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市场调查报告书
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1634187

全球静脉注射冲洗注射器市场 - 2025 - 2033

Global IV Flush Syringe Market - 2025 - 2033

出版日期: | 出版商: DataM Intelligence | 英文 179 Pages | 商品交期: 最快1-2个工作天内

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简介目录

2024年,全球静脉冲洗注射器市场规模达4.9亿美元,预计到2033年将达到8.0亿美元,2025-2033年预测期间复合年增长率为5.7%。

IV 冲洗注射器是一种医疗设备,主要用于冲洗静脉 (IV) 管线,使其保持透明(开放)且无阻塞。冲洗液通常由无菌盐水溶液组成,通常为 0.9% 氯化钠,与体液相容。这个过程在许多医疗环境中至关重要,特别是对于透过静脉注射治疗接受药物的患者。提供药物后,生理食盐水冲洗有助于将剩余的药物透过静脉输液管推入患者的血液中,确保充分给药。当透过同一条管线供应多种药物时,剂量之间的冲洗有助于消除不相容药物之间潜在的相互作用。

静脉注射器的需求不断增长是预测期内推动市场的驱动因素。慢性病盛行率的上升增加了静脉注射程序和治疗的数量,从而增加了对静脉注射器的需求。例如,根据国际糖尿病联盟的预测,到 2045 年,IDF 预测显示,每 8 名成年人中就有 1 人(约 7.83 亿人)患有糖尿病,这一数字增加了 46%。超过 90% 的糖尿病患者患有第 2 型糖尿病,这是由社会经济、人口、环境和遗传因素所驱动的。

市场动态:

驱动程式和限制

静脉注射器的需求不断增加

对静脉注射器的需求不断增长预计将成为全球静脉注射器市场成长的重要因素。糖尿病、心血管疾病和癌症等慢性疾病的盛行率不断上升,技术进步以及最近的产品发布和批准增加了对静脉注射器的需求并推动了市场的发展。

慢性病发病率的上升预计将显着扩大市场。糖尿病、心血管疾病、癌症、慢性阻塞性肺病 (COPD)、关节炎、骨质疏鬆症在全球呈上升趋势,导致就诊次数增多,患者住院时间延长。根据医疗保健资料,每年有数百万患者被诊断出患有这些疾病,需要扩大医疗护理,其中通常包括静脉注射药物。因此,医疗机构对静脉注射器的需求不断增加,这对于维持静脉输液管的完整性和确保正确的药物输送至关重要。

例如,根据美国疾病管制与预防中心的数据,大约 2,010 万名 20 岁及以上的成年人患有冠状动脉疾病,这一比例在美国约为 7.2%。根据国家生物技术资讯中心的数据,2023 年,骨质疏鬆症是全球和热带国家最常见的代谢性骨病。停经后女性骨质疏鬆症盛行率为30%至50%,50岁以上男性骨质疏鬆症盛行率高达20%。此外,据世界卫生组织称,到2023 年,癌症、慢性阻塞性肺病、哮喘、糖尿病和心血管疾病等疾病影响低收入和中等收入国家的人们,这些国家的非传染性疾病死亡人数占全球非传染性疾病死亡人数的四分之三以上(31.4百万)的发生率高达 80% 左右。大约 1700 万人在 70 岁之前死于非传染性疾病。

此外,医疗保健基础设施和技术的不断改进正在推动市场成长。医院和医疗机构越来越多地使用优先考虑病人安全和用药准确性的标准程序。预充盐水静脉注射器可降低感染风险并确保剂量准确,在医疗保健提供者中越来越受欢迎。在旨在提高病患安全和减少药品缺陷的严格限制的背景下,这种趋势尤其重要。因此,製造商正在投资研发,以彻底改造其产品,并满足医疗保健从业者和患者不断变化的需求。

例如,2023 年 5 月,老牌医疗技术公司 BD 向客户提供了一款带有整合式消毒装置的一体式预充式冲洗注射器,旨在提高感染预防合规性并简化医生工作流程。 BD PosiFlush SafeScrub 是一款预装盐水冲洗注射器,其特点是在註射器的尖端盖中内置有主动消毒装置,体外测试证明该装置可显着减少与 CRBSI 相关的微生物生长。

与静脉注射器相关的併发症

与静脉注射器相关的併发症等因素预计将阻碍全球静脉注射器市场。当一个或多个气泡进入动脉或静脉并限制血流时,就会形成空气栓塞。注射器或静脉注射可能会无意中将空气注入静脉。大多数空气栓塞是良性的,会产生非常微妙的症状,或者根本不会产生症状。这些通常会自行消失,不会产生任何负面影响。

然而,空气栓塞极为罕见,很少影响脑部、心臟或肺部。如果这样做,可能会导致心臟病发作、中风或呼吸衰竭。此外,液体超负荷和过敏反应是氯化钠冲洗的两个更严重的副作用。儘管相对不常见,但这两种情况都可能致命,并会增加冲洗注射器的召回率。因此,从上述陈述来看,预计市场在预测期内将受到阻碍。

目录

第 1 章:方法与范围

第 2 章:定义与概述

第 3 章:执行摘要

第 4 章:动力学

  • 影响因素
    • 司机
    • 静脉冲洗注射器的需求不断增加
    • 限制
    • 与静脉注射注射器相关的併发症
    • 机会
    • 影响分析

第 5 章:产业分析

  • 波特五力分析
  • 供应链分析
  • 定价分析
  • 监管分析
  • 报销分析
  • 专利分析
  • SWOT分析
  • DMI 意见

第 6 章:副产品

  • 盐水冲洗注射器
  • 肝素冲洗注射器

第 7 章:按技术

  • 手动的
  • 自动化

第 8 章:依材料类型

  • 塑胶
  • 玻璃

第 9 章:最终用户

  • 医院
  • 诊所
  • 家庭护理设置

第 10 章:按地区

  • 北美洲
    • 美国
    • 加拿大
    • 墨西哥
  • 欧洲
    • 德国
    • 英国
    • 法国
    • 义大利
    • 西班牙
    • 欧洲其他地区
  • 南美洲
    • 巴西
    • 阿根廷
    • 南美洲其他地区
  • 亚太
    • 中国
    • 印度
    • 日本
    • 韩国
    • 亚太其他地区
  • 中东和非洲

第 11 章:竞争格局

  • 竞争场景
  • 市场定位/份额分析
  • 併购分析

第 12 章:公司简介

  • BD
    • 公司概况
    • 产品组合和描述
    • 财务概览
    • 主要进展
  • Medline Industries, LP
  • ICU Medical, Inc.
  • Terumo Corporation
  • SPM Medicare
  • Nipro Medical Corporation
  • B. Braun SE
  • Cardinal Health
  • Vygon
  • Teleflex Incorporated

第 13 章:附录

简介目录
Product Code: MD5832

The global IV flush syringe market reached US$ 0.49 billion in 2024 and is expected to reach US$ 0.80 billion by 2033, growing at a CAGR of 5.7% during the forecast period 2025-2033.

An IV flush syringe is a medical device used primarily for flushing intravenous (IV) lines, keeping them transparent (open) and free of blockages. The flush is normally made up of a sterile saline solution, usually 0.9% sodium chloride, that is compatible with the body's fluids. This process is critical in many medical settings, especially for patients receiving drugs via IV treatment. After providing drugs, a saline flush helps push any remaining drug through the IV line into the patient's bloodstream, ensuring full medication administration. When numerous medications are supplied through the same line, flushing between doses helps eliminate potential interactions between incompatible drugs.

The increasing demand for IV flush syringes is the driving factor that drives the market over the forecast period. The rising prevalence of chronic diseases increases the number of intravenous procedures and treatments which increases the demand for the IV flush syringe. For instance, according to the International Diabetes Federation, By 2045, IDF projections show that 1 in 8 adults, approximately 783 million, will be living with diabetes, an increase of 46%. Over 90% of people with diabetes have type 2 diabetes, which is driven by socio-economic, demographic, environmental, and genetic factors.

Market Dynamics: Drivers & Restraints

Increasing demand for IV flush syringes

Increasing demand for IV flush syringes is expected to be a significant factor in the growth of the global IV flush syringe market. The rising prevalence of chronic diseases, such as diabetes, cardiovascular conditions, and cancer, technological advancements, and recent product launches and approvals increase the demand for the IV flush syringe and drive the market.

The rising frequency of chronic diseases is predicted to significantly expand the market. Diabetes, cardiovascular diseases, cancer, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD), and arthritis, osteoporosis are all on the rise across the globe, resulting in more hospital visits and longer patient stays. According to healthcare data, millions of patients are diagnosed with these disorders each year, necessitating extending medical care, which frequently includes intravenous medicines. As a result, healthcare facilities are experiencing an increase in demand for IV flush syringes, which are critical for preserving the integrity of IV lines and ensuring proper medication delivery.

For instance, according to the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, around 20.1 Million adults aged 20 and older have coronary artery disease, about 7.2% in the United States. According to the National Center for Biotechnology Information, 2023, Osteoporosis is the most common metabolic bone disorder globally and in tropical countries. The prevalence of osteoporosis is 30 to 50% among postmenopausal women and up to 20% in men above 50 years. Furthermore, according to the World Health Organization, 2023, diseases like cancers, chronic obstructive pulmonary diseases, asthma, diabetes, and cardiovascular diseases affect people in low- and middle-income countries, where more than three-quarters of global NCD deaths (31.4 million) occur around up to 80%. Approximately 17 million people die from an NCD before age 70. The increasing prevalence of chronic diseases increases the demand for IV flush syringes and drives the market.

Furthermore, continual improvements in healthcare infrastructure and technology are driving market growth. Hospitals and healthcare facilities are increasingly using standard procedures that prioritize patient safety and medication accuracy. Prefilled saline IV flush syringes, which reduce the danger of infection and ensure accurate dosing, are gaining popularity among healthcare providers. This tendency is especially important in the context of strict restrictions aimed at improving patient safety and lowering pharmaceutical faults. As a result, manufacturers are investing in R&D to reinvent their product offerings and meet the changing needs of healthcare practitioners and patients alike.

For instance, in May 2023, BD, an established medical technology firm, expanded customer availability of an all-in-one prefilled flush syringe with an integrated disinfection unit, which is meant to improve infection prevention compliance and streamline physician workflow. BD PosiFlush SafeScrub is a prefilled saline flush syringe that features an active disinfection unit built right into the tip cap of the syringe that is demonstrated via in vitro testing to significantly reduce microbial growth associated with CRBSIs.

Complications associated with IV flush syringes

Factors such as complications associated with IV flush syringes are expected to hamper the global IV flush syringe market. An air embolism develops when one or more air bubbles enter an artery or vein and restrict blood flow. A syringe or IV can inadvertently inject air into a vein. The majority of air embolisms are benign, producing very subtle symptoms or none at all. These typically go away on their own without having any negative effects.

However, air embolisms are extremely rare and rarely affect the brain, heart, or lungs. If they do, a heart attack, stroke, or respiratory failure could result. Moreover, fluid overload and an allergic reaction are two more severe side effects of a sodium chloride flush. Despite being relatively uncommon, both can be fatal and increase recalls of flush syringes. Thus, from the above statements, the market is expected to be hampered in the forecast period.

Segment Analysis

The global IV flush syringe market is segmented based on offerings, application, type, end-user, and region.

Saline flush syringes segment is expected to dominate the global IV flush syringe market share

One of the primary drivers of this trend is an increasing awareness of the need to preserve IV-line patency in clinical settings. Saline flush syringes, particularly prefilled ones, offer healthcare providers a convenient and efficient way to drain intravenous lines, ensuring that medications are given effectively and without interruption. This is critical in managing patients with chronic disorders, who frequently require continual intravenous therapy. As hospitals and clinics aim to improve patient safety and streamline processes, the use of saline flush syringes is projected to increase significantly.

The segment benefits because the hazards of microbial contamination that arise when doses are drawn up at the ward level are eliminated by the use of prefilled saline syringes. Additionally, the chance of incorrect selection is decreased by the completely labeled nature of prefilled syringes. The time saved by nurses is another important issue. Ad hoc preparation of intravenous dosages incurs costs (including disposables and nurse time) that are frequently disregarded but can pile up in a busy ward. According to one study, using prefilled syringes reduced nursing time by 42% compared to using traditional injection systems.

Furthermore, developments in medical technology and product design enable saline flush syringes to maintain their market dominance. Manufacturers are concentrating on creating novel prefilled saline syringes that shorten the preparation time and limit the danger of contamination. These solutions not only improve healthcare staff workflow efficiency but also increase patient safety by lowering the risk of needlestick injuries and infections. For instance, in September 2023, AMSINO launched the Prefilled Normal Saline Flush Syringe. This product is intended to improve the safety and efficiency of intravenous therapy by offering a prefilled saline solution that reduces the risk of contamination and makes the flushing procedure easier for healthcare practitioners. The syringes are DEHP-free, PVC-free, and latex-free, fulfilling contemporary requirements for patient safety and comfort.

Geographical Analysis

North America is expected to hold a significant position in the global IV flush syringe market share

The dominance of the North American market in the global IV flush syringe market is driven by several key factors such as the high concentration of hospitals, clinics, and specialized medical facilities, and the increasing prevalence of chronic diseases.

The rising incidence of chronic diseases in North America is driving up demand for IV flush syringes. Diabetes, cardiovascular disease, and cancer are becoming more prevalent, resulting in increasing hospitalization rates and a growing demand for effective medication administration systems. According to American Hospital Association data, hospital admissions in the United States have been constantly increasing, with millions of patients requiring intravenous therapies that use flush syringes.

For instance, according to the National Institute of Health, in 2023, the United States is expected to see 1,958,310 new cancer cases and 609,820 cancer deaths. Prostate cancer incidence climbed by 3% every year from 2014 to 2019, after two decades of reduction, resulting in an additional 99,000 new cases. The annual cancer incidence rate is 440.5 per 100,000 men and women (based on cases from 2017 to 2021). The cancer death rate (cancer mortality) is 146.0 per 100,000 men and women annually. In 2024, a projected 14,910 children and adolescents between the ages of 0 and 19 will be diagnosed with cancer, with 1,590 deaths from the condition. The rising incidence of chronic diseases increases the number of intravenous treatments which increases the demand for IV flush syringes and drives the market.

Asia Pacific is growing at the fastest pace in the global IV flush syringe market

The Asia Pacific region is experiencing the highest growth in the around-the-globe IV flush syringe market, owing to many important factors. The rising frequency of chronic diseases in the region is a major cause of its rapid growth. With a growing population suffering health issues such as diabetes, cardiovascular disease, and respiratory ailments, the demand for effective medical treatments, such as IV flush syringes, has increased dramatically. This trend is accelerated by the increasing number of hospital admissions and surgical procedures that require the use of IV flush syringes to maintain clear intravenous lines and ensure efficient medication delivery.

For instance, according to the National Institute of Health, the expected number of cancer cases in India for 2022 is 14,61,427 (crude rate: 100.4 per 100,000). In India, one out of every nine people is likely to develop cancer over his or her lifetime. Males and females were most likely to develop lung and breast cancer, respectively. The rising incidence of chronic diseases increases the demand for IV flush syringes and drives the market due to an increase in the intravenous market.

Competitive Landscape

The major global players in the global IV flush syringe market include BD, Medline Industries, LP, ICU Medical, Inc., Terumo Corporation, SPM Medicare, Nipro Medical Corporation, B. Braun SE, Cardinal Health, Vygon, Teleflex Incorporated among others.

Emerging Players

Aquabiliti, Polymedicure, and Medefil, Inc among others

Why Purchase the Report?

  • Pipeline & Innovations: Reviews ongoing clinical trials, product pipelines, and forecasts upcoming advancements in medical devices and pharmaceuticals.
  • Product Performance & Market Positioning: Analyzes product performance, market positioning, and growth potential to optimize strategies.
  • Real-World Evidence: Integrates patient feedback and data into product development for improved outcomes.
  • Physician Preferences & Health System Impact: Examines healthcare provider behaviors and the impact of health system mergers on adoption strategies.
  • Market Updates & Industry Changes: Covers recent regulatory changes, new policies, and emerging technologies.
  • Competitive Strategies: Analyzes competitor strategies, market share, and emerging players.
  • Pricing & Market Access: Reviews pricing models, reimbursement trends, and market access strategies.
  • Market Entry & Expansion: Identifies optimal strategies for entering new markets and partnerships.
  • Regional Growth & Investment: Highlights high-growth regions and investment opportunities.
  • Supply Chain Optimization: Assesses supply chain risks and distribution strategies for efficient product delivery.
  • Sustainability & Regulatory Impact: Focuses on eco-friendly practices and evolving regulations in healthcare.
  • Post-market Surveillance: Uses post-market data to enhance product safety and access.
  • Pharmacoeconomics & Value-Based Pricing: Analyzes the shift to value-based pricing and data-driven decision-making in R&D.

The global IV flush syringe market report delivers a detailed analysis with 60+ key tables, more than 50 visually impactful figures, and 176 pages of expert insights, providing a complete view of the market landscape.

Target Audience 2024

  • Manufacturers: Pharmaceutical, Medical Device, Biotech Companies, Contract Manufacturers, Distributors, Hospitals.
  • Regulatory & Policy: Compliance Officers, Government, Health Economists, Market Access Specialists.
  • Technology & Innovation: AI/Robotics Providers, R&D Professionals, Clinical Trial Managers, Pharmacovigilance Experts.
  • Investors: Healthcare Investors, Venture Fund Investors, Pharma Marketing & Sales.
  • Consulting & Advisory: Healthcare Consultants, Industry Associations, Analysts.
  • Supply Chain: Distribution and Supply Chain Managers.
  • Consumers & Advocacy: Patients, Advocacy Groups, Insurance Companies.
  • Academic & Research: Academic Institutions.

Table of Contents

1. Methodology and Scope

  • 1.1. Research Methodology
  • 1.2. Research Objective and Scope of the Report

2. Definition and Overview

3. Executive Summary

  • 3.1. Snippet by Product
  • 3.2. Snippet by Technology
  • 3.3. Snippet by Material Type
  • 3.4. Snippet by End-User
  • 3.5. Snippet by Region

4. Dynamics

  • 4.1. Impacting Factors
    • 4.1.1. Drivers
    • 4.1.2. Increasing Demand for IV Flush Syringes
    • 4.1.3. Restraints
    • 4.1.4. Complications associated with IV Flush Syringe
    • 4.1.5. Opportunity
    • 4.1.6. Impact Analysis

5. Industry Analysis

  • 5.1. Porter's Five Force Analysis
  • 5.2. Supply Chain Analysis
  • 5.3. Pricing Analysis
  • 5.4. Regulatory Analysis
  • 5.5. Reimbursement Analysis
  • 5.6. Patent Analysis
  • 5.7. SWOT Analysis
  • 5.8. DMI Opinion

6. By Product

  • 6.1. Introduction
    • 6.1.1. Market Size Analysis and Y-o-Y Growth Analysis (%), By Product
    • 6.1.2. Market Attractiveness Index, By Product
  • 6.2. Saline Flush Syringes*
    • 6.2.1. Introduction
    • 6.2.2. Market Size Analysis and Y-o-Y Growth Analysis (%)
  • 6.3. Heparin Flush Syringes

7. By Technology

  • 7.1. Introduction
    • 7.1.1. Market Size Analysis and Y-o-Y Growth Analysis (%), By Technology
    • 7.1.2. Market Attractiveness Index, By Technology
  • 7.2. Manual*
    • 7.2.1. Introduction
    • 7.2.2. Market Size Analysis and Y-o-Y Growth Analysis (%)
  • 7.3. Automated

8. By Material Type

  • 8.1. Introduction
    • 8.1.1. Market Size Analysis and Y-o-Y Growth Analysis (%), By Material Type
    • 8.1.2. Market Attractiveness Index, By Material Type
  • 8.2. Plastic*
    • 8.2.1. Introduction
    • 8.2.2. Market Size Analysis and Y-o-Y Growth Analysis (%)
  • 8.3. Glass

9. By End-User

  • 9.1. Introduction
    • 9.1.1. Market Size Analysis and Y-o-Y Growth Analysis (%), By End-User
    • 9.1.2. Market Attractiveness Index, By End-User
  • 9.2. Hospitals*
    • 9.2.1. Introduction
    • 9.2.2. Market Size Analysis and Y-o-Y Growth Analysis (%)
  • 9.3. Clinics
  • 9.4. Homecare Settings

10. By Region

  • 10.1. Introduction
    • 10.1.1. Market Size Analysis and Y-o-Y Growth Analysis (%), By Region
    • 10.1.2. Market Attractiveness Index, By Region
  • 10.2. North America
    • 10.2.1. Introduction
    • 10.2.2. Key Region-Specific Dynamics
    • 10.2.3. Market Size Analysis and Y-o-Y Growth Analysis (%), By Product
    • 10.2.4. Market Size Analysis and Y-o-Y Growth Analysis (%), By Technology
    • 10.2.5. Market Size Analysis and Y-o-Y Growth Analysis (%), By Material Type
    • 10.2.6. Market Size Analysis and Y-o-Y Growth Analysis (%), By End-User
    • 10.2.7. Market Size Analysis and Y-o-Y Growth Analysis (%), By Country
    • 10.2.8. The U.S.
    • 10.2.9. Canada
    • 10.2.10. Mexico
  • 10.3. Europe
    • 10.3.1. Introduction
    • 10.3.2. Key Region-Specific Dynamics
    • 10.3.3. Market Size Analysis and Y-o-Y Growth Analysis (%), By Product
    • 10.3.4. Market Size Analysis and Y-o-Y Growth Analysis (%), By Technology
    • 10.3.5. Market Size Analysis and Y-o-Y Growth Analysis (%), By Material Type
    • 10.3.6. Market Size Analysis and Y-o-Y Growth Analysis (%), By End-User
    • 10.3.7. Market Size Analysis and Y-o-Y Growth Analysis (%), By Country
    • 10.3.8. Germany
    • 10.3.9. UK
    • 10.3.10. France
    • 10.3.11. Italy
    • 10.3.12. Spain
    • 10.3.13. Rest of Europe
  • 10.4. South America
    • 10.4.1. Introduction
    • 10.4.2. Key Region-Specific Dynamics
    • 10.4.3. Market Size Analysis and Y-o-Y Growth Analysis (%), By Product
    • 10.4.4. Market Size Analysis and Y-o-Y Growth Analysis (%), By Technology
    • 10.4.5. Market Size Analysis and Y-o-Y Growth Analysis (%), By Material Type
    • 10.4.6. Market Size Analysis and Y-o-Y Growth Analysis (%), By End-User
    • 10.4.7. Market Size Analysis and Y-o-Y Growth Analysis (%), By Country
    • 10.4.8. Brazil
    • 10.4.9. Argentina
    • 10.4.10. Rest of South America
  • 10.5. Asia-Pacific
    • 10.5.1. Introduction
    • 10.5.2. Key Region-Specific Dynamics
    • 10.5.3. Market Size Analysis and Y-o-Y Growth Analysis (%), By Product
    • 10.5.4. Market Size Analysis and Y-o-Y Growth Analysis (%), By Technology
    • 10.5.5. Market Size Analysis and Y-o-Y Growth Analysis (%), By Material Type
    • 10.5.6. Market Size Analysis and Y-o-Y Growth Analysis (%), By End-User
    • 10.5.7. Market Size Analysis and Y-o-Y Growth Analysis (%), By Country
    • 10.5.8. China
    • 10.5.9. India
    • 10.5.10. Japan
    • 10.5.11. South Korea
    • 10.5.12. Rest of Asia-Pacific
  • 10.6. Middle East and Africa
    • 10.6.1. Introduction
    • 10.6.2. Key Region-Specific Dynamics
    • 10.6.3. Market Size Analysis and Y-o-Y Growth Analysis (%), By Product
    • 10.6.4. Market Size Analysis and Y-o-Y Growth Analysis (%), By Technology
    • 10.6.5. Market Size Analysis and Y-o-Y Growth Analysis (%), By Material Type
    • 10.6.6. Market Size Analysis and Y-o-Y Growth Analysis (%), By End-User

11. Competitive Landscape

  • 11.1. Competitive Scenario
  • 11.2. Market Positioning/Share Analysis
  • 11.3. Mergers and Acquisitions Analysis

12. Company Profiles

  • 12.1. BD*
    • 12.1.1. Company Overview
    • 12.1.2. Product Portfolio and Description
    • 12.1.3. Financial Overview
    • 12.1.4. Key Developments
  • 12.2. Medline Industries, LP
  • 12.3. ICU Medical, Inc.
  • 12.4. Terumo Corporation
  • 12.5. SPM Medicare
  • 12.6. Nipro Medical Corporation
  • 12.7. B. Braun SE
  • 12.8. Cardinal Health
  • 12.9. Vygon
  • 12.10. Teleflex Incorporated

LIST NOT EXHAUSTIVE

13. Appendix

  • 13.1. About Us and Services
  • 13.2. Contact Us