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绿色钢铁的全球市场(2026年～2036年)
市场调查报告书
商品编码
1850614

绿色钢铁的全球市场(2026年～2036年)

The Global Green Steel Market 2026-2036
出版日期: | 出版商: Future Markets, Inc. | 英文 212 Pages, 85 Tables, 158 Figures | 订单完成后即时交付

价格

绿色钢铁市场正在改变全球碳排放强度最高的产业之一。传统炼钢占全球温室气体排放量的6-7%，因此转型为低碳生产对于实现气候变迁目标至关重要。在技​​术创新、监管压力以及企业对永续发展日益增长的承诺的推动下，碳排放量极低甚至为零的绿色钢铁生产正在成为一种解决方案。绿色钢铁涵盖多种生产方法，与传统的炼钢方式相比，这些方法能够显着降低二氧化碳排放量。第一种方法是使用再生能源製氢代替焦煤，将铁矿石还原为直接还原铁，然后在清洁能源电弧炉中进行加工。这种基于氢气的直接还原製程可以将每吨钢的二氧化碳排放量从1.8吨降低到0.05吨。其他途径包括使用可再生电力驱动的废钢电弧炉、将碳捕获和封存技术应用于传统製程以及引入永续生物碳材料。

多种技术正在竞相定义钢铁製造的未来。氢基直接还原结合电弧炉可实现最大程度的减排，并在技术竞赛中处于领先地位。废钢电弧炉是目前最成熟的低碳路径，但有限的废钢供应限制了其规模的扩大。碳捕获、利用与封存（CCUS）为现有设施提供了一种过渡方案，每吨碳捕获的二氧化碳价值相当于 40 至 120 美元。每种技术都面临不同的挑战：氢基路线需要庞大的可再生能源基础设施；CCUS 由于高昂的资本成本和能源损耗，效率会降低 8% 至 15%；而废钢生产则由于污染元素的存在而面临品质问题。

市场面临日益扩大的供需缺口，生产难以跟上快速成长的需求。这种失衡反映了企业，特别是汽车行业的积极举措，例如梅赛德斯-奔驰、沃尔沃和宝马等主要製造商都签署了长期的绿色钢铁供应协议。 汽车业引领绿色钢铁的普及趋势，因为生命週期排放法规越来越重视材料的碳足迹。建筑业是第二大应用领域，因为绿色公共采购政策要求基础设施项目使用低碳材料。其他重要产业包括家电、机械、铁路基础设施和电子产品製造。

这项转型主要由强有力的监管机制推动，特别是欧盟的碳边境调节机制，该机制对高碳进口产品施加了直接的成本压力。类似的政策正在全球范围内涌现，例如美国的 "通货膨胀降低法案" ，该法案提供生产税收抵免。企业范围3的减排目标正在创造强劲的需求动力，因为客户需要绿色钢铁来实现其应对气候变迁的目标。氢能基础设施需要在全球范围内投入数千亿日元，而优质铁矿石的短缺限制了直接还原製程的发展，导致许多技术仍处于试点阶段。碳捕获、利用与封存（CCUS）设施的资本成本高昂，每个工厂的成本高达10亿至50亿美元。其他挑战包括劳动力技能缺口、供应链复杂性和融资问题，尤其是在发展中市场。

本报告分析了全球绿色钢铁市场，提供了截至 2036 年的详细产量预测、区域竞争动态、各主要市场的政策评估以及全面的技术成熟度评估。

目录

第1章 摘要整理

  • 市场的状况和紧急性
  • 市场状况与紧迫性
  • 关键技术评估：氢能的现实检验
  • 新兴科技赢家
  • 区域竞争动态
  • 政策环境
  • 重大专案进度与财务现状
  • 经济交叉点
  • 市场结构变化
  • 关键瓶颈和基础设施缺口
  • 修订后的氢能需求预测
  • 政策建议
  • 结论：科技克服政策乐观主义

第2章 简介

  • 当前炼钢工艺
  • "双碳" （碳峰值、碳中和）目标和超低排放要求
  • 什么是绿色钢铁？
  • 钢铁脱碳
  • 生产技术
  • 先进绿色钢铁材料
  • 绿色钢铁的优势与劣势
  • 市场与应用
  • 炼钢节能与成本降低
  • 数位化
  • 生质炼钢与永续绿色钢铁生产链

第3章 绿色钢铁的全球市场

  • 全球炼钢
  • 绿色钢铁厂及产量（现有及规划）
  • 市场地图
  • SWOT分析
  • 市场趋势与机遇
  • 产业发展、融资与创新（2022-2025）
  • 市场成长驱动因素
  • 市场挑战
  • 终端用户产业

第4章 全球市场的产量和需求

  • 生产能力(2020年～2036年)
  • 产量和需求(2020年～2036年)
  • 收益(2020年～2036年)
  • 竞争情形
  • 未来市场预测

第5章 企业简介(企业46公司的简介)

第6章 调查手法

第7章 缩写的清单

第8章 参考文献

The green steel market represents a transformative shift in one of the world's most carbon-intensive industries. Traditional steelmaking contributes 6-7% of global greenhouse gas emissions, making the transition to low-carbon production critical for achieving climate goals. Green steel-produced with minimal or zero carbon emissions-is emerging as the solution, driven by technological innovation, regulatory pressure, and growing corporate commitments to sustainability. Green steel encompasses various production methods that dramatically reduce CO2 emissions compared to conventional blast furnace steelmaking. The primary approach uses hydrogen produced from renewable energy instead of coking coal to reduce iron ore into direct reduced iron, then processes it in electric arc furnaces powered by clean electricity. This hydrogen-based direct reduction route can reduce emissions from 1.8 tonnes of CO2 per tonne of steel to as low as 0.05 tonnes. Alternative pathways include electric arc furnaces using recycled scrap with renewable electricity, carbon capture and storage technologies applied to traditional processes, and the incorporation of sustainable biocarbon materials.

Multiple technologies are competing to define the future of steelmaking. Hydrogen-based direct reduction paired with electric arc furnaces leads the technological race, offering the most substantial emission reductions. Electric arc furnaces using scrap steel represent the most mature low-carbon pathway, though limited scrap availability constrains expansion. Carbon capture, utilization, and storage provides a bridge solution for existing facilities, capturing 40-120 dollars worth of CO2 per tonne, while emerging electrolysis methods promise carbon-free iron production. Each technology faces distinct challenges: hydrogen routes require massive renewable energy infrastructure, CCUS faces high capital costs and energy penalties reducing efficiency by 8-15%, and scrap-based production encounters quality concerns from contaminant elements.

The market faces a widening supply-demand gap, with production struggling to meet rapidly accelerating demand. This imbalance reflects aggressive corporate commitments, particularly from the automotive sector where leading manufacturers like Mercedes-Benz, Volvo, and BMW have secured long-term green steel supply agreements. The automotive industry leads adoption because lifecycle emission regulations increasingly account for material carbon footprints. Construction represents the second major application, with green public procurement policies requiring low-carbon materials for infrastructure projects. Other significant sectors include consumer appliances, machinery, rail infrastructure, and electronics manufacturing.

The transition is propelled by powerful regulatory mechanisms, particularly the EU's Carbon Border Adjustment Mechanism creating immediate cost pressures on carbon-intensive imports. Similar policies are emerging globally, with the US Inflation Reduction Act offering production tax credits. Corporate scope 3 emission reduction targets create strong demand pull, as customer companies need green steel to meet their own climate goals. However, formidable barriers persist: hydrogen infrastructure requires massive investment totaling hundreds of billions globally, high-quality iron ore shortages constrain direct reduction processes, and many technologies remain in pilot phase. Capital costs are extreme, reaching $1-5 billion per plant for CCUS installations. Additional challenges include workforce skill gaps, supply chain complexity, and financing access particularly in developing markets.

"The Global Green Steel Market 2026-2036" provides an authoritative analysis of the rapidly evolving green steel industry during a critical decade of transformation. The report delivers a critical reassessment of the sector's technology landscape, moving beyond early hydrogen-centric optimism to evaluate emerging alternatives including molten oxide electrolysis, biomethane direct reduction with carbon capture, and flash ironmaking.

The analysis encompasses detailed production forecasts through 2036, regional competitiveness dynamics, policy landscape evaluation across major markets, and comprehensive technology readiness assessments. It examines the widening supply-demand gap, investment requirements exceeding hundreds of billions globally, and the infrastructure bottlenecks constraining deployment. The report features extensive economic modeling including production cost convergence scenarios, comparative analysis of capital and operating expenditures across technologies, and hydrogen cost thresholds for competitiveness. Special attention is given to financial realities facing European projects, successful deployment case studies, and the emergence of hot briquetted iron (HBI) trade flows as strategic enablers of global market restructuring.

Regional analysis covers Europe, China, North America, India, Asia-Pacific, Middle East & Africa, and South America, examining diverging technology preferences, renewable energy advantages, and export-oriented capacity development. The report profiles current and planned green steel plants, analyzes supply agreements between producers and major consumers, and evaluates application-specific requirements across seven end-use industries. With 85 detailed tables and 15 figures, this report provides the technical depth and market intelligence required by steel producers, technology developers, investors, policymakers, and industrial consumers navigating the sector's fundamental transformation.

Report contents include:

  • Market context and urgency assessment
  • Critical technology evaluation: hydrogen reality check
  • Emerging technology winners analysis
  • Regional competitiveness dynamics (Europe's diverging fortunes, global leaders)
  • Policy landscape across EU and United States
  • Major project developments: success stories and cautionary tales
  • Economic crossover points and production cost convergence
  • Market structure transformation (capacity shifts, trade reconfiguration, capital intensity)
  • Critical bottlenecks and infrastructure gaps
  • Revised hydrogen demand projections
  • Policy recommendations and technology-driven outlook
  • Current steelmaking processes and carbon emissions analysis
  • Double carbon goals and ultra-low emissions requirements
  • Green steel definition, properties, and clean production advances
  • Economic reality: 2025 market assessment including financial stress analysis
  • Decarbonization technologies and CO2 reduction pathways
  • Economic viability assessment across production routes
  • Hydrogen reality check: cost problems and failed assumptions
  • Emerging technologies: molten oxide electrolysis, electrified biomethane DRI, flash ironmaking
  • Production Technologies
    • Hydrogen role assessment: cost problems, compounding inefficiencies, comparative technology evaluation
    • Hydrogen demand revision and narrow viable niche identification
    • Comparative analysis of all production pathways
    • Hydrogen Direct Reduced Iron (DRI) process details
    • Molten oxide electrolysis: direct electrification pathway with cost breakdown and regional competitiveness
    • Biomethane direct reduction with carbon capture: process description, carbon balance, negative emissions mechanism, economic assessment, supply chains, infrastructure requirements, carbon removal credit markets
    • Flash ironmaking: simplified natural gas process with CCS, cost analysis, regional suitability
    • Carbon Capture, Utilization and Storage (CCUS): comprehensive coverage including BF-BOF applications, technology selection, pre-combustion and post-combustion capture, storage and transportation, utilization options, cost comparisons
    • Alternative technologies: biochar, hydrogen blast furnace, renewable energy powered processes, hydrogen plasma reduction, ferrous bioprocessing, microwave processing, additive manufacturing
    • Technology readiness levels (TRL) for all pathways
    • Advanced materials: composite electrodes, solid oxide materials, hydrogen storage metals, carbon composites, coatings and membranes
  • Global Market Analysis
    • Global steel production overview and conventional steel pricing
    • Green steel pricing: historical development (2023-2024), 2025 market evolution, 2026-2030 outlook
    • Market restructuring and technology shift analysis (2025-2036)
    • Technology mix evolution and regional production shifts
    • HBI trade emergence as strategic enabler
    • Green steel plants: current and planned production capacity globally
    • Market mapping of value chain participants
    • SWOT analysis: strengths, weaknesses, opportunities, threats
    • Market trends and opportunities including technology divergence and regional specialization
    • Industry developments, funding and innovation (2022-2025)
    • Comprehensive market growth drivers analysis
    • Market challenges and barriers assessment
  • End-Use Industry Applications
    • Automotive: market overview, supply agreements, applications across vehicle components
    • Construction: market dynamics and building applications
    • Consumer appliances: demand drivers and product applications
    • Machinery: industrial equipment requirements
    • Rail: infrastructure and rolling stock applications
    • Packaging: steel container market
    • Electronics: specialized steel applications
  • Market Forecasts and Regional Analysis (2020-2036)
    • Production capacity projections by technology type
    • Production vs. demand analysis with regional supply-demand imbalances
    • HBI trade flow projections
    • Demand forecasts by end-use industry
    • Market maturation timeline and inflection points
    • Revenue projections: global, by end-use sector, by region
    • Detailed regional assessments:
      • Europe: technology leadership, policy drivers, financial challenges
      • China: diversified technology approach, domestic and export strategies
      • North America: IRA incentives, EAF expansion, emerging hydrogen projects
      • India: scrap constraints, technology pathways, growth trajectory
      • Asia-Pacific (excluding China): regional dynamics and opportunities
      • Middle East & Africa: renewable energy advantages, export potential
      • South America: near-shore supplier positioning
    • Competitive landscape: key players and market positioning
    • Future market outlook: technology evolution, economic competitiveness, supply chain transformation, investment requirements, risks and uncertainties

The report features detailed profiles of 46 leading companies driving the green steel transformation including Algoma Steel, Aperam BioEnergia, ArcelorMittal SA, Blastr Green Steel, Boston Metal, China Baowu Steel Group, Compania de Aceros del Pacifico (CAP), GravitHy, Georgsmarienhutte Holding GmbH, Electra Steel, Emirates Steel Arkan, Greeniron H2 AB, HBIS Group, Helios, Hybrit Development AB, Hybar LLC, Hydnum Steel, Hyundai Steel, JFE Steel, Jindal Shadeed Group, JSW Steel, Kobe Steel Ltd., Liberty Steel Group, Limelight Steel, Magsort Oy, Meranti Green Steel, Mitsui, Nippon Steel Corporation and more......

TABLE OF CONTENTS

1. EXECUTIVE SUMMARY

  • 1.1. Market Context and Urgency
  • 1.2. Critical Technology Assessment: The Hydrogen Reality Check
  • 1.3. Emerging Technology Winners
  • 1.4. Regional Competitiveness Dynamics
    • 1.4.1. Europe's Diverging Fortunes
    • 1.4.2. Global Leaders in Low-Carbon Steel
  • 1.5. Policy Landscape
    • 1.5.1. European Union
    • 1.5.2. United States
  • 1.6. Major Project Developments & Financial Realities
    • 1.6.1. Success Stories
    • 1.6.2. Cautionary Tales
  • 1.7. Economic Crossover Points
  • 1.8. Market Structure Transformation
    • 1.8.1. Production Capacity Shifts (2025-2035)
    • 1.8.2. Trade Flow Reconfiguration
    • 1.8.3. Capital Intensity
    • 1.8.4. Financing Challenges
  • 1.9. Critical Bottlenecks & Infrastructure Gaps
  • 1.10. Revised Hydrogen Demand Projections
  • 1.11. Policy Recommendations
  • 1.12. Bottom Line: Technology Trumps Policy Optimism

2. INTRODUCTION

  • 2.1. Current Steelmaking processes
  • 2.2. "Double carbon" (carbon peak and carbon neutrality) goals and ultra-low emissions requirements
  • 2.3. What is green steel?
    • 2.3.1. Properties
    • 2.3.2. Advances in clean production technologies
    • 2.3.3. The Economic Reality: 2025 Market Assessment
      • 2.3.3.1. Policy and Infrastructure Challenges
      • 2.3.3.2. Financial Stress in European Green Steel Projects
      • 2.3.3.3. Successful Projects Demonstrate Viable Pathways
      • 2.3.3.4. Market Reality
  • 2.4. Decarbonization of steel
    • 2.4.1. CO2 Reduction Technologies
      • 2.4.1.1. Economic Viability Assessment
    • 2.4.2. The Hydrogen Reality Check
    • 2.4.3. Emerging Technologies
      • 2.4.3.1. Molten Oxide Electrolysis (MOE)
      • 2.4.3.2. Electrified Biomethane DRI with Carbon Capture
      • 2.4.3.3. Flash Ironmaking
      • 2.4.3.4. Hydrogen's Narrow Viable Niche
    • 2.4.4. Decarbonization target and policies
      • 2.4.4.1. EU Carbon Border Adjustment Mechanism (CBAM)
  • 2.5. Production technologies
    • 2.5.1. The role of hydrogen
      • 2.5.1.1. The Hydrogen Cost Problem
      • 2.5.1.2. Why Hydrogen Costs Remain High: Compounding Inefficiencies
      • 2.5.1.3. Failed Assumptions Behind Hydrogen Optimism
      • 2.5.1.4. Comparative Technology Assessment: Hydrogen vs. Alternatives
      • 2.5.1.5. Hydrogen Demand Revision: Steel's Diminished Role
      • 2.5.1.6. The Narrow Path Forward for Hydrogen in Steel
      • 2.5.1.7. Policy Implications: Avoiding Stranded Assets
    • 2.5.2. Comparative analysis
    • 2.5.3. Hydrogen Direct Reduced Iron (DRI)
    • 2.5.4. Electrolysis
      • 2.5.4.1. Molten Oxide Electrolysis: The Direct Electrification Pathway
    • 2.5.5. Biomethane Direct Reduction with Carbon Capture
      • 2.5.5.1. Overview and Strategic Position
      • 2.5.5.2. Process Description
      • 2.5.5.3. Carbon Balance and Negative Emissions Mechanism
      • 2.5.5.4. Economic Assessment
      • 2.5.5.5. Biomass Supply Chains and Sustainability
      • 2.5.5.6. Biodigester Infrastructure Development Requirements
      • 2.5.5.7. Carbon Capture Technology Implementation
      • 2.5.5.8. CO2 Storage and Utilization Options
      • 2.5.5.9. Optimal Strategy for Biomethane DRI: Hybrid Approach
      • 2.5.5.10. Carbon Removal Credit Markets
      • 2.5.5.11. Technology Readiness and Deployment Timeline
      • 2.5.5.12. Scalability Assessment and Limitations
    • 2.5.6. Flash Ironmaking: Simplified Process with Natural Gas and CCS
      • 2.5.6.1. Process Description
      • 2.5.6.2. Technology Basis: Flash Copper Smelting
      • 2.5.6.3. Economic Analysis
      • 2.5.6.4. Regional Suitability Assessment
      • 2.5.6.5. Strategic Considerations
      • 2.5.6.6. Strategic Role: Transitional Bridge Technology
      • 2.5.6.7. Environmental Performance and Lifecycle Analysis
    • 2.5.7. Carbon Capture, Utilization and Storage (CCUS)
      • 2.5.7.1. Overview
      • 2.5.7.2. BF-BOF (Blast Furnace-Basic Oxygen Furnace)
      • 2.5.7.3. Selection of carbon capture technology
      • 2.5.7.4. Pre-Combustion Carbon Capture for Ironmaking
      • 2.5.7.5. Gas Recycling and Oxyfuel Combustion
      • 2.5.7.6. Sorption Enhanced Water Gas Shift (SEWGS)
      • 2.5.7.7. Amine-Based Post-Combustion CO2 Absorption
      • 2.5.7.8. Carbon Capture for Natural Gas-Based DRI
      • 2.5.7.9. CO2 Storage
      • 2.5.7.10. CO2 Transportation
      • 2.5.7.11. CO2 Utilization for Steel
      • 2.5.7.12. Carbon Capture Costs
      • 2.5.7.13. Carbon Credit and Carbon Offsetting
    • 2.5.8. Biochar replacing coke
    • 2.5.9. Hydrogen Blast Furnace
    • 2.5.10. Renewable energy powered processes
    • 2.5.11. Hydrogen Plasma Iron Ore Reduction
    • 2.5.12. Ferrous Bioprocessing
    • 2.5.13. Microwave Processing
    • 2.5.14. Additive Manufacturing
    • 2.5.15. Technology readiness level (TRL)
  • 2.6. Advanced materials in green steel
    • 2.6.1. Composite electrodes
    • 2.6.2. Solid oxide materials
    • 2.6.3. Hydrogen storage metals
    • 2.6.4. Carbon composite steels
    • 2.6.5. Coatings and membranes
    • 2.6.6. Sustainable binders
    • 2.6.7. Iron ore catalysts
    • 2.6.8. Carbon capture materials
    • 2.6.9. Waste gas utilization
  • 2.7. Advantages and disadvantages of green steel
  • 2.8. Markets and applications
  • 2.9. Energy Savings and Cost Reduction in Steel Production
  • 2.10. Digitalization
  • 2.11. Biomass Steel Production and Sustainable Green Steel Production Chain

3. THE GLOBAL MARKET FOR GREEN STEEL

  • 3.1. Global steel production
    • 3.1.1. Steel prices
    • 3.1.2. Green steel prices
      • 3.1.2.1. Historical Price Development (2023-2024)
      • 3.1.2.2. 2025 Market Evolution
      • 3.1.2.3. 2026-2030 Price Outlook
    • 3.1.3. Market Restructuring and Technology Shift (2025-2036)
      • 3.1.3.1. Technology Mix Evolution
      • 3.1.3.2. Regional Production Shifts
      • 3.1.3.3. HBI Trade Emergence
  • 3.2. Green steel plants and production, current and planned
  • 3.3. Market map
  • 3.4. SWOT analysis
  • 3.5. Market trends and opportunities
    • 3.5.1. Technology Divergence and Regional Specialization (2025-2036)
      • 3.5.1.1. Emerging Technology Hierarchy
      • 3.5.1.2. HBI Trade as Strategic Enabler
      • 3.5.1.3. Implications for Investment Strategy
  • 3.6. Industry developments, funding and innovation 2022-2025
  • 3.7. Market growth drivers
  • 3.8. Market challenges
  • 3.9. End-use industries
    • 3.9.1. Automotive
      • 3.9.1.1. Market overview
      • 3.9.1.2. Applications
    • 3.9.2. Construction
      • 3.9.2.1. Market overview
      • 3.9.2.2. Applications
    • 3.9.3. Consumer appliances
      • 3.9.3.1. Market overview
      • 3.9.3.2. Applications
    • 3.9.4. Machinery
      • 3.9.4.1. Market overview
      • 3.9.4.2. Applications
    • 3.9.5. Rail
      • 3.9.5.1. Market overview
      • 3.9.5.2. Applications
    • 3.9.6. Packaging
      • 3.9.6.1. Market overview
      • 3.9.6.2. Applications
    • 3.9.7. Electronics
      • 3.9.7.1. Market overview
      • 3.9.7.2. Applications

4. GLOBAL MARKET PRODUCTION AND DEMAND

  • 4.1. Production Capacity 2020-2036
  • 4.2. Production vs. Demand 2020-2036
    • 4.2.1. Regional Supply-Demand Imbalances
    • 4.2.2. Demand for Low-Emissions Steel by End-Use Industry
    • 4.2.3. Market Maturation Timeline and Inflection Points
  • 4.3. Revenues 2020-2036
    • 4.3.1. By end-use industry
    • 4.3.2. By region
      • 4.3.2.1. Europe
      • 4.3.2.2. China
      • 4.3.2.3. North America
      • 4.3.2.4. India
      • 4.3.2.5. Asia-Pacific excl. China
      • 4.3.2.6. Middle East & Africa
      • 4.3.2.7. South America
  • 4.4. Competitive landscape
  • 4.5. Future market outlook
    • 4.5.1. Technology Evolution
    • 4.5.2. Economic Competitiveness
    • 4.5.3. Market Structure
    • 4.5.4. Supply Chain Transformation
    • 4.5.5. Policy and Regulation
    • 4.5.6. Investment Requirements and Returns
    • 4.5.7. Customer Adoption
    • 4.5.8. Risks and Uncertainties
    • 4.5.9. Social and Environmental Implications

5. COMPANY PROFILES (46 company profiles)

6. RESEARCH METHODOLOGY

7. LIST OF ACRONYMS

8. REFERENCES

List of Tables

  • Table 1. Production Cost Convergence (2025-2035)
  • Table 2. Main Routes to Green Steel
  • Table 3. Properties of Green steels
  • Table 4. CO2 emissions from the conventional BF-BOF process
  • Table 5. CO2 Reduction Technologies
  • Table 6. Decarbonization Technologies
  • Table 7. Comparative Production Costs (2025 Baseline)
  • Table 8. Economic Comparison of Low-Carbon Steel Technologies (2025)
  • Table 9. Market Drivers & Barriers Table
  • Table 10. Global Decarbonization Targets and Policies related to Green Steel
  • Table 11. Required Levelized Cost of Hydrogen for Competitiveness
  • Table 12. Green Steel Production Routes
  • Table 13. Energy Requirements per Tonne of Steel
  • Table 14. Comparison of green steel production technologies
  • Table 15. Advantages and disadvantages of each potential hydrogen carrier
  • Table 16. Key Process Characteristics
  • Table 17. Cost Breakdown (Projected Commercial Scale)
  • Table 18. Regional Cost Competitiveness (2030 Projections at Commercial Scale)
  • Table 19. Molten Oxide Electrolysis Development Roadmap
  • Table 20. CO2 Stream Characteristics Comparison Across Industrial Sources
  • Table 21. Detailed Carbon Flow per Tonne of Crude Steel
  • Table 22. Lifecycle Emissions Comparison Across Steel Production Pathways
  • Table 23. Cost Components per Tonne of Crude Steel Production
  • Table 24. Sustainable Biomass Sources - Priority Ranking
  • Table 25. Current vs. Required Biodigester Infrastructure
  • Table 26. Carbon Capture Cost Breakdown - Amine Scrubbing for DRI (per tonne CO2 captured)
  • Table 27. North Sea CO2 Storage Projects - Key Infrastructure
  • Table 28. CO2 Utilization vs. Storage - Climate Impact Comparison
  • Table 29. Hybrid CO2 Management Strategy (Tata Steel IJmuiden Example, 2.5 Mt Steel Production)
  • Table 30. Carbon Removal Credit Pricing by Market Segment (2025)
  • Table 31. Component Technology Readiness Assessment (2025)
  • Table 32. Deployment Timeline and Milestones
  • Table 33. Biomass Availability and Steel Production Potential by Region
  • Table 34. Key Distinctions from Traditional Ironmaking
  • Table 35. Natural Gas Flash Ironmaking + CCS Cost Breakdown ($/tonne crude steel, 2030 projection)
  • Table 36. Comparison with Alternatives
  • Table 37. Greenhouse Gas Emissions (full lifecycle)
  • Table 38. Comparison with Alternatives (lifecycle)
  • Table 39. The CCUS Value Chain
  • Table 40. CCUS Project Pipeline for the Steel Sector
  • Table 41. Post Combustion Capture Technologies for BF-BOF Process
  • Table 42. Blast Furnace Gas CO2 Capture Technologies Comparison
  • Table 43. Carbon Capture Technologies for Natural Gas DRI
  • Table 44. CCUS Business Model
  • Table 45. Storage Technology and Operators
  • Table 46. Carbon Capture Cost Comparison by Sector
  • Table 47. Steel Industry Carbon Credit Purchasing Trends
  • Table 48. CCUS Steel Sector Challenges and Opportunities
  • Table 49. Biochar in steel and metal
  • Table 50. Hydrogen blast furnace schematic
  • Table 51. Applications of microwave processing in green steelmaking
  • Table 52. Applications of additive manufacturing (AM) in steelmaking
  • Table 53. Technology readiness level (TRL) for key green steel production technologies
  • Table 54. Coatings and membranes in green steel production
  • Table 55. Advantages and disadvantages of green steel
  • Table 56. Markets and applications: green steel
  • Table 57. Green Steel Plants - Current and Planned Production
  • Table 58. Industry developments and innovation in Green steel, 2022-2025
  • Table 59. Summary of market growth drivers for Green steel
  • Table 60. Market challenges in Green steel
  • Table 61. Supply agreements between green steel producers and automakers
  • Table 62. Applications of green steel in the automotive industry
  • Table 63. Applications of green steel in the construction industry
  • Table 64. Applications of green steel in the consumer appliances industry
  • Table 65. Applications of green steel in machinery
  • Table 66. Applications of green steel in the rail industry
  • Table 67. Applications of green steel in the packaging industry
  • Table 68. Applications of green steel in the electronics industry
  • Table 69. Low-Emissions Steel Production Capacity 2020-2035 (Million Metric Tons)
  • Table 70. Regional Capacity Distribution (2036 Projection)
  • Table 71. Low-Emissions Steel Production vs. Demand 2020-2036 (Million Metric Tons)
  • Table 72. Regional Production-Demand Balance 2036
  • Table 73. Global HBI Trade Flows (Projected 2036)
  • Table 74. Demand for Low-Emissions Steel by End-Use Industry 2020-2036 (Million Metric Tons)
  • Table 75. Low-Emissions Steel Market Revenues 2020-2036
  • Table 76. Market Revenues by Sector 2025-2036 ($B)
  • Table 77. Regional Demand for Low-Emissions Steel 2020-2036, EUROPE (Million Metric Tons)
  • Table 78. Regional Demand for Low-Emissions Steel 2020-2036, CHINA (Million Metric Tons)
  • Table 79. Regional Demand for Low-Emissions Steel 2020-2036, NORTH AMERICA (Million Metric Tons)
  • Table 80. Regional Demand for Low-Emissions Steel 2020-2036, INDIA (Million Metric Tons)
  • Table 81. Regional Demand for Low-Emissions Steel 2020-2036, ASIA-PACIFIC (excluding China) (Million Metric Tons)
  • Table 82. Regional Demand for Low-Emissions Steel 2020-2036, MIDDLE EAST & AFRICA (Million Metric Tons)
  • Table 83. Regional Demand for Low-Emissions Steel 2020-2036, SOUTH AMERICA (Million Metric Tons)
  • Table 84. Key players in Green steel, location and production methods
  • Table 85. Investment Estimates (2025-2036)

List of Figures

  • Figure 1. Share of (a) production, (b) energy consumption and (c) CO2 emissions from different steel making routes
  • Figure 2. Transition to hydrogen-based production
  • Figure 3. CO2 emissions from steelmaking (tCO2/ton crude steel)
  • Figure 4. CO2 emissions of different process routes for liquid steel
  • Figure 5. Hydrogen Direct Reduced Iron (DRI) process
  • Figure 6. Molten oxide electrolysis process
  • Figure 7. Flash ironmaking process
  • Figure 8. Hydrogen Plasma Iron Ore Reduction process
  • Figure 9. Green steel market map
  • Figure 10. SWOT analysis: Green steel
  • Figure 12. ArcelorMittal decarbonization strategy
  • Figure 13. HYBRIT process schematic
  • Figure 14. Schematic of HyREX technology
  • Figure 15. EAF Quantum