全球电动垂直起降飞行器与下一代空中交通市场（2026-2036）

电动垂直起降飞行器（eVTOL）和下一代空中交通（AAM）市场融合了航太工程、电力推进技术、电池技术、自主系统和数位基础设施，是全球交通运输领域最重要的新兴细分市场之一。该市场最初只是 Uber Technologies 于2016年提出的 "Uber Elevate" 计划中的概念构想，如今已发展成为一个价值数十亿美元的产业，吸引了来自领先的航太公司、汽车製造商、科技公司和政府支持基金的投资。

该市场涵盖的范围远不止于飞机本身。要更佳理解它，可以采用 "5A" 生态系统框架：飞机、辅助服务（MRO）、航空公司、机场（垂直起降平台基础设施）和空域（空中交通管理）。这一一体化生态系统为车辆製造、电池和推进系统供应、复合材料、充电基础设施、飞行员培训、地面基础设施和监管认证等各个环节创造了机会。

目前，四大主流电动垂直起降飞行器（eVTOL）架构主导整个产业。多旋翼设计（EHang、Volocopter）优先考虑短程城市交通的简易性。升力+巡航设计（BETA Technologies、Wisk Aero）将垂直起降与前飞分离，以提高巡航效率。向量推力设计，包括倾转旋翼（Joby Aviation、Archer Aviation）和倾转翼（Lilium、Dufour Aerospace），可提供最大的航程和速度，但也增加了复杂性。市场从小型空中计程车扩展到更广泛的领域。中国新创公司AutoFlight成功展示了一款5吨级的eVTOL，其最大起飞重量为5700公斤，可搭载多达10名乘客，证明该技术可扩展应用于区域间旅行、重型物流和紧急应变等领域。

空中交通管理（AAM）市场涵盖多种出行模式，在这些模式中，电动垂直起降飞行器（eVTOL）相较于地面交通工具具有竞争优势：城市私人包机（8-16 公里）、区域共乘（40-80 公里）、次区域穿梭（100-160 公里）、区域共乘（50-100 公里）以及空中救护。经济分析表明，eVTOL 解决方案的优势在 40-160 公里范围内最为显着，因为在该范围内，地面交通壅塞会抵消速度优势。

预计到2030年，载人城市空中交通（UAM）市场规模约为 10亿美元，到2050年将成长至每年 900亿美元，届时全球将有 16万架商用载人无人机投入运营。投资人信心显着，光是2020年上半年，电动垂直起降飞行器（eVTOL）新创公司的融资额就从2016年的4,000万美元飙升至9.07亿美元，预计到2025年将超过65亿美元。目前涌现出四种商业模式：垂直整合的系统提供者（如Joby和Lilium）、服务提供者（如Droniq和Vodafone）、硬体提供者（如劳斯莱斯和Skyports）以及将现有航班商品化的票务代理商。 电池技术仍然是最大的挑战。目前的锂离子电池能量密度为250-300Wh/kg，但商业化营运最终需要400-500Wh/kg或更高。从高镍NMC电池和硅负极到锂硫电池和固态电池等一系列技术路线图有望缩小这一差距。认证和监管是决定市场时机的关键因素。关键的监管框架包括 EASA SC-VTOL 框架、FAA 认证流程、CAAC 低空经济策略和 CAA 未来飞行挑战计画。型号认证的成本和耗时均超出预期，导致整个产业的商业化目标持续延误。

本报告深入分析了全球电动垂直起降飞行器（eVTOL）和下一代空中交通市场，全面评估了塑造这一新兴行业的技术、公司、投资和监管框架。

目录

第1章 执行摘要

• 范围和目标
• 电动垂直起降飞行器（eVTOL）和下一代空中交通的定义
• 空中交通生态系统： "5A" 框架 - 飞机、辅助服务、航空公司、机场和空域
• 市场规模与成长概述（2026-2036年）
• 产业整合加速
• 淘汰企业（2024-2025年）
• 倖存者：谁还在竞争？
• 现实检验：物理、经济与预期
• 监理环境
• 展望
• 主要市场驱动因素与限制因素
• 认证和监管进展资讯更新
• eVTOL 销售预测摘要（台数）（2026-2036年）
• eVTOL 电池需求预测摘要（单位：GWh）（2026-2036年）
• eVTOL 市场收入预测摘要（2026-2036年）
• 垂直起降场基础设施预测摘要
• 飞行员和劳动力需求预测

第2章 eVTOL 与下一代空中交通简介

• 什么是 eVTOL 飞机？
• 从城市空中交通（UAM）到下一代空中交通（AAM）
• 分散式电力推进：一项关键概念
• AAM 网路优势
• 电动垂直起降飞行器（eVTOL）应用：空中计程车、货运、空中救护和军事用途
• 目前通用航空：直升机和固定翼飞机
• 为什么直升机不适合大规模城市空中交通
• 全球直升机机队规模与通用航空市场规模
• 是什么让电动垂直起降飞行器（eVTOL）成为可能？
• 空中交通管理价值链与新兴生态系
• 电动垂直起降（eVTOL）空中计程车系统的关键问题、挑战与限制
• 美国国家航空暨太空总署（NASA）：城市空中交通（UAM）的挑战与限制

第3章 eVTOL 架构与设计

• 全球 eVTOL 飞机目录与地理分布
• 主要 eVTOL 架构概述
• 选择 eVTOL 架构：权衡与考量
• 多旋翼/旋翼机：飞行模式、主要公司、规格、优势和劣势
• 升力+巡航：飞行模式、主要公司、规格、优势和劣势
• 向量推力 - 倾转翼：飞行模式、主要公司、规格、优势和劣势
• 向量推力 - 倾转旋翼机：飞行模式、主要公司、规格、优势和劣势
• 电动垂直起降飞行器（eVTOL）设计的航程与巡航速度比较
• 各架构的悬停效率、碟片负载和巡航效率
• 复杂性、关键性和巡航性能
• eVTOL 架构的比较评估
• 载人与无人 eVTOL 试飞的进展
• 全尺寸示范机和型号认证的现状

第4章 行程应用案例与路线最佳化

• eVTOL 相对于地面交通具有竞争优势的领域
• 城市私人计程车：eVTOL 与计程车/叫车服务比较（8-16 公里）
• 乡村私人计程车：eVTOL 与私家车比较（16-40 公里）
• 乡村共乘：eVTOL 与多辆私家车比较（40-80 公里）
• 区域短程运输：eVTOL 与铁路运输对比（100-160 公里）
• 货物运输：eVTOL 与公路运输对比
• 空中救护：eVTOL 与直升机紧急救援服务比较（60-100 公里）
• 多旋翼 eVTOL 与无人驾驶计程车比较：10 公里、40 公里与 100 公里行程比较
• 向量推力 eVTOL 与无人驾驶计程车比较：100 公里行程
• 空中计程车时间优势背后的因素
• 关于空中计程车的结论节省时间及可行应用案例
• eVTOL 作为城市大众出行解决方案：可行性评估

第5章 总拥有成本与经济分析

• TCO分析方法
• eVTOL 与直升机运作成本比较
• eVTOL 飞行器初始成本分析
• eVTOL 运作期间的燃油成本降低
• 自主飞行的经济价值
• 总拥有成本分析：eVTOL 滑行（基准情境）每 50 公里行程（美元）
• 总拥有成本分析：每 15 公里行程 - 多旋翼 eVTOL 设计
• 敏感度分析：电池成本与效能
• 敏感度分析：初始成本/基础设施成本
• 敏感度分析：平均行程距离
• 敏感度分析：eVTOL 高/低资本成本
• 敏感度分析：飞行时间缩短和前往垂直起降场的行程时间增加
• 敏感度分析：早期自主飞行能力（2030年和2035年）
• 社会经济影响评估：直接/间接优势

第6章 融资、投资与商业模式

• 空中交通融资格局：过去与当前的趋势
• eVTOL 原始设备製造商（OEM）完成大规模融资
• 策略投资者：航空航太与汽车 OEM
• eVTOL OEM 必须应对充满挑战的投资环境
• eVTOL 商业兴趣：预订与意向书
• 典型商业模式：系统供应商、服务提供者、硬体提供者和票务代理商
• OEM 模式与垂直整合模式
• 整合与洗牌展望
• 新的製造工厂和生产计划
• 面向製造的设计（DfM）和大规模生产的挑战

第7章 航空航太与汽车供应商：eVTOL活动

• 航空航太公司参与电动垂直起降飞行器（eVTOL）领域
  • RTX Corporation
  • General Electric
  • SAFRAN
  • Rolls-Royce
  • Honeywell
• 汽车原始设备製造商（OEM）参与
• 复合材料供应商
• 供应链架构：内部生产与外包模式

第8章 eVTOL OEM 市场中的公司

• Joby Aviation
• Archer Aviation (and Stellantis Partnership)
• Lilium
• Volocopter (VoloCity)
• Vertical Aerospace
• EHang
• Wisk Aero
• Eve Air Mobility (Embraer)
• Supernal (Hyundai)
• Airbus (CityAirbus NextGen)
• SkyDrive
• Autoflight (Prosperity I)
• Jaunt Air Mobility
• Honda eVTOL
• 其他OEM厂商简介
• 各公司计画产能对比
• 主要OEM厂商的供应商合作关係

第9章 支持eVTOL发展的项目与举措

• Uber Elevate Legacy and Joby Aviation
• US Air Force：Agility Prime
• NASA：Advanced Air Mobility Mission and National Campaign
• Groupe ADP eVTOL Test Area (Paris 2024 and Beyond)
• China's Unmanned Civil Aviation Zones and Low-Altitude Economy Initiative
• Favourable Policies and Regulations Supporting China's UAM
• K-UAM Grand Challenge：South Korea
• UK Future Flight Challenge (FFC) and CAA Initiatives
• NEOM and Middle Eastern AAM Investments
• Varon Vehicles：UAM in Latin America
• Global Urban Air Mobility Radar：110+ Projects Worldwide

第10章 eVTOL 电池

• eVTOL 电池详情：电池三难困境
• eVTOL 电池需求清单与要求
• 重力能量密度（Wh/kg）在航空领域的重要性
• 用于电动垂直起降飞行器（eVTOL）的锂离子正负极基准测试
• 锂离子电池发展历程：技术与性能演进
• 硅负极在 eVTOL 应用的前景
• 航空电池组尺寸与能量密度考量
• 主要 eVTOL 原始设备製造商（OEM）电池规格
• eVTOL 电池：比能量和放电倍率
• 单体电池到电池组和模组化消除方案
• 超越锂离子电池：航空用锂硫电池
• 超越锂离子电池：锂金属电池和固态电池（SSB）
• 固态电池开发商
• 宁德时代（CATL）的浓缩电池和其他先进概念
• 电池技术发展预测（2026-2036年）（Wh/kg 路线图）
• 电动垂直起降飞行器（eVTOL）电池化学成分比较：NMC、NCA、LFP、SSB、Li-S
• 电池快速充电、电池更换和分散式模组
• 电动垂直起降飞行器（eVTOL）电池成本分析与展望
• 电动垂直起降飞行器（eVTOL）电池供应链
• 主要电池供应商
• 电动垂直起降飞行器（eVTOL）电池需求预测（2026-2036年）（GWh）
• 电动垂直起降飞行器（eVTOL）电池市场收入预测（2026-2036年）

第11章 电动垂直起降飞行器（eVTOL）充电标准与能源基础设施

• AAM 市场竞争充电标准
• 全球电动航空充电系统（GEACS）
• BETA Technologies 充电（基于 CCS）
• EPS 充电解决方案
• 电网功率需求垂直起降场充电
• 适用于偏远垂直起降场的离网和再生能源解决方案

第12章 燃料电池与混合动力电动垂直起降飞行器

• 航空领域的氢能应用方案
• 氢动力飞机所需的关键系统
• 电动垂直起降飞行器的质子交换膜燃料电池
• 氢动力航空企业展望
• 燃料电池电动垂直起降飞行器：公司与规格
• 阻碍氢动力航空发展的挑战
• 氢燃料电池电动垂直起降飞行器的结论
• 混合动力推进系统：串连架构
• 混合动力系统最佳化
• 电动车续航里程与燃料电池及混合动力系统的比较
• 混合动力推进：涡轮机和活塞发动机
• Honda的电动垂直起降飞行器混合动力推进系统系统
• 混合动力垂直起降飞行器结论

第13章 马达与推进系统

• 电动垂直起降飞行器马达/动力系统需求
• 电动垂直起降飞行器马达功率尺寸及千瓦估算
• 马达和分散式电力推进
• 马达数量：依电动垂直起降飞行器设计划分
• 马达设计：牵引马达类型概述
• 马达效率比较：永磁同步马达（PMSM）与无刷直流马达（BLDC）
• 径向磁通电机与轴向磁通电机
• 为什么选择轴向磁通马达用于电动垂直起降飞行器？
• 轴向磁通电机公司列表及基准测试
• 主要马达供应商
• 功率密度与扭力密度比较：航空电机
• 电力电子：用于电动垂直起降飞行器（eVTOL）MOSFET 和高压平台的碳化硅（SiC）

第14章 复合材料与轻量化

• 轻量化在电动垂直起降飞行器（eVTOL）设计中的重要性
• 轻量化材料比较
• 复合材料简介：纤维、树脂和增强材料
• 电动垂直起降飞行器的碳纤维增强聚合物（CFRP）
• 玻璃纤维与热塑性复合材料
• 电动垂直起降飞行器（eVTOL）复合材料要求
• 复合材料製造商的供应链
• 重要的电动垂直起降飞行器（eVTOL）复合材料合作伙伴
• 大规模生产的关键复合材料挑战电动垂直起降飞行器（eVTOL）

第15章 自主性、航空电子设备与软体

• 从有人驾驶到自主eVTOL的路线图
• 飞行员需求与技能水准的演变（2026-2036）
• 探测与规避（DAA）系统
• 超视距（BVLOS）能力
• 人工智慧赋能的自主飞行系统
• eVTOL的软体定义方法：从汽车产业的SDV转型中汲取的经验教训
• eVTOL的感测器融合与感知系统
• 网路安全与空中交通管理（AAM）考虑因素

第16章 法规与认证

• eVTOL认证概论
• 欧盟航空安全局（欧洲航空安全局）
• EASA 特殊条件：SC-VTOL 与认证类别
• EASA EUROCAE 工作小组
• 美国联邦航空管理局（FAA）认证途径
• 中国民用航空局（CAAC）与低空经济成长政策
• 英国民航局（CAA）与 FFC 与 EASA/FAA 的合作
• 国家航空管理局（NAA）网路：英国、澳洲、加拿大、纽西兰和美国
• 设计机构授权（DOA）和生产机构授权（POA）
• 航空业者证书（AOC）和航空企业的监管要求
• 寻求 eVTOL 开发和监管批准的公司：状态追踪器
• 不断变化的飞行员执照和训练要求
• 噪音、环境与安全法规
• 首架 eVTOL 空中计程车何时到来？评估延误的时间表

第17章 垂直起降场与地面基础设施

• 电动垂直起降飞行器（eVTOL）基础设施需求：概述
• 垂直起降场概念：从基本停机坪到全方位服务枢纽
• 垂直起降场节点网路设计
• 开发垂直起降场的公司
• 垂直起降场设计概念
• Lilium 可扩展垂直起降场
• BETA Technologies 充电平台
• 亿航电子港
• 垂直起降场技术挑战：房地产、规划许可和多用途设施
• 垂直起降场安全：生物辨识处理、行李处理与反无人机
• 垂直起降场预测：2026-2036年所需数量
• "先有鸡还是先有蛋" 的问题：垂直起降场在获得认证之前飞行器

第18章 空中交通管理与空域融合

• 电动垂直起降飞行器（eVTOL）城市空中交通管理（UATM）要求
• UTM/ATM融合：有人驾驶与无人驾驶交通的融合
• NASA/FAA城市空中交通运行概念（ConOps）
• 欧洲UTM框架与标准化
• 通讯基础设施：5G、低延迟网路与冗余
• 数位基础设施与无人机运作中心
• UTM标准的全球碎片化

第19章 公众认知、安全与社会许可

• 民众对空中交通管理（AAM）的接受度：调查资料与趋势
• 欧洲航空安全局（EASA）认知研究
• 英国民众对无人机和空中交通管理（AAM）的认知
• 安全性以及安全考量
• 噪音影响和社区担忧
• 建立社会许可：参与策略与政府举措
• 商用无人机运作在未来航空标准化中的作用

第20章 与邻近市场的整合

• 电动垂直起降飞行器（eVTOL）和更广泛的无人机市场：平台融合
• 货运无人机与大型自主飞行器
• 电动常规起降飞行器（eCTOL）
• 软体定义车辆与跨界技术
• 与自动驾驶车辆（无人驾驶计程车）的竞争与互补
• 多式联运一体化与旅游即服务（MaaS）
• 低空经济：中国的战略框架

第21章 区域市场分析

• 北美：美国和加拿大
• 欧洲：欧盟、英国、欧洲自由贸易联盟
• 亚太地区：中国、韩国、日本、东南亚、澳洲
• 中东：阿拉伯联合大公国、沙乌地阿拉伯（NEOM）、海湾国家
• 拉丁美洲
• 非洲
• 区域监管对比和市场准入时间表

第22章 市场预测（2026-2036）

• 预测方法与假设
• 全球电动垂直起降飞行器（eVTOL）空中计程车销售预测（2026-2036）
• 依地区/经济体划分的eVTOL销售预测
• 依架构类型划分的eVTOL收入预测
• 依应用领域（空中计程车、货运、空中救护、军事）划分的eVTOL收入预测
• 替换与新增需求：机队生命週期分析
• eVTOL空中计程车电池需求预测（2026-2036）
• eVTOL市场收入预测（2026-2036）
• 垂直起降场部署预测（2026-2036）
• 劳动力与飞行员需求预测（2026-2036）

第23章 结论

• 市场展望概要
• 主要发现
• 策略建议

第24章 公司简介

• eVTOL OEM 厂商简介（29 家公司简介）
• 所有权 eVTOL 业务的航空航太一级供应商（6 家公司简介）
• 电池和储能供应商（12 家公司简介）
• 电机与推进系统供应商（8 家公司简介）
• 复合材料与轻量化供应商（4 家公司简介）
• 垂直起降场与基础设施开发商（5 家公司简介）
• 空中交通管理和数位基础设施提供者（6 家公司简介）
• 投资 eVTOL 的汽车 OEM 厂商（6 家公司简介）
• 飞机租赁和机队运营商
• 货运无人机和整合 AAM 公司（5 家公司简介）
• 充电基础设施供应商
• 氢能和燃料电池系统供应商

第25章 附录

第26章 参考文献

The electric vertical take-off and landing (eVTOL) and Advanced Air Mobility (AAM) market represents one of the most significant emerging sectors in global transportation, positioned at the convergence of aerospace engineering, electric propulsion, battery technology, autonomous systems, and digital infrastructure. What began as a conceptual vision - catalysed by Uber Technologies' 2016 "Uber Elevate" announcement - has evolved into a multi-billion-dollar industry attracting investment from aerospace giants, automotive OEMs, technology companies, and sovereign wealth funds.

The market encompasses far more than the aircraft themselves. It is best understood through the "5As" ecosystem framework: Aircraft, Ancillary services (MRO), Airlines (operators), Airports (vertiport infrastructure), and Airspace (air traffic management). This integrated ecosystem generates opportunities across vehicle manufacturing, battery and propulsion supply, composite materials, charging infrastructure, pilot training, ground infrastructure, and regulatory certification.

The industry has coalesced around four principal eVTOL architectures. Multicopter designs (EHang, Volocopter) prioritise simplicity for short urban journeys. Lift+cruise configurations (BETA Technologies, Wisk Aero) separate vertical lift and forward flight for improved cruise efficiency. Vectored thrust designs - tiltrotor (Joby Aviation, Archer Aviation) and tiltwing (Lilium, Dufour Aerospace) - offer the greatest range and speed but increased complexity. The market is now scaling beyond small air taxis; Chinese start-up AutoFlight has demonstrated a five-tonne-class eVTOL carrying up to 10 passengers with 5,700 kg maximum take-off weight, validating that the technology can extend to regional travel, heavy logistics, and emergency response.

The AAM market addresses multiple journey types where eVTOL holds competitive advantage over ground transport: urban private hire (8-16 km), rural rideshare (40-80 km), sub-regional shuttle (100-160 km), cargo delivery (50-100 km), and air ambulance operations. Economic analysis demonstrates eVTOL solutions become most compelling at 40-160 km distances where ground congestion erodes speed advantages of surface transport.

The passenger UAM market is projected to grow from approximately US$1 billion around 2030 to US$90 billion annually by 2050, with 160,000 commercial passenger drones in operation worldwide. Investor confidence has been remarkable - funding in eVTOL startups grew from US$40 million in 2016 to US$907 million in the first half of 2020 alone, and in 2025 exceeded $6.5 billion. Four business model archetypes are emerging: system providers seeking vertical integration (Joby, Lilium), service providers (Droniq, Vodafone), hardware providers (Rolls-Royce, Skyports), and ticket brokers commoditising available flights.

Battery technology remains the foremost challenge: current lithium-ion cells deliver 250-300 Wh/kg, but commercially viable operations ultimately require 400-500+ Wh/kg. A roadmap from high-nickel NMC and silicon anodes through lithium-sulfur and solid-state batteries is expected to close this gap. Certification and regulation represent the single greatest determinant of market timing - EASA's SC-VTOL framework, the FAA's certification pathways, CAAC's low-altitude economy strategy, and the UK CAA's Future Flight Challenge programme are the principal regulatory frameworks. Type certification has proven more costly and time-consuming than projected, causing a series of postponed commercialisation targets across the industry.

The market is developing at different speeds globally. North America leads in OEM development and regulatory progress. Europe benefits from EASA's proactive framework. China is emerging as a potentially dominant market through national low-altitude economy policy. The Middle East is investing heavily as part of smart city strategies. New ground infrastructure - vertiports ranging from basic landing pads to full-service urban hubs - requires substantial investment ahead of fleet deployment, creating a "chicken and egg" challenge.

The eVTOL market is entering a critical phase. First commercial air taxi services are expected in 2026-2028, initially at premium price points with limited route networks. The subsequent decade will determine whether the industry achieves the scale economics, autonomous capability, and public acceptance necessary to transition from niche service to mass mobility solution.

The electric vertical take-off and landing (eVTOL) and Advanced Air Mobility (AAM) market is poised for transformative growth over the next decade, driven by converging advances in battery technology, electric propulsion, autonomous systems, composite materials, and digital airspace infrastructure. This comprehensive market research report provides in-depth analysis of the entire eVTOL ecosystem - from aircraft architectures and total cost of ownership through to vertiport infrastructure, air traffic management, regulation, and 10-year market forecasts to 2036.

The report examines the market through the "5As" ecosystem framework providing a holistic assessment of the technologies, companies, investments, and regulatory frameworks shaping this emerging industry. With passenger UAM revenues projected to reach US$90 billion annually by 2050 and first commercial air taxi services expected from 2026-2028, the report delivers the market intelligence needed by investors, OEMs, suppliers, infrastructure developers, regulators, and strategic planners to navigate this rapidly evolving sector.

Four principal eVTOL architectures are assessed in detail - multicopter, lift+cruise, tiltwing, and tiltrotor - with specifications, performance benchmarks, and comparative analysis across range, speed, hover efficiency, noise, and certification complexity. Six journey use cases are modelled with full economic analysis comparing eVTOL against ground transport alternatives including robotaxis, covering urban private hire, rural rideshare, sub-regional shuttle, cargo delivery, and air ambulance operations.

The battery technology chapter provides extensive coverage of lithium-ion cathode and anode chemistries, silicon anodes, lithium-sulfur, solid-state batteries, and cell-to-pack architectures, with energy density roadmaps and cost trajectories to 2036. Dedicated chapters cover electric motors and propulsion systems (axial flux vs. radial flux, SiC power electronics), composite materials and lightweighting (CFRP, glass fibre, thermoplastics), charging standards (GEACS, CCS), and fuel cell and hybrid-electric powertrains.

Regulation and certification analysis spans EASA SC-VTOL, FAA Part 21/23/135, CAAC low-altitude economy policy, UK CAA Future Flight Challenge, and global certification timeline tracking. Regional market analysis covers North America, Europe, Asia-Pacific, Middle East, Latin America, and Africa with regulatory comparison matrices and market entry timelines.

Report contents include:

• Executive summary with key market metrics and forecast summaries
• eVTOL architecture analysis: multicopter, lift+cruise, tiltwing, tiltrotor specifications and benchmarking
• Six journey use case models with cost, time, and emissions comparisons
• Total cost of ownership analysis with extensive sensitivity modelling
• Funding, investment trends, business model archetypes, and consolidation outlook
• Battery technology deep-dive: Li-ion, silicon anode, Li-S, solid-state, cost and energy density roadmaps
• Electric motor and propulsion system analysis: axial flux, radial flux, power electronics
• Composite materials: CFRP, supply chain, manufacturing challenges
• Charging standards and energy infrastructure
• Fuel cell and hybrid-electric propulsion systems
• Autonomy roadmap, AI flight systems, sensor fusion, cybersecurity
• Regulation and certification: EASA, FAA, CAAC, UK CAA, timeline tracking
• Vertiport infrastructure: design concepts, forecasts, security requirements
• Air traffic management and UTM/ATM integration
• Public perception, noise impact, and social licence
• Convergence with drones, eCTOL, robotaxis, MaaS, and China's low-altitude economy
• Regional market analysis: six regions with regulatory comparison
• 10-year market forecasts: unit sales, revenue, battery demand, vertiport deployment, workforce
• Scenario analysis: conservative, base case, and optimistic
• 174 tables, 95 figures, 120+ company profiles

Companies profiled (alphabetical order) include but are not limited to Acodyne, AeroMobil, Air (AIR), Airbus, AltoVolo, Amprius, Archer Aviation, Ascendance Flight Technologies, Autoflight, Avolon, Bell Textron, BETA Technologies, CATL, CORGAN, CycloTech, Daimler (Mercedes-Benz Group), Deutsche Flugsicherung, Deutsche Telekom, Diehl Aviation, Doosan Mobility Innovation, Doroni Aerospace, Dronamics, Droniq, Dufour Aerospace, EHang, Electric Power Systems (EPS), Elroy Air, Embention, EMRAX, Enpower Greentech, Enovix, ePropelled, ERC System, Eve Air Mobility, Factorial Energy, Geely, General Electric (GE Aerospace), GKN Aerospace, Group14 Technologies, Groupe ADP, H3X, HES Energy Systems, Hexcel, Honda, Honeywell, Hyundai Motor Group, Intelligent Energy, Ionblox, Jaunt Air Mobility, Joby Aviation, Lilium, Lyten, MAGicALL, magniX, MGM COMPRO, Molicel, Monumo, MVRDV, Natilus, Overair, Pipistrel/Textron eAviation, QuantumScape and more.......

TABLE OF CONTENTS

1 EXECUTIVE SUMMARY

• 1.1 Report Scope and Objectives
• 1.2 Defining eVTOL and Advanced Air Mobility
• 1.3 The AAM Ecosystem: The "5As" Framework - Aircraft, Ancillary, Airline, Airport, Airspace
• 1.4 Market Size and Growth Summary 2026-2036
• 1.5 Industry Consolidation Accelerates
• 1.6 The Casualties: 2024-2025
• 1.7 The Survivors: Who Remains in the Race
  • 1.7.1 Tier 1 - Approaching FAA Certification
  • 1.7.2 Tier 2 - Earlier-Stage but Well-Funded
  • 1.7.3 Chinese Leaders - Operational but Geographically Constrained
• 1.8 The Reality Check: Physics, Economics, and Expectations
• 1.9 Regulatory Landscape
• 1.10 Outlook
• 1.11 Key Market Drivers and Restraints
• 1.12 Certification and Regulatory Progress Update
• 1.13 eVTOL Unit Sales Forecast Summary (Units) 2026-2036
• 1.14 eVTOL Battery Demand Forecast Summary (GWh) 2026-2036
• 1.15 eVTOL Market Revenue Forecast Summary (US$ billion) 2026-2036
• 1.16 Vertiport Infrastructure Forecast Summary
• 1.17 Pilot and Workforce Requirements Forecast

2 INTRODUCTION TO eVTOL AND ADVANCED AIR MOBILITY

• 2.1 What is an eVTOL Aircraft?
• 2.2 From Urban Air Mobility (UAM) to Advanced Air Mobility (AAM)
• 2.3 Distributed Electric Propulsion: The Enabling Concept
• 2.4 Advantages of AAM Networks
• 2.5 eVTOL Applications: Air Taxi, Cargo, Air Ambulance, Military
• 2.6 Current General Aviation Aircraft: Helicopters and Fixed-Wing
• 2.7 Why Helicopters Are Not Suitable for UAM at Scale
• 2.8 Worldwide Helicopter Fleet and General Aviation Market Size
• 2.9 What is Making eVTOL Possible Now?
• 2.10 The AAM Value Chain and Emerging Ecosystem
• 2.11 Key Issues, Challenges, and Constraints for eVTOL Air Taxis
• 2.12 NASA: UAM Challenges and Constraints

3 eVTOL ARCHITECTURES AND DESIGN

• 3.1 World eVTOL Aircraft Directory and Geographical Distribution
• 3.2 Main eVTOL Architectures Overview
• 3.3 eVTOL Architecture Choice: Trade-Offs and Considerations
• 3.4 Multicopter/Rotorcraft: Flight Modes, Key Players, Specifications, Benefits and Drawbacks
• 3.5 Lift + Cruise: Flight Modes, Key Players, Specifications, Benefits and Drawbacks
• 3.6 Vectored Thrust - Tiltwing: Flight Modes, Key Players, Specifications, Benefits and Drawbacks
• 3.7 Vectored Thrust - Tiltrotor: Flight Modes, Key Players, Specifications, Benefits and Drawbacks
• 3.8 Range and Cruise Speed Comparison Across Electric eVTOL Designs
• 3.9 Hover Lift Efficiency, Disc Loading, and Cruise Efficiency by Architecture
• 3.10 Complexity, Criticality, and Cruise Performance
• 3.11 Comparative Assessment of eVTOL Architectures
• 3.12 Manned and Unmanned eVTOL Test Flight Progress
• 3.13 Full-Scale Demonstrators and Type-Conforming Aircraft Status

4 JOURNEY USE CASES AND ROUTE OPTIMISATION

• 4.1 Where eVTOL Has a Competitive Advantage Over Ground Transport
• 4.2 Urban Private Hire: eVTOL vs. Taxi/Ride-Hailing (8-16 km)
• 4.3 Rural Private Hire: eVTOL vs. Private Car (16-40 km)
• 4.4 Rural Rideshare: eVTOL vs. Multiple Private Cars (40-80 km)
• 4.5 Sub-Regional Shuttle: eVTOL vs. Rail (100-160 km)
• 4.6 Cargo Delivery: eVTOL vs. Road Transport (Middle-Mile, 50-100 km)
• 4.7 Air Ambulance: eVTOL vs. Helicopter Emergency Services (60-100 km)
• 4.8 Multicopter eVTOL vs. Robotaxi: 10 km, 40 km, and 100 km Journey Comparisons
• 4.9 Vectored Thrust eVTOL vs. Robotaxi: 100 km Journey
• 4.10 Important Factors for Air Taxi Time Advantage
• 4.11 Conclusions on Air Taxi Time Saving and Viable Use Cases
• 4.12 eVTOL as an Urban Mass Mobility Solution: Feasibility Assessment

5 TOTAL COST OF OWNERSHIP AND ECONOMIC ANALYSIS

• 5.1 TCO Analysis Methodology
• 5.2 eVTOL vs. Helicopter Operating Cost Comparison
• 5.3 eVTOL Aircraft Upfront Cost Analysis (Pound 3m-Pound 5m Range)
• 5.4 eVTOL Operational Fuel Cost Savings
• 5.5 The Economic Value of Autonomous Flight
• 5.6 TCO Analysis: eVTOL Taxi US$/50 km Trip (Base Case)
• 5.7 TCO Analysis: US$/15 km Trip - Multicopter eVTOL Design
• 5.8 Sensitivity Analysis: Battery Cost and Performance
• 5.9 Sensitivity Analysis: Upfront/Infrastructure Cost
• 5.10 Sensitivity Analysis: Average Trip Length
• 5.11 Sensitivity Analysis: Higher/Lower eVTOL Capital Costs
• 5.12 Sensitivity Analysis: Reduced Flying Window and Increased Vertiport Travel Time
• 5.13 Sensitivity Analysis: Earlier Autonomous Capability (2030 vs. 2035)
• 5.14 Socio-Economic Impact Assessment: Direct and Indirect Benefits

6 FUNDING, INVESTMENT, AND BUSINESS MODELS

• 6.1 Air Mobility Funding Landscape: Historical and Current Trends
• 6.2 eVTOL OEMs Attracting Large Funding Rounds
• 6.3 Strategic Investors: Aerospace and Automotive OEMs
• 6.4 eVTOL OEMs Will Have to Weather a Tougher Investor Climate
• 6.5 eVTOL Commercial Interest: Pre-Orders and Letters of Intent
• 6.6 Business Model Archetypes: System Providers, Service Providers, Hardware Providers, Ticket Brokers
• 6.7 OEM Model vs. Vertically Integrated Model
• 6.8 Consolidation and Shake-Out Outlook
• 6.9 New Manufacturing Facilities and Production Plans
• 6.10 Design for Manufacture (DfM) and High-Volume Production Challenges

7 AEROSPACE AND AUTOMOTIVE SUPPLIERS: eVTOL ACTIVITY

• 7.1 Aerospace Companies eVTOL Involvement
  • 7.1.1 RTX Corporation
  • 7.1.2 General Electric
  • 7.1.3 SAFRAN
  • 7.1.4 Rolls-Royce
  • 7.1.5 Honeywell
• 7.2 Automotive OEM Involvement
• 7.3 Composite Material Suppliers
• 7.4 Supply Chain Structure: Insource vs. Outsource Models

8 eVTOL OEM MARKET PLAYERS

• 8.1 Joby Aviation
• 8.2 Archer Aviation (and Stellantis Partnership)
• 8.3 Lilium
• 8.4 Volocopter (VoloCity)
• 8.5 Vertical Aerospace
• 8.6 EHang
• 8.7 Wisk Aero
• 8.8 Eve Air Mobility (Embraer)
• 8.9 Supernal (Hyundai)
• 8.10 Airbus (CityAirbus NextGen)
• 8.11 SkyDrive
• 8.12 Autoflight (Prosperity I)
• 8.13 Jaunt Air Mobility
• 8.14 Honda eVTOL
• 8.15 Additional OEM Profiles
• 8.16 Players' Planned Production Capacity Comparison
• 8.17 Key Supplier Partnerships by OEM

9 PROGRAMS AND INITIATIVES SUPPORTING eVTOL DEVELOPMENT

• 9.1 Uber Elevate Legacy and Joby Aviation
• 9.2 US Air Force: Agility Prime
• 9.3 NASA: Advanced Air Mobility Mission and National Campaign
• 9.4 Groupe ADP eVTOL Test Area (Paris 2024 and Beyond)
• 9.5 China's Unmanned Civil Aviation Zones and Low-Altitude Economy Initiative
• 9.6 Favourable Policies and Regulations Supporting China's UAM
• 9.7 K-UAM Grand Challenge: South Korea
• 9.8 UK Future Flight Challenge (FFC) and CAA Initiatives
• 9.9 NEOM and Middle Eastern AAM Investments
• 9.10 Varon Vehicles: UAM in Latin America
• 9.11 Global Urban Air Mobility Radar: 110+ Projects Worldwide

10 BATTERIES FOR eVTOL

• 10.1 Battery Specifics for eVTOLs: The Battery Trilemma
• 10.2 eVTOL Battery Wish List and Requirements
• 10.3 Importance of Gravimetric Energy Density (Wh/kg) for Aviation
• 10.4 Li-ion Cathode and Anode Benchmarking for eVTOL
• 10.5 Li-ion Timeline: Technology and Performance Evolution
• 10.6 The Promise of Silicon Anodes for eVTOL Applications
• 10.7 Aerospace Battery Pack Sizing and Energy Density Considerations
• 10.8 Battery Specifications of Leading eVTOL OEMs
• 10.9 eVTOL Batteries: Specific Energy vs. Discharge Rates
• 10.10 Cell-to-Pack and Module Elimination Approaches
• 10.11 Beyond Li-ion: Lithium-Sulfur Batteries for Aviation
• 10.12 Beyond Li-ion: Lithium-Metal and Solid-State Batteries (SSB)
• 10.13 Solid-State Battery Developers
• 10.14 CATL Condensed Battery and Other Advanced Concepts
• 10.15 Battery Technology Evolution Forecast: 2026-2036 (Wh/kg Roadmap)
• 10.16 Battery Chemistry Comparison for eVTOL: NMC, NCA, LFP, SSB, Li-S
• 10.17 Battery Fast Charging, Battery Swapping, and Distributed Modules
• 10.18 eVTOL Battery Cost Analysis and Trajectory
• 10.19 eVTOL Battery Supply Chain
• 10.20 Key Battery Suppliers
• 10.21 eVTOL Battery Demand Forecast 2026-2036 (GWh)
• 10.22 eVTOL Battery Market Revenue Forecast 2026-2036 (US$ million)

11 CHARGING STANDARDS AND ENERGY INFRASTRUCTURE FOR eVTOL

• 11.1 Competing Charging Standards in the AAM Market
• 11.2 Global Electric Aviation Charging System (GEACS)
• 11.3 BETA Technologies Charging (CCS-Based)
• 11.4 EPS Charging Solutions
• 11.5 Grid Power Requirements for Vertiport Charging
• 11.6 Off-Grid and Renewable Energy Solutions for Remote Vertiports

12 FUEL CELL AND HYBRID eVTOL

• 12.1 Options for Hydrogen Use in Aviation
• 12.2 Key Systems Needed for Hydrogen Aircraft
• 12.3 Proton Exchange Membrane Fuel Cells for eVTOL
• 12.4 Hydrogen Aviation Company Landscape
• 12.5 Fuel Cell eVTOL: Players and Specifications
• 12.6 Challenges Hindering Hydrogen Aviation
• 12.7 Conclusions for Hydrogen Fuel Cell eVTOL
• 12.8 Hybrid Propulsion Systems: Series and Parallel Architectures
• 12.9 Hybrid Systems Optimisation
• 12.10 All-Electric Range vs. Fuel Cell and Hybrid Powertrains
• 12.11 Hybrid Propulsion: Turbines and Piston Engines
• 12.12 Honda eVTOL Hybrid-Electric Propulsion System
• 12.13 Conclusions for Hybrid eVTOL

13 ELECTRIC MOTORS AND PROPULSION SYSTEMS

• 13.1 eVTOL Motor/Powertrain Requirements
• 13.2 eVTOL Aircraft Motor Power Sizing and kW Estimates
• 13.3 Electric Motors and Distributed Electric Propulsion
• 13.4 Number of Electric Motors by eVTOL Design
• 13.5 Electric Motor Designs: Summary of Traction Motor Types
• 13.6 Motor Efficiency Comparison: PMSM vs. BLDC
• 13.7 Radial Flux vs. Axial Flux Motors
• 13.8 Why Axial Flux Motors for eVTOL?
• 13.9 List of Axial Flux Motor Players and Benchmark
• 13.10 Key Motor Suppliers
• 13.11 Power Density and Torque Density Comparison: Motors for Aviation
• 13.12 Power Electronics: SiC MOSFETs and High-Voltage Platforms for eVTOL

14 COMPOSITE MATERIALS AND LIGHTWEIGHTING

• 14.1 The Importance of Lightweighting in eVTOL Design
• 14.2 Comparison of Lightweight Materials
• 14.3 Introduction to Composite Materials: Fibres, Resins, and Reinforcements
• 14.4 Carbon Fibre Reinforced Polymer (CFRP) for eVTOL
• 14.5 Glass Fibres and Thermoplastic Composites
• 14.6 eVTOL Composite Material Requirements
• 14.7 Supply Chain for Composite Manufacturers
• 14.8 Key eVTOL-Composite Partnerships
• 14.9 Key Challenges for Composites in High-Volume eVTOL Production

15 AUTONOMY, AVIONICS, AND SOFTWARE

• 15.1 The Roadmap from Piloted to Autonomous eVTOL Flight
• 15.2 Pilot Demand and Skill Level Evolution: 2026-2036
• 15.3 Detect and Avoid (DAA) Systems
• 15.4 Beyond Visual Line of Sight (BVLOS) Capabilities
• 15.5 AI-Powered Autonomous Flight Systems
• 15.6 Software-Defined Approaches for eVTOL: Lessons from the Automotive SDV Transition
• 15.7 Sensor Fusion and Perception Systems for eVTOL
• 15.8 Cybersecurity and Counter-AAM Considerations

16 REGULATION AND CERTIFICATION

• 16.1 Overview of the eVTOL Certification Landscape
• 16.2 European Union Aviation Safety Agency (EASA)
• 16.3 EASA Special Condition: SC-VTOL and Certification Categories
• 16.4 EASA EUROCAE Working Groups
• 16.5 US Federal Aviation Administration (FAA) Certification Pathways
• 16.6 Civil Aviation Administration of China (CAAC) and Low-Altitude Economy Policy
• 16.7 UK Civil Aviation Authority (CAA) and FFC Alignment with EASA/FAA
• 16.8 National Aviation Authority (NAA) Network: UK, Australia, Canada, New Zealand, USA
• 16.9 Design Organisation Authorisation (DOA) and Production Organisation Authorisation (POA)
• 16.10 Air Operator Certificates (AOC) and Airline Regulatory Requirements
• 16.11 Companies Pursuing eVTOL Development and Regulatory Approval: Status Tracker
• 16.12 Pilot Licensing and Training Requirements Evolution
• 16.13 Noise, Environmental, and Safety Regulations
• 16.14 When Will the First eVTOL Air Taxis Launch? Slipping Timelines Assessment

17 VERTIPORT AND GROUND INFRASTRUCTURE

• 17.1 eVTOL Infrastructure Requirements: Overview
• 17.2 Vertiport Concepts: From Basic Pads to Full-Service Hubs
• 17.3 Vertiport Nodal Network Design
• 17.4 Companies Developing Vertiports
• 17.5 Vertiport Design Concepts
• 17.6 Lilium Scalable Vertiports
• 17.7 BETA Technologies Recharge Pads
• 17.8 EHang E-Port
• 17.9 Vertiport Technical Challenges: Real Estate, Planning Permission, Multi-Type Accommodation
• 17.10 Vertiport Security: Biometric Processing, Baggage Handling, Counter-Drone
• 17.11 Vertiport Forecast: Units Required 2026-2036
• 17.12 The "Chicken and Egg" Problem: Vertiports Before Certified Aircraft

18 AIR TRAFFIC MANAGEMENT AND AIRSPACE INTEGRATION

• 18.1 eVTOL Urban Air Traffic Management (UATM) Requirements
• 18.2 UTM/ATM Integration: Combining Manned and Unmanned Traffic
• 18.3 NASA/FAA UAM Concept of Operations (ConOps)
• 18.4 European UTM Frameworks and Standardisation
• 18.5 Communication Infrastructure: 5G, Low-Latency Networks, and Redundancy
• 18.6 Digital Infrastructure and Drone Operation Centres
• 18.7 Global Fragmentation of UTM Standards

19 PUBLIC PERCEPTION, SAFETY, AND SOCIAL LICENCE

• 19.1 Public Acceptance of AAM: Survey Data and Trends
• 19.2 EASA Perception Studies
• 19.3 UK Public Perception of Drones and AAM
• 19.4 Safety and Security Considerations
• 19.5 Noise Impact and Community Concerns
• 19.6 Building Social Licence: Engagement Strategies and Government Initiatives
• 19.7 The Role of Commercial Drone Operations in Normalising Future Aviation

20 CONVERGENCE WITH ADJACENT MARKETS

• 20.1 eVTOL and the Broader Drone Market: Convergence of Platforms
• 20.2 Cargo Drones and Large Autonomous Aircraft
• 20.3 Electric Conventional Take-Off and Landing (eCTOL) Aircraft
• 20.4 Software-Defined Vehicles and Cross-Over Technologies
• 20.5 Autonomous Ground Vehicle (Robotaxi) Competition and Complementarity
• 20.6 Multimodal Transport Integration and Mobility-as-a-Service (MaaS)
• 20.7 The Low-Altitude Economy: China's Strategic Framework

21 REGIONAL MARKET ANALYSIS

• 21.1 North America: United States and Canada
• 21.2 Europe: EU, UK, and EFTA
• 21.3 Asia-Pacific: China, South Korea, Japan, Southeast Asia, Australia
• 21.4 Middle East: UAE, Saudi Arabia (NEOM), and Gulf States
• 21.5 Latin America
• 21.6 Africa
• 21.7 Regional Regulatory Comparison and Market Entry Timelines

22 MARKET FORECASTS 2026-2036

• 22.1 Forecast Methodology and Assumptions
• 22.2 Global eVTOL Air Taxi Sales Forecast 2026-2036 (Units)
• 22.3 eVTOL Sales Forecast by Region/Economy Size (Units)
• 22.4 eVTOL Sales Forecast by Architecture Type
• 22.5 eVTOL Sales Forecast by Application (Air Taxi, Cargo, Air Ambulance, Military)
• 22.6 Replacement Demand vs. New Demand: Fleet Lifecycle Analysis
• 22.7 eVTOL Air Taxi Battery Demand Forecast 2026-2036 (GWh)
• 22.8 eVTOL Market Revenue Forecast 2026-2036 (US$ Billion)
• 22.9 Vertiport Deployment Forecast 2026-2036
• 22.10 Workforce and Pilot Demand Forecast 2026-2036

23 CONCLUSIONS

• 23.1 Market Outlook Summary
• 23.2 Key Findings
• 23.3 Strategic Recommendations

24 COMPANY PROFILES

• 24.1 eVTOL OEM Profiles (29 company profiles)
• 24.2 Aerospace Tier 1 Suppliers with eVTOL Activity (6 company profiles)
• 24.3 Battery and Energy Storage Suppliers (12 company profiles)
• 24.4 Electric Motor and Propulsion System Suppliers (8 company profiles)
• 24.5 Composite Material and Lightweighting Suppliers (4 company profiles)
• 24.6 Vertiport and Infrastructure Developers (5 company profiles)
• 24.7 Air Traffic Management and Digital Infrastructure Providers (6 company profiles)
• 24.8 Automotive OEMs with eVTOL Investments (6 company profiles)
• 24.9 Aircraft Leasing and Fleet Operators
• 24.10 Cargo Drone and Convergent AAM Companies (5 company profiles)
• 24.11 Charging Infrastructure Providers
• 24.12 Hydrogen and Fuel Cell System Suppliers

25 APPENDICES

• 25.1 Appendix A: Glossary of Terms and Acronyms
• 25.2 Appendix B: eVTOL OEM Certification Status Tracker (As of Q1 2026)
• 25.3 Appendix C: Forecast Data Tables - Detailed Annual Breakdowns
• 25.4 Appendix D: UK AAM Economic Impact Model Summary
• 25.5 Appendix E: Battery Technology Roadmap for eVTOL Aviation
• 25.6 Appendix F: Regulatory Framework Reference Guide
• 25.7 Appendix G: Methodology Notes

26 REFERENCES

List of Tables

• Table 1. Key Definitions: eVTOL, UAM, AAM, and Related Terminology
• Table 2. Global eVTOL and AAM Market Summary: Key Metrics 2026-2036
• Table 3. Key Market Drivers and Restraints Summary
• Table 4. eVTOL Certification Status Tracker: Leading OEMs (as of 2026)
• Table 5. eVTOL Air Taxi Battery Demand Forecast 2026-2036 (GWh)
• Table 6. eVTOL Air Taxi Market Revenue Forecast 2026-2036 (US$ billion)
• Table 7. Cumulative Vertiport Deployment Forecast 2026-2036 (Units)
• Table 8. Cumulative eVTOL and Pilot Forecast 2026-2036
• Table 9. Pilot Skill Level Evolution: 2026-2030, 2030-2034, 2035-2036
• Table 10. Advantages of AAM Networks vs. Traditional Aviation and Ground Transport
• Table 11. eVTOL Application Categories: Capacity, Range, and Distance Profiles
• Table 12. GAMA General Aviation Helicopter Sales and Market Size
• Table 13. Worldwide Helicopter Fleet by Region
• Table 14. GAMA General Aviation Airplane Sales by Type
• Table 15. Top 5 General Aviation OEMs by Airplane Type
• Table 16. eVTOL vs. Helicopter Comparison: Noise, Cost, Emissions, Complexity
• Table 17. Worldwide Helicopter Fleet by Region
• Table 18. Worldwide Helicopter Fleet by OEM
• Table 19. Convergence of Enabling Technologies for eVTOL
• Table 20. AAM Ecosystem Participant Map: Aircraft, Ancillary, Airline, Airport, Airspace
• Table 21. Key Challenges for eVTOL Air Taxis: Technical, Regulatory, Economic, Social
• Table 22. Geographical Distribution of eVTOL Projects Worldwide
• Table 23. World eVTOL Aircraft Directory: Number of Concepts by Region
• Table 24. eVTOL Architecture Selection Criteria: Range, Speed, Complexity, Noise, Efficiency
• Table 25. Multicopter/Rotorcraft Key Player Specifications (Range, Speed, Payload, Passengers)
• Table 26. Benefits and Drawbacks of Multicopter Architecture
• Table 27. Lift + Cruise Key Player Specifications
• Table 28. Benefits and Drawbacks of Lift + Cruise Architecture
• Table 29. Tiltwing Key Player Specifications
• Table 30. Benefits and Drawbacks of Tiltwing Architecture
• Table 31. Tiltrotor Key Player Specifications
• Table 32. Benefits and Drawbacks of Tiltrotor Architecture
• Table 33. Range vs. Cruise Speed Scatter Plot: Electric eVTOL Designs by Architecture
• Table 34. Hover Lift Efficiency and Disc Loading by eVTOL Architecture
• Table 35. Hover and Cruise Efficiency Comparison by Architecture Type
• Table 36. Hover and Cruise Efficiency Comparison - Quantitative Metrics by Architecture Type
• Table 37. Comprehensive Comparison of eVTOL Architectures: Multicopter, Lift+Cruise, Tiltwing, Tiltrotor
• Table 38. Manned Air Taxi eVTOL Test Flights: Dates, OEMs, Outcomes
• Table 39. Unmanned Air Taxi eVTOL Model Test Flights
• Table 40. Full-Scale Demonstrators and Type-Conforming Aircraft Status by OEM
• Table 41. eVTOL Competitive Advantage by Distance and Setting
• Table 42. Urban Private Hire Cost and Time Comparison
• Table 43. Rural Private Hire Cost and Time Comparison
• Table 44. Rural Rideshare Cost, Time, and Emissions Comparison
• Table 45. Rural Rideshare Sensitivity Analysis - eVTOL Cost Per Passenger by Operations Phase
• Table 46. Sub-Regional Shuttle Cost, Time, and Distance Comparison (12-seat eVTOL)
• Table 47. Cargo Delivery Cost and Emissions Comparison (350 kg payload)
• Table 48. Air Ambulance Journey: eVTOL vs. EC135 Helicopter
• Table 49. Air Ambulance Cost, Response Time, and CO2 Comparison
• Table 50. eVTOL Multicopter vs. Robotaxi: Journey Time and Cost at 10 km, 40 km, and 100 km
• Table 51. Journey Time Comparison: eVTOL vs. Robotaxi by Distance
• Table 52. Vectored Thrust eVTOL vs. Robotaxi: 100 km Journey Breakdown
• Table 53. Key Variables Affecting Air Taxi Time Advantage
• Table 54. Summary of Use Case Viability by Journey Type and Distance
• Table 55. eVTOL Mass Mobility Feasibility Scorecard
• Table 56. TCO Analysis Framework and Input Variables
• Table 57. eVTOL vs. Helicopter Operating Cost Comparison (US$/flight hour)
• Table 58. Operating Cost Breakdown: eVTOL vs. Helicopter
• Table 59. eVTOL Aircraft Price Estimates by OEM and Architecture
• Table 60. eVTOL Fuel Cost Savings vs. Conventional Aviation
• Table 61. Piloted vs. Autonomous eVTOL Cost Impact (US$/trip)
• Table 62. Impact of Autonomous Operation on TCO Over Time
• Table 63. TCO Breakdown: eVTOL Taxi US$/50 km Trip (Base Case)
• Table 64. TCO Breakdown: US$/15 km Trip (Multicopter)
• Table 65. TCO Sensitivity to Battery Cost (US$/kWh) and Energy Density (Wh/kg)
• Table 66. TCO Sensitivity to Aircraft Purchase Price and Infrastructure Cost
• Table 67. TCO Sensitivity to Average Trip Length (km)
• Table 68. TCO Impact: Pound 3m vs. Pound 5m vs. Pound 182k eVTOL Capital Cost Scenarios
• Table 69. Sensitivity Analysis: Decreased eVTOL Lifetime (10 Years vs. 5 Years)
• Table 70. TCO Impact of 10-Year vs. 5-Year eVTOL Lifetime
• Table 71. Economic Impact of Autonomous Capability in 2030 vs. 2035
• Table 72. Annual and Aggregate Socio-Economic Impact by Use Case
• Table 73. Investment in Passenger UAM Startups 2016-2026 (US$ million)
• Table 74. Cumulative Investment by OEM (Top 10, Through 2026 Estimated)
• Table 75. Largest eVTOL Funding Rounds to Date: Company, Round, Amount, Lead Investors
• Table 76. Strategic Automotive and Aerospace Investors in eVTOL
• Table 77. eVTOL Pre-Orders and Letters of Intent by OEM (Units and Value)
• Table 78. Four UAM Business Model Archetypes
• Table 79. Business Model Archetype Characteristics and Value Propositions
• Table 80. OEM Model (Vertical Aerospace-type) vs. Vertically Integrated Model (Joby/Volocopter-type)
• Table 81. Comparison of OEM vs. Vertically Integrated Business Models
• Table 82. Planned eVTOL Manufacturing Facilities: Location, Capacity, OEM, Timeline
• Table 83. Production Volume Targets by OEM and Year
• Table 84. Top 10 Aerospace Companies by Revenue and eVTOL-Related Activities
• Table 85. RTX Corporation eVTOL Technology Investments and Partnerships
• Table 86. Automotive OEM eVTOL Investments, Partnerships, and Strategic Rationale
• Table 87. Composite Material Supplier - eVTOL OEM Partnership Matrix
• Table 88. Key Single-Source Component Risks in eVTOL Supply Chains
• Table 89. Joby Aviation: Key Specifications, Funding, Certification Status, Partners
• Table 90. Archer Aviation: Key Specifications, Funding, Partners
• Table 91. Volocopter: Key Specifications, Certification Progress, Partners
• Table 92. Vertical Aerospace: Key Specifications, Key Suppliers
• Table 93. EHang: Key Specifications, Certification, Commercial Operations
• Table 94. Wisk Aero: Key Specifications, Autonomous Systems
• Table 95. Eve Air Mobility: Key Specifications, Suppliers, Partners
• Table 96. Supernal S-A2: Key Specifications
• Table 97. Airbus eVTOL Projects: Vahana, CityAirbus, CityAirbus NextGen
• Table 98. SkyDrive SD-05: Key Specifications, Funding, Certification
• Table 99. Additional eVTOL OEM Summary: Architecture, Country, Status, Backing
• Table 100. eVTOL OEM Planned Annual Production Capacity Comparison
• Table 101. Key Supplier Partnerships by eVTOL OEM (Propulsion, Battery, Composites, Avionics)
• Table 102. Uber Air Mission Profile and Vehicle Requirements
• Table 103. Agility Prime Participating Companies and Aircraft
• Table 104. China Low-Altitude Economy: Key Policy Milestones and Designated Test Zones
• Table 105. China UAM Policy and Regulatory Support Framework
• Table 106. UK FFC Funded AAM Projects
• Table 107. Middle Eastern AAM Investment Summary (NEOM, UAE, Saudi Arabia)
• Table 108. UAM Projects by Region: Americas, Europe, Asia-Pacific, Middle East, Africa
• Table 109. eVTOL Battery Wish List: Target Specifications
• Table 110. Airbus Minimum Battery Requirements for eVTOL
• Table 111. Uber Air Proposed Battery Requirements
• Table 112. Li-ion Cathode Chemistry Benchmark: NMC, NCA, LFP
• Table 113. Li-ion Anode Chemistry Benchmark: Graphite, Silicon, Lithium Metal
• Table 114. Silicon Anode Technology Status and Commercialisation Timeline
• Table 115. Battery Pack Size and Weight by eVTOL OEM
• Table 116. Battery Specifications by eVTOL OEM: Chemistry, Capacity (kWh), Energy Density (Wh/kg), Supplier
• Table 117. eVTOL Batteries: Specific Energy vs. Discharge Rate Trade-Off
• Table 118. Gravimetric Energy Density Improvement from Module Elimination
• Table 119. Li-S Battery Value Proposition for eVTOL Aviation
• Table 120. Li-S Battery Performance Characteristics vs. Li-ion for Aviation Applications
• Table 121. Thin Film vs. Bulk Solid-State Battery Comparison
• Table 122. Solid-State Battery Technology Approaches: Ceramic, Sulfide, Polymer, Hybrid
• Table 123. Solid-State Battery Developer Comparison
• Table 124. CATL Condensed Battery Specifications and Aviation Applicability
• Table 125. Battery Technology Evolution Forecast: Energy Density by Chemistry 2024-2036
• Table 126. Battery Chemistry Comparison for eVTOL: Energy Density, Cycle Life, Cost, Safety, Readiness
• Table 127. Charging Strategy Comparison: Fast Charging vs. Battery Swapping vs. Distributed Modules
• Table 128. eVTOL Battery Cost Projections by Chemistry
• Table 129. Key Battery Supplier Profiles: Product, Technology, eVTOL Customers
• Table 130. eVTOL Air Taxi Battery Demand Forecast 2026-2036 (GWh)
• Table 131. eVTOL Battery Market Revenue Forecast 2026-2036 (US$ million)
• Table 132. Competing eVTOL Charging Standards Comparison: GEACS, CCS, Proprietary
• Table 133. Estimated Grid Power Requirements by Vertiport Size (kW/MW)
• Table 134. Vertiport Power Demand Modelling: Peak vs. Average Load
• Table 135. Off-Grid Charging Technology Options for Remote Vertiports
• Table 136. Hydrogen Use Options in Aviation: Combustion, Fuel Cell, Hybrid
• Table 137. Key Systems Required for Hydrogen eVTOL Aircraft
• Table 138. PEM Fuel Cell Specifications for eVTOL Applications
• Table 139. Hydrogen Aviation Company Landscape: Fuel Cell and Combustion
• Table 140. Fuel Cell eVTOL Players: Aircraft, FC System, Range, Payload
• Table 141. Major Challenges for Hydrogen eVTOL: Infrastructure, Storage, Cost, Safety
• Table 142. Comparison of Technology Options: Battery, Fuel Cell, Hybrid
• Table 143. All-Electric Range Comparison - BEV, Fuel Cell, Series Hybrid, Parallel Hybrid (4-5 Seat eVTOL)
• Table 144. Turbine vs. Piston Engine Hybrid Options for eVTOL
• Table 145. Hybrid eVTOL SWOT Analysis
• Table 146. eVTOL Motor and Powertrain Key Requirements
• Table 147. eVTOL Power Requirement Estimates by Architecture and MTOW (kW)
• Table 148. Number of Electric Motors by eVTOL OEM and Architecture
• Table 149. Summary of Traction Motor Types: PMSM, BLDC, Induction, SRM
• Table 150. Comparison of Traction Motor Construction and Merits
• Table 151. Motor Efficiency Comparison Across Operating Range
• Table 152. Differences Between PMSM and BLDC Motors
• Table 153. Radial Flux vs. Axial Flux Motor Comparison: Power Density, Torque, Weight, Cost
• Table 154. Axial Flux Motor Advantages for eVTOL Applications
• Table 155. Axial Flux Motor Player List and Key Product Specifications
• Table 156. Benchmark of Commercial Axial Flux Motors: Power, Torque, Weight, Efficiency
• Table 157. Key Motor Supplier Profiles for eVTOL Applications
• Table 158. Power Density Comparison: Motors for Aviation (kW/kg)
• Table 159. Torque Density Comparison: Motors for Aviation (Nm/kg)
• Table 160. SiC vs. Si IGBT Inverter Comparison for eVTOL
• Table 161. Comparison of Lightweight Materials: Aluminium, Titanium, CFRP, GFRP
• Table 162. Cost-Adjusted Fibre Property Comparison
• Table 163. Comparison of Relative Fibre Properties
• Table 164. Resins Overview and Property Comparison: Thermosets vs. Thermoplastics
• Table 165. Glass Fibre and Thermoplastic Composite Applications in eVTOL
• Table 166. eVTOL Composite Material Requirements: Structural, Aerodynamic, Fire Resistance
• Table 167. eVTOL-Composite Supplier Partnership Matrix
• Table 168. Key Challenges for Composite Manufacturing at eVTOL Scale
• Table 169. Autonomy Level Definitions for eVTOL Aircraft
• Table 170. Pilot Skill Level Requirements by Time Period
• Table 171. Annual New eVTOLs and New Pilots Required 2026-2036
• Table 172. DAA Technology Options for eVTOL: Radar, Lidar, Optical, ADS-B
• Table 173. BVLOS Enablement Status by Region
• Table 174. SDV Technology Transfer from Automotive to eVTOL
• Table 175. Cybersecurity Threat Categories for eVTOL and UTM Systems
• Table 176. EASA eVTOL Certification Framework Summary
• Table 177. EASA SC-VTOL Certification Categories: Basic, Standard, Enhanced
• Table 178. FAA Certification Pathway for eVTOL: Part 21, Part 23, Part 135
• Table 179. CAAC Drone/eVTOL Classification System by Weight Category
• Table 180. China Low-Altitude Economy Key Policy Milestones
• Table 181. UK CAA eVTOL Regulatory Activity Summary
• Table 182. DOA and POA Status by eVTOL OEM
• Table 183. eVTOL Regulatory Approval Status Tracker: OEM, Authority, Status, Expected Date
• Table 184. Pilot Licensing Framework for eVTOL by Jurisdiction
• Table 185. Noise Level Comparison: eVTOL vs. Helicopter (dBA)
• Table 186. OEM Launch Timeline Slippage Analysis
• Table 187. Vertiport Tier Classification: Basic Landing Pad, Standard Terminal, Full-Service Hub
• Table 188. Vertiport Tier Concepts
• Table 189. Vertiport Developer Profiles: Company, Projects, Status, Key Partnerships
• Table 190. Key Vertiport Technical and Logistical Challenges
• Table 191. Vertiport Challenge Assessment: Impact vs. Difficulty Matrix
• Table 192. Vertiport Security Technology Requirements
• Table 193. Vertiport Deployment Forecast 2026-2036
• Table 194. Estimated Vertiport Requirements by Region 2030, 2035, 2036
• Table 195. Key UTM/ATM System Requirements for AAM
• Table 196. UTM Standardisation Organisations Worldwide
• Table 197. Communication Technology Requirements for AAM: 4G/5G, Satellite, Dedicated Aviation
• Table 198. Global UTM Framework Comparison: USA, EU, China, UK, Japan, South Korea
• Table 199. EASA UAM Perception Study Key Findings
• Table 200. UK Public Support Levels by Use Case: Flying Taxis, Air Ambulance, Cargo Delivery
• Table 201. Safety and Security Considerations for eVTOL Operations
• Table 202. Noise Comparison: eVTOL vs. Helicopter vs. Ground Vehicles (dBA at Distance)
• Table 203. Social Licence Building Strategies and UK FFC Initiatives
• Table 204. Drone-UAM Convergence: Traditional Drones, Cargo Drones, Small UAM Comparison
• Table 205. Large Cargo Drone Development Programs: Dronamics, Elroy Air, Windracers, Natilus, Pipistrel, Sabrewing
• Table 206. eCTOL vs. eVTOL: Range, Payload, Infrastructure Requirements Comparison
• Table 207. SDV Technology Transfer to eVTOL: OTA Updates, AI, Sensor Fusion, Digital Twins
• Table 208. eVTOL vs. Robotaxi Competitive and Complementary Positioning by Distance
• Table 209. China Low-Altitude Economy: Market Size Projections and Policy Framework
• Table 210. North America AAM Market Overview: Regulatory Status, Key OEMs, Planned Routes, Infrastructure
• Table 211. US eVTOL Planned Route Networks and Vertiport Locations
• Table 212. European AAM Market Overview: EASA/CAA Status, OEMs, Initiatives
• Table 213. Asia-Pacific AAM Market Overview by Country
• Table 214. Asia-Pacific UAM Project Distribution
• Table 215. Middle Eastern AAM Investment and Infrastructure Plans
• Table 216. Latin America AAM Market Status
• Table 217. African AAM Potential: Key Markets and Challenges
• Table 218. Regional Regulatory Comparison Matrix: FAA, EASA, CAAC, CAA, JCAB, KOCA
• Table 219. Forecast Methodology: Key Assumptions and Data Sources
• Table 220. Global eVTOL Air Taxi Sales Forecast 2026-2036 (Units)
• Table 221. eVTOL Sales Forecast by World Bank Country Wealth Definition (Units)
• Table 222. eVTOL Sales Forecast by Architecture Type 2026-2036 (Units)
• Table 223. eVTOL Sales Forecast by Application 2026-2036 (Units)
• Table 224. Total Annual eVTOL Demand: Replacement of Legacy eVTOLs vs. New Demand
• Table 225. Fleet Lifecycle and Replacement Demand Analysis 2026-2040
• Table 226. eVTOL Battery Demand Forecast 2026-2036
• Table 227. eVTOL Market Revenue Forecast by Segment 2026-2036 (US$ Billion)
• Table 228. Global Vertiport Deployment Forecast 2026-2036
• Table 229. Global eVTOL Workforce Demand Forecast 2026-2036
• Table 230. Glossary of Key Terms and Acronyms
• Table 231. eVTOL OEM Certification Status - Major Programmes
• Table 232. Global eVTOL Market Revenue Forecast - Annual Detail 2026-2036 (US$ Billion)
• Table 233. UK AAM Economic Impact Summary
• Table 234. UK AAM Use Case Summary
• Table 235. Aviation Battery Technology Roadmap 2026-2036
• Table 236. Key Regulatory Standards and Documents for eVTOL Certification

List of Figures

• Figure 1. The AAM "5As" Ecosystem Framework
• Figure 2. The Advanced Air Mobility Ecosystem Value Chain
• Figure 3. Global AAM Market Revenue 2026-2036 (US$ billion)
• Figure 4. Different e-VTOL configurations developed from 2016: (a) Tilt-Wing (T-W); (b) Lift+Cruise (L+C) ; (c) Tilt-Rotor (T-R); (d) Multi-Rotor (M-R)
• Figure 5. Evolution from UAM to AAM: Expanding Scope and Applications
• Figure 6. Distributed Electric Propulsion Configuration Example
• Figure 7. The Advanced Air Mobility Value Chain
• Figure 8. Multicopter Flight Modes: Hover, Transition, Cruise
• Figure 9. Lift + Cruise Flight Modes
• Figure 10. Tiltwing Flight Modes
• Figure 11. Tiltrotor Flight Modes
• Figure 12. Joby eVTOL taxis .
• Figure 13. Rural Private Hire Journey Schematic
• Figure 14. Expected Industry Consolidation Timeline
• Figure 15. Li-ion Battery Timeline: Technology and Performance 2010-2036
• Figure 16. Energy Density Roadmap: Graphite -> Silicon Composite -> Pure Silicon Anodes
• Figure 17. Li-S Battery SWOT Analysis
• Figure 18. Li-S Battery Market Value Chain
• Figure 19. Lithium-Metal Battery SWOT Analysis
• Figure 20. Battery Energy Density Roadmap 2024-2036 (Wh/kg): LiPo, Silicon Anode, Solid-State, Li-S, Li-Air
• Figure 21. Battery Chemistry Radar Chart Comparison for eVTOL - Scores (1-10)
• Figure 22. eVTOL Battery Cost Trajectory 2024-2036 (US$/kWh)
• Figure 23. eVTOL Battery Supply Chain: Raw Materials -> Cell Manufacturing -> Pack Assembly -> OEM Integration
• Figure 24. The GEACS charging system.
• Figure 25. BETA Technologies Charging Network Concept
• Figure 26. Series vs. Parallel Hybrid Propulsion Architectures
• Figure 27. Hybrid System Power/Energy Optimisation Curve
• Figure 28. Honda eVTOL Hybrid-Electric Propulsion System
• Figure 29. Distributed Electric Propulsion Configuration and Motor Placement
• Figure 30. Radial Flux vs. Axial Flux Motor Construction
• Figure 31. Yoked vs. Yokeless Axial Flux Motor Configurations
• Figure 32. Inverter Power Density Improvement Timeline
• Figure 33. Weight Breakdown of a Typical eVTOL Aircraft
• Figure 34. CFRP Supply Chain for eVTOL Manufacturing
• Figure 35. Composite Material Supply Chain: Fibre -> Prepreg -> Layup -> Curing -> Assembly
• Figure 36. Autonomy Roadmap: Piloted -> Supervised -> Remote Pilot -> Fully Autonomous
• Figure 37. Typical Sensor Suite for eVTOL: Cameras, Radar, LiDAR, Ultrasonic, ADS-B
• Figure 38. eVTOL Certification Timeline: Expected Type Certificate Dates by OEM
• Figure 39. eVTOL Commercial Launch Timeline: Original Targets vs. Current Expectations
• Figure 40. Vertiport Infrastructure Ecosystem: Physical, Digital, Energy
• Figure 41. Vertistops, Vertiports, and Vertihubs
• Figure 42. CORGAN Stacked Skyport Concept
• Figure 43. CORGAN Mega Skyport Concept
• Figure 44. CORGAN Uber Skyport Mobility Hub Concept
• Figure 45. Hyundai Future Mobility Urban Vision
• Figure 46. Lilium Scalable Vertiport Design
• Figure 47. BETA Technologies Recharge Pad Network
• Figure 48. EHang E-Port Infrastructure Concept
• Figure 49. UTM/ATM Integration Layers
• Figure 50. NASA/FAA UAM ConOps 1.0 Framework
• Figure 51. Digital Infrastructure for AAM: Drone Operations Centre Architecture
• Figure 52. Expected eVTOL Commercial Service Launch Timeline by Region
• Figure 53. EHang EH216-S
• Figure 54. Vertical Aerospace eVOTL aircraft.