and copper. With geopolitical tensions and potential disruptions in the supply chain there are concerns about the availability and prices of these critical metals.

The war in Ukraine has highlighted the need for global energy security and the urgency of clean energy development. Europe's heavy reliance on Russian energy which includes oil and natural gas has prompted countries like Germany to seek alternative suppliers and invest in renewable energy to reduce dependence.

By Type

  • Lithium Cobalt Oxide (LiCoO2)
  • Lithium Iron Phosphate (LiFePO4)
  • Lithium Nickel Cobalt Anode Oxide (LiNiCoAlO2 or NCA)
  • Lithium Nickel Manganese Cobalt Oxide (LiNiMnCoO2 or NMC)
  • Lithium Titanate (Li4Ti5O12 or LTO)
  • Lithium Manganese Oxide

By Material

  • Cathode
  • Anode
  • Electrolyte
  • Separator
  • Current Collector
  • Others

By Capacity

  • 0 to 3,000 mAh
  • 3,000 t0 10,000 mAh
  • 10,000 to 60,000 mAh
  • 60,000 mAh and Above

By Voltage

  • Low (Below 12 V)
  • Medium (12-36V)
  • High (Above 36V)

By End-User

  • Automotive
  • Consumer Electronics
  • Aerospace and Defense
  • Marine
  • Industrial
  • Healthcare
  • Industrial and Manufacturing
  • Others

By Region

  • North America
    • U.S.
    • Canada
    • Mexico
  • Europe
    • Germany
    • UK
    • France
    • Italy
    • Russia
    • Rest of Europe
  • South America
    • Brazil
    • Argentina
    • Rest of South America
  • Asia-Pacific
    • China
    • India
    • Japan
    • Australia
    • Rest of Asia-Pacific
  • Middle East and Africa

Key Developments

  • In June 2023, Toyota Motor revealed plans to produce a new EV vehicle with a lithium-ion battery capable of providing an outstanding range of 1,000 kilometers.
  • In January 2022, Nexeon Limited, a supplier of innovative silicon anode materials for next-generation lithium-ion batteries, has licensed its NSP-1 technology to SKC Co. Ltd., a leading advanced materials company. The transfer assures that clients globally have quick and dependable access to these key resources.
  • In February 2022, Panasonic Corporation has announced that its Energy Company will create a manufacturing plant at its Wakayama Factory in western Japan to manufacture new, huge 4680 (46 millimeters wide and 80 millimeters tall) cylindrical lithium-ion batteries for electric vehicles.

Why Purchase the Report?

  • To visualize the global lithium-ion battery market segmentation based on type, material, capacity, voltage, end-user and region, as well as understand key commercial assets and players.
  • Identify commercial opportunities by analyzing trends and co-development.
  • Excel data sheet with numerous data points of lithium-ion battery market-level with all segments.
  • PDF report consists of a comprehensive analysis after exhaustive qualitative interviews and an in-depth study.
  • Product mapping available as excel consisting of key products of all the major players.

The global lithium-ion battery market report would provide approximately 78 tables, 83 figures and 207 pages.

Target Audience 2024

  • Manufacturers/ Buyers
  • Industry Investors/Investment Bankers
  • Research Professionals
  • Emerging Companies

Table of Contents

1. Methodology and Scope

  • 1.1. Research Methodology
  • 1.2. Research Objective and Scope of the Report

2. Definition and Overview

3. Executive Summary

  • 3.1. Snippet by Type
  • 3.2. Snippet by Material
  • 3.3. Snippet by Capacity
  • 3.4. Snippet by Voltage
  • 3.5. Snippet by End-User
  • 3.6. Snippet by Region

4. Dynamics

  • 4.1. Impacting Factors
    • 4.1.1. Drivers
      • 4.1.1.1. Growing Demand for Li-ion Batteries in Electric Vehicle
      • 4.1.1.2. Government Incentives and Regulations
    • 4.1.2. Restraints
      • 4.1.2.1. Risks in the Transport of Lithium-Ion Batteries
    • 4.1.3. Opportunity
    • 4.1.4. Impact Analysis

5. Industry Analysis

  • 5.1. Porter's Five Force Analysis
  • 5.2. Supply Chain Analysis
  • 5.3. Pricing Analysis
  • 5.4. Regulatory Analysis
  • 5.5. Russia-Ukraine War Impact Analysis
  • 5.6. DMI Opinion

6. COVID-19 Analysis

  • 6.1. Analysis of COVID-19
    • 6.1.1. Scenario Before COVID
    • 6.1.2. Scenario During COVID
    • 6.1.3. Scenario Post COVID
  • 6.2. Pricing Dynamics Amid COVID-19
  • 6.3. Demand-Supply Spectrum
  • 6.4. Consumer Electronics Initiatives Related to the Market During Pandemic
  • 6.5. Manufacturers Strategic Initiatives
  • 6.6. Conclusion

7. By Type

  • 7.1. Introduction
    • 7.1.1. Market Size Analysis and Y-o-Y Growth Analysis (%), By Type
    • 7.1.2. Market Attractiveness Index, By Type
  • 7.2. Lithium Cobalt Oxide (LiCoO2)*
    • 7.2.1. Introduction
    • 7.2.2. Market Size Analysis and Y-o-Y Growth Analysis (%)
  • 7.3. Lithium Iron Phosphate (LiFePO4)
  • 7.4. Lithium Nickel Cobalt Anode Oxide (LiNiCoAlO2 or NCA)
  • 7.5. Lithium Nickel Manganese Cobalt Oxide (LiNiMnCoO2 or NMC)
  • 7.6. Lithium Titanate (Li4Ti5O12 or LTO)
  • 7.7. Lithium Manganese Oxide

8. By Material

  • 8.1. Introduction
    • 8.1.1. Market Size Analysis and Y-o-Y Growth Analysis (%), By Material
    • 8.1.2. Market Attractiveness Index, By Material
  • 8.2. Cathode*
    • 8.2.1. Introduction
    • 8.2.2. Market Size Analysis and Y-o-Y Growth Analysis (%)
  • 8.3. Anode
  • 8.4. Electrolyte
  • 8.5. Separator
  • 8.6. Current Collector
  • 8.7. Others

9. By Capacity

  • 9.1. Introduction
    • 9.1.1. Market Size Analysis and Y-o-Y Growth Analysis (%), By Capacity
    • 9.1.2. Market Attractiveness Index, By Capacity
  • 9.2. 0 to 3,000 mAh*
    • 9.2.1. Introduction
    • 9.2.2. Market Size Analysis and Y-o-Y Growth Analysis (%)
  • 9.3. 3,000 t0 10,000 mAh
  • 9.4. 10,000 to 60,000 mAh
  • 9.5. 60,000 mAh and Above
  • 9.6. By Voltage
    • 9.6.1. Introduction
      • 9.6.1.1. Market Size Analysis and Y-o-Y Growth Analysis (%), By Voltage
      • 9.6.1.2. Market Attractiveness Index, By Voltage
    • 9.6.2. Low (Below 12 V)*
      • 9.6.2.1. Introduction
      • 9.6.2.2. Market Size Analysis and Y-o-Y Growth Analysis (%)
    • 9.6.3. Medium (12-36V)
    • 9.6.4. High (Above 36V)

10. By End-User

  • 10.1. Introduction
    • 10.1.1. Market Size Analysis and Y-o-Y Growth Analysis (%), By End-User
    • 10.1.2. Market Attractiveness Index, By End-User
  • 10.2. Automotive*
    • 10.2.1. Introduction
    • 10.2.2. Market Size Analysis and Y-o-Y Growth Analysis (%)
  • 10.3. Consumer Electronics
  • 10.4. Aerospace and Defense
  • 10.5. Marine
  • 10.6. Industrial
  • 10.7. Healthcare
  • 10.8. Industrial and Manufacturing
  • 10.9. Others

11. By Region

  • 11.1. Introduction
    • 11.1.1. Market Size Analysis and Y-o-Y Growth Analysis (%), By Region
    • 11.1.2. Market Attractiveness Index, By Region
  • 11.2. North America
    • 11.2.1. Introduction
    • 11.2.2. Key Region-Specific Dynamics
    • 11.2.3. Market Size Analysis and Y-o-Y Growth Analysis (%), By Type
    • 11.2.4. Market Size Analysis and Y-o-Y Growth Analysis (%), By Material
    • 11.2.5. Market Size Analysis and Y-o-Y Growth Analysis (%), By Capacity
    • 11.2.6. Market Size Analysis and Y-o-Y Growth Analysis (%), By Voltage
    • 11.2.7. Market Size Analysis and Y-o-Y Growth Analysis (%), By End-User
    • 11.2.8. Market Size Analysis and Y-o-Y Growth Analysis (%), By Country
      • 11.2.8.1. U.S.
      • 11.2.8.2. Canada
      • 11.2.8.3. Mexico
  • 11.3. Europe
    • 11.3.1. Introduction
    • 11.3.2. Key Region-Specific Dynamics
    • 11.3.3. Market Size Analysis and Y-o-Y Growth Analysis (%), By Type
    • 11.3.4. Market Size Analysis and Y-o-Y Growth Analysis (%), By Material
    • 11.3.5. Market Size Analysis and Y-o-Y Growth Analysis (%), By Capacity
    • 11.3.6. Market Size Analysis and Y-o-Y Growth Analysis (%), By Voltage
    • 11.3.7. Market Size Analysis and Y-o-Y Growth Analysis (%), By End-User
    • 11.3.8. Market Size Analysis and Y-o-Y Growth Analysis (%), By Country
      • 11.3.8.1. Germany
      • 11.3.8.2. UK
      • 11.3.8.3. France
      • 11.3.8.4. Italy
      • 11.3.8.5. Russia
      • 11.3.8.6. Rest of Europe
  • 11.4. South America
    • 11.4.1. Introduction
    • 11.4.2. Key Region-Specific Dynamics
    • 11.4.3. Market Size Analysis and Y-o-Y Growth Analysis (%), By Type
    • 11.4.4. Market Size Analysis and Y-o-Y Growth Analysis (%), By Material
    • 11.4.5. Market Size Analysis and Y-o-Y Growth Analysis (%), By Capacity
    • 11.4.6. Market Size Analysis and Y-o-Y Growth Analysis (%), By Voltage
    • 11.4.7. Market Size Analysis and Y-o-Y Growth Analysis (%), By End-User
    • 11.4.8. Market Size Analysis and Y-o-Y Growth Analysis (%), By Country
      • 11.4.8.1. Brazil
      • 11.4.8.2. Argentina
      • 11.4.8.3. Rest of South America
  • 11.5. Asia-Pacific
    • 11.5.1. Introduction
    • 11.5.2. Key Region-Specific Dynamics
    • 11.5.3. Market Size Analysis and Y-o-Y Growth Analysis (%), By Type
    • 11.5.4. Market Size Analysis and Y-o-Y Growth Analysis (%), By Material
    • 11.5.5. Market Size Analysis and Y-o-Y Growth Analysis (%), By Capacity
    • 11.5.6. Market Size Analysis and Y-o-Y Growth Analysis (%), By Voltage
    • 11.5.7. Market Size Analysis and Y-o-Y Growth Analysis (%), By End-User
    • 11.5.8. Market Size Analysis and Y-o-Y Growth Analysis (%), By Country
      • 11.5.8.1. China
      • 11.5.8.2. India
      • 11.5.8.3. Japan
      • 11.5.8.4. Australia
      • 11.5.8.5. Rest of Asia-Pacific
  • 11.6. Middle East and Africa
    • 11.6.1. Introduction
    • 11.6.2. Key Region-Specific Dynamics
    • 11.6.3. Market Size Analysis and Y-o-Y Growth Analysis (%), By Type
    • 11.6.4. Market Size Analysis and Y-o-Y Growth Analysis (%), By Material
    • 11.6.5. Market Size Analysis and Y-o-Y Growth Analysis (%), By Capacity
    • 11.6.6. Market Size Analysis and Y-o-Y Growth Analysis (%), By Voltage
    • 11.6.7. Market Size Analysis and Y-o-Y Growth Analysis (%), By End-User

12. Competitive Landscape

  • 12.1. Competitive Scenario
  • 12.2. Market Positioning/Share Analysis
  • 12.3. Mergers and Acquisitions Analysis

13. Company Profiles

  • 13.1. LG Chem Ltd*
    • 13.1.1. Company Overview
    • 13.1.2. Product Portfolio and Description
    • 13.1.3. Financial Overview
    • 13.1.4. Key Developments
  • 13.2. Panasonic Corporation
  • 13.3. Samsung SDI Co Ltd
  • 13.4. BYD Co Ltd
  • 13.5. BAK Group
  • 13.6. A123 Systems
  • 13.7. GS Yuasa Corporation
  • 13.8. Hitachi Ltd
  • 13.9. Johnsons Controls Inc.
  • 13.10. Saft Groupe S.A.

LIST NOT EXHAUSTIVE

14. Appendix

  • 14.1. About Us and Lithium Iron Phosphate (LiFePO4)
  • 14.2. Contact Us