美国小麦谷物市场 - 产业分析、规模、占有率、成长、趋势、预测（2031）- 依性质、依类型、依应用、依通路、依地区

由于影响供给和需求的多种因素，美国小麦谷物市场可望显着成长。估计2024年小麦市场规模将达88亿美元，2031年将达125.4亿美元，年复合成长率为5.1%。

这个市场的重要方面之一是硬质小麦浆果在食品行业的许多应用中的使用。硬质小麦浆果因其多功能性和营养价值而受到重视，是製备各种食物的最爱。

近年来，美国小麦谷物市场持续成长。消费者对小麦和麵粉食品的需求稳定，基本上不受小麦价格或可支配所得波动的影响。小麦是美国饮食的重要组成部分，存在于多种产品中，包括义大利麵、麵包、糕点、烘焙食品、饼干和早餐麦片。对烘焙产品的需求不断增加，加上人口成长和生活方式的改变，继续推动小麦谷物市场向前发展。

随着注重健康的消费者寻求提高免疫力和营养，小麦食品越来越受欢迎。小麦产品具有许多健康益处，包括改善新陈代谢、降低胆固醇值、调节血糖值和控制体重。义大利麵、麵包和谷物等产品富含叶酸以及必需的维生素和矿物质，价格实惠，有助于提高饮食品质。

这份报告调查了美国小麦谷物市场，并提供了市场概况，以及进入该市场的公司的性质、类型、应用、通路、区域和竞争趋势的趋势。

目录

第1章 执行摘要

第2章 市场概述

• 市场定义与细分
• 市场动态
• 价值链分析
• 波特五力分析
• 新冠肺炎（COVID-19）影响分析
• 乌克兰与俄罗斯衝突的影响
• 经济概况
• PESTLE分析

第3章 价格分析，2019-2023

第4章 2018-2031年美国小麦谷物市场前景

• 2018-2031年美国小麦谷物市场前景，依性质、价值（十亿美元）、数量（千吨）
• 2018-2031年美国小麦谷物市场展望，依种类、价值（十亿美元）、数量（千吨）
• 2018-2031年美国小麦谷物市场展望，依应用、价值（十亿美元）、数量（千吨）
• 2018-2031年美国小麦谷物市场展望，依通路、价值（十亿美元）、数量（千吨）
• 2018-2031年美国小麦谷物市场展望，依地区、价值（十亿美元）、数量（千吨）

第5章 2018-2031年西部小麦谷物市场展望

第6章 2018-2031年中西部小麦谷物市场展望

第7章 2018-2031年西南小麦谷物市场展望

第8章 2018-2031年东南部小麦谷物市场展望

第9章 2018-2031年东北小麦谷物市场展望

第10章 竞争态势

• 2023年公司市占率分析
• 竞争对手仪表板
• 公司简介
  • La Milanaise
  • Sunnyland Mills
  • Bob's Red Mill Natural Foods
  • FairhavenMill
  • Farm Fresh Wheat
  • Natural Way Mills
  • Daybreak Mill
  • Whole Grain Milling Co.
  • Sun Rise Flour Mill
  • Palouse Brand
  • Grain Place Foods
  • Shiloh Farms
  • The Teff Company
  • The Scoular Company
  • Belle Valley Ancient Grains

第11章 附录

The U.S. wheat berries market is poised for significant growth, driven by various factors that influence both supply and demand.The market is projected to reach $8.8 billion in 2024 and $12.54 billion by 2031, with a compound annual growth rate (CAGR) of 5.1%.

One of the key aspects of this market is the utilization of hard wheat berries in numerous applications within the food industry. These berries are highly valued for their versatility and nutritional benefits, making them a preferred choice in various food preparations.

U.S. Consumption Analysis of Wheat Berries

Over recent years, the U.S. wheat berries market has witnessed consistent growth. Consumer demand for food products made from wheat or wheat flour remains steady, largely unaffected by fluctuations in wheat prices or disposable income. Wheat is an integral part of the American diet, found in a wide array of products such as pasta, bread, pastries, baked goods, crackers, and breakfast cereals. The increasing demand for bakery products, coupled with a growing population and changing lifestyles, continues to drive the wheat berries market forward.

For instance, the working-class population, which often has less time to cook, prefers convenient food products that help manage time efficiently. This has led to a rising demand for bread and bakery items like pizza crusts, sandwich bread, and pasta. These products are not only convenient but also versatile, shelf-stable, and offer significant nutritional value with great taste.

Factors Favoring U.S. Wheat Berries Market Growth

Health Benefits of Wheat Berries to Bolster Product Sales through Bakery Goods

As health-conscious consumers seek to improve their immunity and nutrition, food products prepared with wheat flour have gained popularity. Wheat-based products offer numerous health benefits, including improved metabolism, lowering cholesterol levels, blood sugar regulation, and weight management. Products such as pasta, bread, and cereals, enriched with folate and essential vitamins and minerals, contribute to a higher quality diet while remaining affordable.

Baked food manufacturers can capitalize on this trend by enhancing the nutritional profile of their offerings. Strategies like reducing sugar content and adding nutrient-rich ingredients such as seeds, fruits, and nuts are expected to further boost the market for wheat berries. As consumer health concerns continue to grow, the demand for wheat-based bakery products is likely to increase.

Resurging Demand for Plant-based Products to Benefit Market Growth

The rising awareness of the health benefits associated with plant-based products, including wheat berries, is another significant factor driving market growth. Plant-based foods are rich in nutrients and fiber, while being low in calories and fat compared to animal-based products. This makes them an attractive option for health-conscious consumers who are concerned about weight management and chronic diseases.

The growing trend of vegan diets is also contributing to the increased demand for wheat berries in the U.S. Many consumers are reducing their meat consumption due to concerns about animal welfare, meat sourcing practices, and the potential health risks associated with processed meat. As a result, the demand for plant-based alternatives like wheat berries is expected to rise steadily in the coming years.

Increasing Utilization of Wheat Berries in Animal Feed

Wheat berries are gaining popularity as a high-protein cereal for animal feed. With a protein content higher than that of corn, wheat berries provide a significant energy source for livestock. The high energy value of wheat berries, coupled with their moisture levels below 14 percent, helps prevent digestion issues and microbial contamination in animals. Due to their high protein and amino acid content, wheat bran, derived from wheat berries, is widely used as a key ingredient in animal feed products.

In ruminants, wheat bran is known for its exceptional digestibility and nutritional absorption. However, it is important to moderate its consumption to avoid ruminal acidosis, as it is highly fermentable. Additionally, wheat bran is used as a feed source for pigs, often supplemented with enzymes to aid digestion and ensure adequate nutrient delivery.

Shifting Consumer Preference for Organic Products

The increasing awareness of the harmful effects of chemicals and pesticides in food has led to a growing demand for organic products. As a result, consumers are turning to organic wheat berries, prompting manufacturers to adopt sustainable and organic farming practices. This trend has led to the expansion of product portfolios to include both conventional and organic wheat and wheat by-products.

The health benefits of consuming organic products are a major driving force behind the rising demand for organic wheat berries. As consumers become more conscious of food safety issues and the potential health risks associated with non-organic products, the demand for fresh, organic wheat berries is expected to increase across the United States.

Challenges Facing the U.S. Wheat Berries Market

Rising Popularity of Gluten-free Diets

The growing popularity of gluten-free diets presents a challenge to the wheat berries market. Many consumers are eliminating gluten from their diets, believing it to be a healthier choice. For individuals with celiac disease or non-celiac gluten sensitivity, gluten can cause significant health issues, including damage to the small intestine and allergic reactions.

The gluten-free diet, endorsed by various celebrities, has further fueled its adoption among the general population. Health benefits associated with gluten-free products, such as the reduction of chronic inflammation and a lower risk of cardiovascular diseases, are leading more consumers to prefer these alternatives. This trend is expected to hinder the growth of the wheat berries market to some extent.

Erratic Supply of Wheat & Wheat Berries

In recent years, the food supply has faced challenges due to erratic climate conditions and other unforeseen events, leading to a supply-demand imbalance. These disruptions have posed challenges for food safety and the consistent supply of wheat berries. Factors such as severe droughts and geopolitical conflicts have impacted wheat production, further complicating the supply chain.

Category-wise Insights

Hard Wheat Berries Leading the U.S. Market

Hard wheat berries hold a significant share of the U.S. wheat berries market, largely due to their higher protein content, which makes them ideal for bread-making. They are also preferred for germination and extracting wheatgrass juice due to their chewy texture. Hard wheat berries are expected to continue dominating the market, driven by their versatility in various food applications.

Processed Food & Beverages Industry Dominates Market Applications

The processed food and beverages industry is the largest consumer of wheat berries in the U.S., accounting for a substantial share of the market. Wheat berries are extensively used in bakery products, meat products, pasta, nutritional and snack bars, crackers, cookies, and confectionery items. The versatility, affordability, and health benefits of wheat and wheat flour contribute to their widespread appeal as a staple food.

The continued popularity of bread and bakery products, along with evolving consumer lifestyles, will likely drive the steady growth of the wheat berries market in the U.S.

Competitive Analysis

Key suppliers of wheat berries are focused on strengthening their market presence in North America by expanding production facilities and establishing efficient distribution networks. Companies are diversifying their product offerings to include both organic and conventional food products, ensuring a reliable supply chain to meet consumer demand.

For example, The Scoular Company recently acquired facilities to enhance its supply of high-quality grain and raw materials to livestock producers. Bob's Red Mill Natural Foods has ventured into the snacks segment, and La Milanaise has established a new mill to process flour and specialty organic products.

Key companies profiled

• La Milanaise
• Sunnyland Mills
• Bob's Red Mill Natural Foods
• FairhavenMill
• Farm Fresh Wheat
• Natural Way Mills
• Daybreak Mill
• Whole Grain Milling Co.
• Sun Rise Flour Mill
• Palouse Brand
• Grain Place Foods
• Shiloh Farms
• The Teff Company
• The Scoular Company
• Belle Valley Ancient Grains

U.S. Wheat Berries Industry Research by Category

U.S. Wheat Berries Market by Nature:

• Organic Wheat Berries
• Conventional Wheat Berries

U.S. Wheat Berries Market by Type:

• Soft Wheat Berries
• Hard Wheat Berries

U.S. Wheat Berries Market by Application:

• Processed Food & Beverage Industry
• Foodservice
• Retail/Household

U.S. Wheat Berries Market by Distribution Channel:

• Business to Business
• Business to Consumer
  • Hypermarkets/Supermarkets
  • Departmental Stores
  • Specialty Stores
  • Online Retail
  • Other Retail Channels

Table of Contents

1. Executive Summary

• 1.1. U.S. Wheat Berries Market Snapshot
• 1.2. Future Projections
• 1.3. Key Market Trends
• 1.4. Regional Snapshot, by Value, 2023
• 1.5. Analyst Recommendations

2. Market Overview

• 2.1. Market Definitions and Segmentations
• 2.2. Market Dynamics
  • 2.2.1. Drivers
  • 2.2.2. Restraints
  • 2.2.3. Market Opportunities
• 2.3. Value Chain Analysis
• 2.4. Porter's Five Forces Analysis
• 2.5. COVID-19 Impact Analysis
  • 2.5.1. Supply
  • 2.5.2. Demand
• 2.6. Impact of Ukraine-Russia Conflict
• 2.7. Economic Overview
  • 2.7.1. World Economic Projections
• 2.8. PESTLE Analysis

3. Price Analysis, 2019 - 2023

• 3.1. U.S. Average Price Analysis, by Nature, US$ Per Unit, 2019 - 2023
• 3.2. Prominent Factor Affecting Wheat Berries Prices
• 3.3. Global Average Price Analysis, by Region, US$ Per Unit

4. U.S. Wheat Berries Market Outlook, 2018 - 2031

• 4.1. U.S. Wheat Berries Market Outlook, by Nature, Value (US$ Bn) and Volume (KT), 2018 - 2031
  • 4.1.1. Key Highlights
    • 4.1.1.1. Organic Wheat Berries
    • 4.1.1.2. Conventional Wheat Berries
• 4.2. U.S. Wheat Berries Market Outlook, by Type, Value (US$ Bn) and Volume (KT), 2018 - 2031
  • 4.2.1. Key Highlights
    • 4.2.1.1. Soft Wheat Berries
    • 4.2.1.2. Hard Wheat Berries
• 4.3. U.S. Wheat Berries Market Outlook, by Application, Value (US$ Bn) and Volume (KT), 2018 - 2031
  • 4.3.1. Key Highlights
    • 4.3.1.1. Processed Food & Beverage Industry
    • 4.3.1.2. Foodservice
    • 4.3.1.3. Retail/Household
• 4.4. U.S. Wheat Berries Market Outlook, by Distribution Channel, Value (US$ Bn) and Volume (KT), 2018 - 2031
  • 4.4.1. Key Highlights
    • 4.4.1.1. Business to Business
    • 4.4.1.2. Business to Consumer
      • 4.4.1.2.1. Hypermarkets/Supermarkets
      • 4.4.1.2.2. Departmental Stores
      • 4.4.1.2.3. Specialty Stores
      • 4.4.1.2.4. Online Retail
      • 4.4.1.2.5. Other Retail Channels
• 4.5. U.S. Wheat Berries Market Outlook, by Zones, Value (US$ Bn) and Volume (KT), 2018 - 2031
  • 4.5.1. Key Highlights
    • 4.5.1.1. West
    • 4.5.1.2. Midwest
    • 4.5.1.3. Southwest
    • 4.5.1.4. Southeast
    • 4.5.1.5. Northeast

5. West Wheat Berries Market Outlook, 2018 - 2031

• 5.1. West Wheat Berries Market Outlook, by Nature, Value (US$ Bn) and Volume (KT), 2018 - 2031
  • 5.1.1. Key Highlights
    • 5.1.1.1. Organic Wheat Berries
    • 5.1.1.2. Conventional Wheat Berries
• 5.2. West Wheat Berries Market Outlook, by Type, Value (US$ Bn) and Volume (KT), 2018 - 2031
  • 5.2.1. Key Highlights
    • 5.2.1.1. Soft Wheat Berries
    • 5.2.1.2. Hard Wheat Berries
• 5.3. West Wheat Berries Market Outlook, by Application, Value (US$ Bn) and Volume (KT), 2018 - 2031
  • 5.3.1. Key Highlights
    • 5.3.1.1. Processed Food & Beverage Industry
    • 5.3.1.2. Foodservice
    • 5.3.1.3. Retail/Household
• 5.4. West Wheat Berries Market Outlook, by Distribution Channel, Value (US$ Bn) and Volume (KT), 2018 - 2031
  • 5.4.1. Key Highlights
    • 5.4.1.1. Business to Business
    • 5.4.1.2. Business to Consumer
      • 5.4.1.2.1. Hypermarkets/Supermarkets
      • 5.4.1.2.2. Departmental Stores
      • 5.4.1.2.3. Specialty Stores
      • 5.4.1.2.4. Online Retail
      • 5.4.1.2.5. Other Retail Channels
  • 5.4.2. BPS Analysis/Market Attractiveness Analysis

6. Midwest Wheat Berries Market Outlook, 2018 - 2031

• 6.1. Midwest Wheat Berries Market Outlook, by Nature, Value (US$ Bn) and Volume (KT), 2018 - 2031
  • 6.1.1. Key Highlights
    • 6.1.1.1. Organic Wheat Berries
    • 6.1.1.2. Conventional Wheat Berries
• 6.2. Midwest Wheat Berries Market Outlook, by Type, Value (US$ Bn) and Volume (KT), 2018 - 2031
  • 6.2.1. Key Highlights
    • 6.2.1.1. Soft Wheat Berries
    • 6.2.1.2. Hard Wheat Berries
• 6.3. Midwest Wheat Berries Market Outlook, by Application, Value (US$ Bn) and Volume (KT), 2018 - 2031
  • 6.3.1. Key Highlights
    • 6.3.1.1. Processed Food & Beverage Industry
    • 6.3.1.2. Foodservice
    • 6.3.1.3. Retail/Household
• 6.4. Midwest Wheat Berries Market Outlook, by Distribution Channel, Value (US$ Bn) and Volume (KT), 2018 - 2031
  • 6.4.1. Key Highlights
    • 6.4.1.1. Business to Business
    • 6.4.1.2. Business to Consumer
      • 6.4.1.2.1. Hypermarkets/Supermarkets
      • 6.4.1.2.2. Departmental Stores
      • 6.4.1.2.3. Specialty Stores
      • 6.4.1.2.4. Online Retail
      • 6.4.1.2.5. Other Retail Channels
  • 6.4.2. BPS Analysis/Market Attractiveness Analysis

7. Southwest Wheat Berries Market Outlook, 2018 - 2031

• 7.1. Southwest Wheat Berries Market Outlook, by Nature, Value (US$ Bn) and Volume (KT), 2018 - 2031
  • 7.1.1. Key Highlights
    • 7.1.1.1. Organic Wheat Berries
    • 7.1.1.2. Conventional Wheat Berries
• 7.2. Southwest Wheat Berries Market Outlook, by Type, Value (US$ Bn) and Volume (KT), 2018 - 2031
  • 7.2.1. Key Highlights
    • 7.2.1.1. Soft Wheat Berries
    • 7.2.1.2. Hard Wheat Berries
• 7.3. Southwest Wheat Berries Market Outlook, by Application, Value (US$ Bn) and Volume (KT), 2018 - 2031
  • 7.3.1. Key Highlights
    • 7.3.1.1. Processed Food & Beverage Industry
    • 7.3.1.2. Foodservice
    • 7.3.1.3. Retail/Household
• 7.4. Southwest Wheat Berries Market Outlook, by Distribution Channel, Value (US$ Bn) and Volume (KT), 2018 - 2031
  • 7.4.1. Key Highlights
    • 7.4.1.1. Business to Business
    • 7.4.1.2. Business to Consumer
      • 7.4.1.2.1. Hypermarkets/Supermarkets
      • 7.4.1.2.2. Departmental Stores
      • 7.4.1.2.3. Specialty Stores
      • 7.4.1.2.4. Online Retail
      • 7.4.1.2.5. Other Retail Channels
  • 7.4.2. BPS Analysis/Market Attractiveness Analysis

8. Southeast Wheat Berries Market Outlook, 2018 - 2031

• 8.1. Southeast Wheat Berries Market Outlook, by Nature, Value (US$ Bn) and Volume (KT), 2018 - 2031
  • 8.1.1. Key Highlights
    • 8.1.1.1. Organic Wheat Berries
    • 8.1.1.2. Conventional Wheat Berries
• 8.2. Southeast Wheat Berries Market Outlook, by Type, Value (US$ Bn) and Volume (KT), 2018 - 2031
  • 8.2.1. Key Highlights
    • 8.2.1.1. Soft Wheat Berries
    • 8.2.1.2. Hard Wheat Berries
• 8.3. Southeast Wheat Berries Market Outlook, by Application, Value (US$ Bn) and Volume (KT), 2018 - 2031
  • 8.3.1. Key Highlights
    • 8.3.1.1. Processed Food & Beverage Industry
    • 8.3.1.2. Foodservice
    • 8.3.1.3. Retail/Household
• 8.4. Southeast Wheat Berries Market Outlook, by Distribution Channel, Value (US$ Bn) and Volume (KT), 2018 - 2031
  • 8.4.1. Key Highlights
    • 8.4.1.1. Business to Business
    • 8.4.1.2. Business to Consumer
      • 8.4.1.2.1. Hypermarkets/Supermarkets
      • 8.4.1.2.2. Departmental Stores
      • 8.4.1.2.3. Specialty Stores
      • 8.4.1.2.4. Online Retail
      • 8.4.1.2.5. Other Retail Channels
  • 8.4.2. BPS Analysis/Market Attractiveness Analysis

9. Northeast Wheat Berries Market Outlook, 2018 - 2031

• 9.1. Northeast Wheat Berries Market Outlook, by Nature, Value (US$ Bn) and Volume (KT), 2018 - 2031
  • 9.1.1. Key Highlights
    • 9.1.1.1. Organic Wheat Berries
    • 9.1.1.2. Conventional Wheat Berries
• 9.2. Northeast Wheat Berries Market Outlook, by Type, Value (US$ Bn) and Volume (KT), 2018 - 2031
  • 9.2.1. Key Highlights
    • 9.2.1.1. Soft Wheat Berries
    • 9.2.1.2. Hard Wheat Berries
• 9.3. Northeast Wheat Berries Market Outlook, by Application, Value (US$ Bn) and Volume (KT), 2018 - 2031
  • 9.3.1. Key Highlights
    • 9.3.1.1. Processed Food & Beverage Industry
    • 9.3.1.2. Foodservice
    • 9.3.1.3. Retail/Household
• 9.4. Northeast Wheat Berries Market Outlook, by Distribution Channel, Value (US$ Bn) and Volume (KT), 2018 - 2031
  • 9.4.1. Key Highlights
    • 9.4.1.1. Business to Business
    • 9.4.1.2. Business to Consumer
      • 9.4.1.2.1. Hypermarkets/Supermarkets
      • 9.4.1.2.2. Departmental Stores
      • 9.4.1.2.3. Specialty Stores
      • 9.4.1.2.4. Online Retail
      • 9.4.1.2.5. Other Retail Channels
  • 9.4.2. BPS Analysis/Market Attractiveness Analysis

10. Competitive Landscape

• 10.1. Company Market Share Analysis, 2023
• 10.2. Competitive Dashboard
• 10.3. Company Profiles
  • 10.3.1. La Milanaise
    • 10.3.1.1. Company Overview
    • 10.3.1.2. Product Portfolio
    • 10.3.1.3. Financial Overview
    • 10.3.1.4. Business Strategies and Development
  • 10.3.2. Sunnyland Mills
    • 10.3.2.1. Company Overview
    • 10.3.2.2. Product Portfolio
    • 10.3.2.3. Financial Overview
    • 10.3.2.4. Business Strategies and Development
  • 10.3.3. Bob's Red Mill Natural Foods
    • 10.3.3.1. Company Overview
    • 10.3.3.2. Product Portfolio
    • 10.3.3.3. Financial Overview
    • 10.3.3.4. Business Strategies and Development
  • 10.3.4. FairhavenMill
    • 10.3.4.1. Company Overview
    • 10.3.4.2. Product Portfolio
    • 10.3.4.3. Financial Overview
    • 10.3.4.4. Business Strategies and Development
  • 10.3.5. Farm Fresh Wheat
    • 10.3.5.1. Company Overview
    • 10.3.5.2. Product Portfolio
    • 10.3.5.3. Financial Overview
    • 10.3.5.4. Business Strategies and Development
  • 10.3.6. Natural Way Mills
    • 10.3.6.1. Company Overview
    • 10.3.6.2. Product Portfolio
    • 10.3.6.3. Financial Overview
    • 10.3.6.4. Business Strategies and Development
  • 10.3.7. Daybreak Mill
    • 10.3.7.1. Company Overview
    • 10.3.7.2. Product Portfolio
    • 10.3.7.3. Financial Overview
    • 10.3.7.4. Business Strategies and Development
  • 10.3.8. Whole Grain Milling Co.
    • 10.3.8.1. Company Overview
    • 10.3.8.2. Product Portfolio
    • 10.3.8.3. Financial Overview
    • 10.3.8.4. Business Strategies and Development
  • 10.3.9. Sun Rise Flour Mill
    • 10.3.9.1. Company Overview
    • 10.3.9.2. Product Portfolio
    • 10.3.9.3. Financial Overview
    • 10.3.9.4. Business Strategies and Development
  • 10.3.10. Palouse Brand
    • 10.3.10.1. Company Overview
    • 10.3.10.2. Product Portfolio
    • 10.3.10.3. Financial Overview
    • 10.3.10.4. Business Strategies and Development
  • 10.3.11. Grain Place Foods
    • 10.3.11.1. Company Overview
    • 10.3.11.2. Product Portfolio
    • 10.3.11.3. Financial Overview
    • 10.3.11.4. Business Strategies and Development
  • 10.3.12. Shiloh Farms
    • 10.3.12.1. Company Overview
    • 10.3.12.2. Product Portfolio
    • 10.3.12.3. Financial Overview
    • 10.3.12.4. Business Strategies and Development
  • 10.3.13. The Teff Company
    • 10.3.13.1. Company Overview
    • 10.3.13.2. Product Portfolio
    • 10.3.13.3. Financial Overview
    • 10.3.13.4. Business Strategies and Development
  • 10.3.14. The Scoular Company
    • 10.3.14.1. Company Overview
    • 10.3.14.2. Product Portfolio
    • 10.3.14.3. Financial Overview
    • 10.3.14.4. Business Strategies and Development
  • 10.3.15. Belle Valley Ancient Grains
    • 10.3.15.1. Company Overview
    • 10.3.15.2. Product Portfolio
    • 10.3.15.3. Financial Overview
    • 10.3.15.4. Business Strategies and Development

11. Appendix

• 11.1. Research Methodology
• 11.2. Report Assumptions
• 11.3. Acronyms and Abbreviations