封面
市场调查报告书
商品编码
1461972

全球氢氧化铁市场-全球产业分析、规模、占有率、成长、趋势、预测 (2031) - 依产品形式、依应用、依国家/地区

Ferric Hydroxide Market - Global Industry Analysis, Size, Share, Growth, Trends, and Forecast 2031 - By Product, Technology, Grade, Application, End-user, Region: (North America, Europe, Asia Pacific, Latin America and Middle East and Africa)

出版日期: | 出版商: Fairfield Market Research | 英文 220 Pages | 商品交期: 2-5个工作天内

价格
简介目录

作为多种行业的基石,全球氢氧化铁市场规模由于其多方面的应用以及在建筑和废水处理等领域的关键作用而正在经历显着的快速增长。

氢氧化铁市场快速成长的最前线是建筑业的快速成长,特别是在新兴国家。随着城市化以前所未有的速度加速以及全球基础设施开发项目激增,对氧化铁黄和氢氧化铁(III)等氢氧化铁产品的需求正在迅速增长。这些产品是製造砖、砌块、装饰混凝土和屋顶瓦等无数混凝土产品的重要成分,推动了市场发展势头。

此外,基础设施项目投资的增加和人口的快速增长进一步推动了市场的成长轨迹,特别是在亚太地区,印度和中国等地区的建筑活动出现了前所未有的激增。

氢氧化铁市场预测前景乐观,2024年至2031年复合年增长率(CAGR)为6.0%。这种强劲的成长轨迹得到了建筑、油漆和涂料以及废水处理等多个行业持续需求的支持。

从地理位置上看,东亚和北美等地区占据了很大一部分市场占有率,并有望保持其主导地位。在强劲建筑活动的支持下,亚太地区将成为市场扩张的关键贡献者。

本报告调查了全球氢氧化铁市场,并提供了市场概述,以及依产品形式、应用、国家和进入市场的公司的竞争趋势划分的趋势。

目录

第一章执行摘要

第二章市场概况

  • 市场定义与细分
  • 市场动态
  • 价值链分析
  • 波特五力分析
  • COVID-19 影响分析
  • 乌克兰与俄罗斯衝突的影响
  • 经济概况
  • PESTLE分析

第三章 2018-2023年生产与贸易统计

  • 2018-2023年全球氢氧化铁产量(依地区)
    • 北美
    • 欧洲
    • 亚太地区
    • 拉丁美洲
    • 中东/非洲

第四章 2018-2031年全球氢氧化铁市场展望

  • 2018-2031 年全球氢氧化铁市场前景(以产品形式、数量(吨)、价值(十亿美元))
  • 2018-2031 年全球氢氧化铁市场前景(依应用、数量(吨)、价值(十亿美元))
  • 全球氢氧化铁市场展望,依地区、数量(吨)、价值(十亿美元),2018-2031

第五章 2018-2031年北美氢氧化铁市场展望

第六章 2018-2031年欧洲氢氧化铁市场展望

第七章 2018-2031年亚太地区氢氧化铁市场展望

第八章拉丁美洲氢氧化铁市场展望,2018-2031

第九章 2018-2031年中东和非洲氢氧化铁市场展望

第10章竞争格局

  • 使用情况与使用情况热图
  • 製造商和应用热图
  • 2023 年企业市占率分析
  • 比赛仪表板
  • 公司简介
    • Lanxess
    • Huntsman Corporation
    • Ferro Corporation
    • BASF SE
    • Xiamen Hisunny Chemical Co., LTD
    • Yipin Pigments
    • Cathay Industries
    • SHENGHUA GROUP DEQING HUAYUAN PIGMENT CO.LTD
    • Harold Scholz & Co. GmbH
    • Kings International
    • SIOF s.p.a.
    • Jinhe Enterprise Co.,Limited
    • Jiangsu Yuxing Industry and Trade Co., Ltd.

第十一章附录

简介目录

Global Ferric Hydroxide market, a linchpin of diverse industries, is experiencing a remarkable surge in growth owing to its multifaceted applications and pivotal role in sectors ranging from construction to wastewater treatment. This in-depth analysis aims to delve deeper into the intricate dynamics of the market, unraveling its driving forces, burgeoning trends, expansive applications, and promising future prospects.

1. Catalyzing Forces Behind Market Expansion

At the forefront of the Ferric Hydroxide market's exponential growth is the burgeoning construction industry, particularly prominent in developing nations. With urbanization accelerating at an unprecedented pace and infrastructural development projects mushrooming globally, the demand for ferric hydroxide-based products like yellow iron oxides and iron (III) oxide hydroxide has witnessed an astronomical surge. These products serve as indispensable components in the manufacturing of a myriad of concrete products such as bricks, blocks, decorative concrete, and roofing tiles, thereby fuelling the market's momentum.

Furthermore, escalating investments in infrastructural projects and the burgeoning population, especially in regions like the Asia Pacific, where countries such as India and China are experiencing an unprecedented surge in construction activities, are further propelling the market's growth trajectory.

2. Projections and Trajectory of Market Growth

Forecasts paint a promising picture for the Ferric Hydroxide market, with a projected compound annual growth rate (CAGR) of 6.0% anticipated between 2024 and 2031. This robust growth trajectory is underpinned by sustained demand across various industries, including construction, paints and coatings, and wastewater treatment, among others.

Geographically, regions such as East Asia and North America are poised to retain their dominance, collectively commanding a substantial portion of the market share. The Asia Pacific region, buoyed by robust construction activities, is slated to emerge as a pivotal contributor to the market's expansion.

3. Applications Spanning Across Industries

The versatility of Ferric Hydroxide-based products transcends industry boundaries, finding application in an extensive array of sectors ranging from paints and coatings to wastewater treatment. Yellow iron oxide, a derivative of ferric hydroxide, is extensively utilized in architectural and decorative coatings, automotive coatings, industrial coatings, anti-corrosive paints, and more.

Moreover, Ferric Hydroxide-based products serve as indispensable colorants in ceramics, paper, rubber, plastics, glass, textiles, animal feed, cosmetics, fertilizers, and industrial chemicals, catering to diverse industrial needs and propelling market expansion.

4. Crucial Role in Wastewater Treatment

A pivotal application of Ferric Hydroxide lies in wastewater treatment, where it assumes a critical role in the removal of toxic metals such as arsenic, copper, and zinc from industrial water. Industries spanning chemical, pharmaceutical, oil & gas, and paper & pulp sectors rely on Ferric Hydroxide granules for efficient wastewater treatment, aligning with stringent environmental regulations and sustainability imperatives.

As the global focus on sustainable water treatment solutions intensifies, the demand for Ferric Hydroxide in wastewater treatment is expected to soar, thereby driving market growth.

5. Market Dynamics and Competitive Landscape

The Ferric Hydroxide market boasts of a dynamic and fragmented competitive landscape, characterized by the presence of numerous local, regional, and international players. Manufacturers are increasingly embracing expansion strategies, joint ventures, and distribution partnerships to fortify their market foothold and gain a competitive edge.

Furthermore, innovation constitutes the bedrock of market dynamics, with manufacturers channeling substantial investments into research and development endeavors aimed at introducing advanced products that align with evolving industry requisites. Strategies such as acquisitions, expansions, and product innovations are anticipated to redefine the competitive landscape and propel future market growth.

6. Glimpsing Into the Future: Outlook and Emerging Trends

Looking ahead, the Ferric Hydroxide market appears poised for sustained growth, underpinned by ongoing urbanization, infrastructural development endeavors, and an escalating emphasis on environmental sustainability. Technological advancements, coupled with evolving industry regulations and shifting consumer preferences, are poised to sculpt market trends and catalyze innovation in Ferric Hydroxide-based products.

Competitive analysis

  • Lanxess
  • Huntsman Corporation
  • Ferro Corporation
  • BASF SE
  • Xiamen Hisunny Chemical Co., LTD
  • Yipin Pigments
  • Cathay Industries
  • SHENGHUA GROUP DEQING HUAYUAN PIGMENT CO.LTD
  • Harold Scholz & Co. GmbH
  • Kings International
  • SIOF s.p.a.
  • Jinhe Enterprise Co.,Limited
  • Jiangsu Yuxing Industry and Trade Co.,Ltd

Global Ferric Hydroxide Market is Segmented as Below:

By Product Form:

  • Solid
  • Slurry

By Application:

  • Paints & Coatings
  • Construction
  • Plastic
  • Water Treatment
  • Pharmaceuticals
  • Cosmetics
  • Others

By Region:

  • North America
  • Latin America
  • Europe
  • East Asia
  • South Asia
  • Middle East & Africa (MEA)
  • Oceania

Table of Contents

1. Executive Summary

  • 1.1. Global Ferric Hydroxide Market Snapshot
  • 1.2. Future Projections
  • 1.3. Key Market Trends
  • 1.4. Regional Snapshot, by Value, 2024
  • 1.5. Analyst Recommendations

2. Market Overview

  • 2.1. Market Definitions and Segmentations
  • 2.2. Market Dynamics
    • 2.2.1. Drivers
    • 2.2.2. Restraints
    • 2.2.3. Market Opportunities
  • 2.3. Value Chain Analysis
  • 2.4. Porter's Five Forces Analysis
  • 2.5. COVID-19 Impact Analysis
    • 2.5.1. Supply
    • 2.5.2. Demand
  • 2.6. Impact of Ukraine-Russia Conflict
  • 2.7. Economic Overview
    • 2.7.1. World Economic Projections
  • 2.8. PESTLE Analysis

3. Production Output and Trade Statistics, 2018-2023

  • 3.1. Global Ferric Hydroxide, Production Output, by Region, 2018 - 2023
    • 3.1.1. North America
    • 3.1.2. Europe
    • 3.1.3. Asia Pacific
    • 3.1.4. Latin America
    • 3.1.5. Middle East & Africa

4. Global Ferric Hydroxide Market Outlook, 2018 - 2031

  • 4.1. Global Ferric Hydroxide Market Outlook, by Product Form, Volume (Tons) and Value (US$ Bn), 2018 - 2031
    • 4.1.1. Key Highlights
      • 4.1.1.1. Solid
      • 4.1.1.2. Slurry
      • 4.1.1.3. Slurry & Hydrogenated
  • 4.2. Global Ferric Hydroxide Market Outlook, by Application, Volume (Tons) and Value (US$ Bn), 2018 - 2031
    • 4.2.1. Key Highlights
      • 4.2.1.1. Paints & Coatings
      • 4.2.1.2. Construction
      • 4.2.1.3. Plastic
      • 4.2.1.4. Water Treatment
      • 4.2.1.5. Pharmaceuticals
      • 4.2.1.6. Cosmetics
      • 4.2.1.7. Others
  • 4.3. Global Ferric Hydroxide Market Outlook, by Region, Volume (Tons) and Value (US$ Bn), 2018 - 2031
    • 4.3.1. Key Highlights
      • 4.3.1.1. North America
      • 4.3.1.2. Europe
      • 4.3.1.3. Asia Pacific
      • 4.3.1.4. Latin America
      • 4.3.1.5. Middle East & Africa

5. North America Ferric Hydroxide Market Outlook, 2018 - 2031

  • 5.1. North America Ferric Hydroxide Market Outlook, by Product Form, Volume (Tons) and Value (US$ Bn), 2018 - 2031
    • 5.1.1. Key Highlights
      • 5.1.1.1. Solid
      • 5.1.1.2. Slurry
      • 5.1.1.3. Slurry & Hydrogenated
  • 5.2. North America Ferric Hydroxide Market Outlook, by Application, Volume (Tons) and Value (US$ Bn), 2018 - 2031
    • 5.2.1. Key Highlights
      • 5.2.1.1. Paints & Coatings
      • 5.2.1.2. Construction
      • 5.2.1.3. Plastic
      • 5.2.1.4. Water Treatment
      • 5.2.1.5. Pharmaceuticals
      • 5.2.1.6. Cosmetics
      • 5.2.1.7. Others
  • 5.3. North America Ferric Hydroxide Market Outlook, by Country, Volume (Tons) and Value (US$ Bn), 2018 - 2031
    • 5.3.1. Key Highlights
      • 5.3.1.1. U.S. Ferric Hydroxide Market by Product Form, Volume (Tons) and Value (US$ Bn), 2018 - 2031
      • 5.3.1.2. U.S. Ferric Hydroxide Market Application, Volume (Tons) and Value (US$ Bn), 2018 - 2031
      • 5.3.1.3. Canada Ferric Hydroxide Market by Product Form, Volume (Tons) and Value (US$ Bn), 2018 - 2031
      • 5.3.1.4. Canada Ferric Hydroxide Market Application, Volume (Tons) and Value (US$ Bn), 2018 - 2031
    • 5.3.2. BPS Analysis/Market Attractiveness Analysis

6. Europe Ferric Hydroxide Market Outlook, 2018 - 2031

  • 6.1. Europe Ferric Hydroxide Market Outlook, by Product Form, Volume (Tons) and Value (US$ Bn), 2018 - 2031
    • 6.1.1. Key Highlights
      • 6.1.1.1. Solid
      • 6.1.1.2. Slurry
      • 6.1.1.3. Slurry & Hydrogenated
  • 6.2. Europe Ferric Hydroxide Market Outlook, by Application, Volume (Tons) and Value (US$ Bn), 2018 - 2031
    • 6.2.1. Key Highlights
      • 6.2.1.1. Paints & Coatings
      • 6.2.1.2. Construction
      • 6.2.1.3. Plastic
      • 6.2.1.4. Water Treatment
      • 6.2.1.5. Pharmaceuticals
      • 6.2.1.6. Cosmetics
      • 6.2.1.7. Others
  • 6.3. Europe Ferric Hydroxide Market Outlook, by Country, Volume (Tons) and Value (US$ Bn), 2018 - 2031
    • 6.3.1. Key Highlights
      • 6.3.1.1. Germany Ferric Hydroxide Market by Product Form, Volume (Tons) and Value (US$ Bn), 2018 - 2031
      • 6.3.1.2. Germany Ferric Hydroxide Market Application, Volume (Tons) and Value (US$ Bn), 2018 - 2031
      • 6.3.1.3. U.K. Ferric Hydroxide Market by Product Form, Volume (Tons) and Value (US$ Bn), 2018 - 2031
      • 6.3.1.4. U.K. Ferric Hydroxide Market Application, Volume (Tons) and Value (US$ Bn), 2018 - 2031
      • 6.3.1.5. France Ferric Hydroxide Market by Product Form, Volume (Tons) and Value (US$ Bn), 2018 - 2031
      • 6.3.1.6. France Ferric Hydroxide Market Application, Volume (Tons) and Value (US$ Bn), 2018 - 2031
      • 6.3.1.7. Italy Ferric Hydroxide Market by Product Form, Volume (Tons) and Value (US$ Bn), 2018 - 2031
      • 6.3.1.8. Italy Ferric Hydroxide Market Application, Volume (Tons) and Value (US$ Bn), 2018 - 2031
      • 6.3.1.9. Turkey Ferric Hydroxide Market by Product Form, Volume (Tons) and Value (US$ Bn), 2018 - 2031
      • 6.3.1.10. Turkey Ferric Hydroxide Market Application, Volume (Tons) and Value (US$ Bn), 2018 - 2031
      • 6.3.1.11. Russia Ferric Hydroxide Market by Product Form, Volume (Tons) and Value (US$ Bn), 2018 - 2031
      • 6.3.1.12. Russia Ferric Hydroxide Market Application, Volume (Tons) and Value (US$ Bn), 2018 - 2031
      • 6.3.1.13. Rest of Europe Ferric Hydroxide Market by Product Form, Volume (Tons) and Value (US$ Bn), 2018 - 2031
      • 6.3.1.14. Rest of Europe Ferric Hydroxide Market Application, Volume (Tons) and Value (US$ Bn), 2018 - 2031
    • 6.3.2. BPS Analysis/Market Attractiveness Analysis

7. Asia Pacific Ferric Hydroxide Market Outlook, 2018 - 2031

  • 7.1. Asia Pacific Ferric Hydroxide Market Outlook, by Product Form, Volume (Tons) and Value (US$ Bn), 2018 - 2031
    • 7.1.1. Key Highlights
      • 7.1.1.1. Solid
      • 7.1.1.2. Slurry
      • 7.1.1.3. Slurry & Hydrogenated
  • 7.2. Asia Pacific Ferric Hydroxide Market Outlook, by Application, Volume (Tons) and Value (US$ Bn), 2018 - 2031
    • 7.2.1. Key Highlights
      • 7.2.1.1. Paints & Coatings
      • 7.2.1.2. Construction
      • 7.2.1.3. Plastic
      • 7.2.1.4. Water Treatment
      • 7.2.1.5. Pharmaceuticals
      • 7.2.1.6. Cosmetics
      • 7.2.1.7. Others
  • 7.3. Asia Pacific Ferric Hydroxide Market Outlook, by Country, Volume (Tons) and Value (US$ Bn), 2018 - 2031
    • 7.3.1. Key Highlights
      • 7.3.1.1. China Ferric Hydroxide Market by Product Form, Volume (Tons) and Value (US$ Bn), 2018 - 2031
      • 7.3.1.2. China Ferric Hydroxide Market Application, Volume (Tons) and Value (US$ Bn), 2018 - 2031
      • 7.3.1.3. Japan Ferric Hydroxide Market by Product Form, Volume (Tons) and Value (US$ Bn), 2018 - 2031
      • 7.3.1.4. Japan Ferric Hydroxide Market Application, Volume (Tons) and Value (US$ Bn), 2018 - 2031
      • 7.3.1.5. South Korea Ferric Hydroxide Market by Product Form, Volume (Tons) and Value (US$ Bn), 2018 - 2031
      • 7.3.1.6. South Korea Ferric Hydroxide Market Application, Volume (Tons) and Value (US$ Bn), 2018 - 2031
      • 7.3.1.7. India Ferric Hydroxide Market by Product Form, Volume (Tons) and Value (US$ Bn), 2018 - 2031
      • 7.3.1.8. India Ferric Hydroxide Market Application, Volume (Tons) and Value (US$ Bn), 2018 - 2031
      • 7.3.1.9. Southeast Asia Ferric Hydroxide Market by Product Form, Volume (Tons) and Value (US$ Bn), 2018 - 2031
      • 7.3.1.10. Southeast Asia Ferric Hydroxide Market Application, Volume (Tons) and Value (US$ Bn), 2018 - 2031
      • 7.3.1.11. Rest of Asia Pacific Ferric Hydroxide Market by Product Form, Volume (Tons) and Value (US$ Bn), 2018 - 2031
      • 7.3.1.12. Rest of Asia Pacific Ferric Hydroxide Market Application, Volume (Tons) and Value (US$ Bn), 2018 - 2031
    • 7.3.2. BPS Analysis/Market Attractiveness Analysis

8. Latin America Ferric Hydroxide Market Outlook, 2018 - 2031

  • 8.1. Latin America Ferric Hydroxide Market Outlook, by Product Form, Volume (Tons) and Value (US$ Bn), 2018 - 2031
    • 8.1.1. Key Highlights
      • 8.1.1.1. Solid
      • 8.1.1.2. Slurry
      • 8.1.1.3. Slurry & Hydrogenated
  • 8.2. Latin America Ferric Hydroxide Market Outlook, by Application, Volume (Tons) and Value (US$ Bn), 2018 - 2031
      • 8.2.1.1. Paints & Coatings
      • 8.2.1.2. Construction
      • 8.2.1.3. Plastic
      • 8.2.1.4. Water Treatment
      • 8.2.1.5. Pharmaceuticals
      • 8.2.1.6. Cosmetics
      • 8.2.1.7. Others
  • 8.3. Latin America Ferric Hydroxide Market Outlook, by Country, Volume (Tons) and Value (US$ Bn), 2018 - 2031
    • 8.3.1. Key Highlights
      • 8.3.1.1. Brazil Ferric Hydroxide Market by Product Form, Volume (Tons) and Value (US$ Bn), 2018 - 2031
      • 8.3.1.2. Brazil Ferric Hydroxide Market Application, Volume (Tons) and Value (US$ Bn), 2018 - 2031
      • 8.3.1.3. Mexico Ferric Hydroxide Market by Product Form, Volume (Tons) and Value (US$ Bn), 2018 - 2031
      • 8.3.1.4. Mexico Ferric Hydroxide Market Application, Volume (Tons) and Value (US$ Bn), 2018 - 2031
      • 8.3.1.5. Argentina Ferric Hydroxide Market by Product Form, Volume (Tons) and Value (US$ Bn), 2018 - 2031
      • 8.3.1.6. Argentina Ferric Hydroxide Market Application, Volume (Tons) and Value (US$ Bn), 2018 - 2031
      • 8.3.1.7. Rest of Latin America Ferric Hydroxide Market by Product Form, Volume (Tons) and Value (US$ Bn), 2018 - 2031
      • 8.3.1.8. Rest of Latin America Ferric Hydroxide Market Application, Volume (Tons) and Value (US$ Bn), 2018 - 2031
    • 8.3.2. BPS Analysis/Market Attractiveness Analysis

9. Middle East & Africa Ferric Hydroxide Market Outlook, 2018 - 2031

  • 9.1. Middle East & Africa Ferric Hydroxide Market Outlook, by Product Form, Volume (Tons) and Value (US$ Bn), 2018 - 2031
    • 9.1.1. Key Highlights
      • 9.1.1.1. Solid
      • 9.1.1.2. Slurry
      • 9.1.1.3. Slurry & Hydrogenated
  • 9.2. Middle East & Africa Ferric Hydroxide Market Outlook, by Application, Volume (Tons) and Value (US$ Bn), 2018 - 2031
    • 9.2.1. Key Highlights
      • 9.2.1.1. Paints & Coatings
      • 9.2.1.2. Construction
      • 9.2.1.3. Plastic
      • 9.2.1.4. Water Treatment
      • 9.2.1.5. Pharmaceuticals
      • 9.2.1.6. Cosmetics
      • 9.2.1.7. Others
  • 9.3. Middle East & Africa Ferric Hydroxide Market Outlook, by Country, Volume (Tons) and Value (US$ Bn), 2018 - 2031
    • 9.3.1. Key Highlights
      • 9.3.1.1. GCC Ferric Hydroxide Market by Product Form, Volume (Tons) and Value (US$ Bn), 2018 - 2031
      • 9.3.1.2. GCC Ferric Hydroxide Market Application, Volume (Tons) and Value (US$ Bn), 2018 - 2031
      • 9.3.1.3. South Africa Ferric Hydroxide Market by Product Form, Volume (Tons) and Value (US$ Bn), 2018 - 2031
      • 9.3.1.4. South Africa Ferric Hydroxide Market Application, Volume (Tons) and Value (US$ Bn), 2018 - 2031
      • 9.3.1.5. Egypt Ferric Hydroxide Market by Product Form, Volume (Tons) and Value (US$ Bn), 2018 - 2031
      • 9.3.1.6. Egypt Ferric Hydroxide Market Application, Volume (Tons) and Value (US$ Bn), 2018 - 2031
      • 9.3.1.7. Nigeria Ferric Hydroxide Market by Product Form, Volume (Tons) and Value (US$ Bn), 2018 - 2031
      • 9.3.1.8. Nigeria Ferric Hydroxide Market Application, Volume (Tons) and Value (US$ Bn), 2018 - 2031
      • 9.3.1.9. Rest of Middle East & Africa Ferric Hydroxide Market by Product Form, Volume (Tons) and Value (US$ Bn), 2018 - 2031
      • 9.3.1.10. Rest of Middle East & Africa Ferric Hydroxide Market Application, Volume (Tons) and Value (US$ Bn), 2018 - 2031
    • 9.3.2. BPS Analysis/Market Attractiveness Analysis

10. Competitive Landscape

  • 10.1.Application vs Application Heatmap
  • 10.2.Manufacturer vs Application Heatmap
  • 10.3.Company Market Share Analysis, 2023
  • 10.4.Competitive Dashboard
  • 10.5.Company Profiles
    • 10.5.1. Lanxess
      • 10.5.1.1. Company Overview
      • 10.5.1.2. Product Portfolio
      • 10.5.1.3. Financial Overview
      • 10.5.1.4. Business Strategies and Development
    • 10.5.2. Huntsman Corporation
    • 10.5.3. Ferro Corporation
    • 10.5.4. BASF SE
    • 10.5.5. Xiamen Hisunny Chemical Co., LTD
    • 10.5.6. Yipin Pigments
    • 10.5.7. Cathay Industries
    • 10.5.8. SHENGHUA GROUP DEQING HUAYUAN PIGMENT CO.LTD
    • 10.5.9. Harold Scholz & Co. GmbH
    • 10.5.10. Kings International
    • 10.5.11. SIOF s.p.a.
    • 10.5.12. Jinhe Enterprise Co.,Limited
    • 10.5.13. Jiangsu Yuxing Industry and Trade Co., Ltd.

11. Appendix

  • 11.1.Research Methodology
  • 11.2.Report Assumptions
  • 11.3.Acronyms and Abbreviations