水泥及混凝土产业的脱碳化

排放的水泥产业正在大力脱碳，目标是到 2050 年将水泥和混凝土的净产量减少到零。为此，降低水泥生产中的熟料係数、使用替代燃料、CCUS、减碳混凝土等新技术正在引起人们的注意。各国政府以及水泥产业主要参与者的联盟和倡议已经推出了多项政策。然而，为了在2050年实现网路中和，不仅需要水泥生产过程脱碳，还需要整个价值链脱碳。这包括北美等主要进口国和亚洲等主要出口国的努力。

水泥产业是重要产业，占全球排放量的8%（建筑业中排放量最大）。为了鼓励减排，该行业制定了到 2050 年生产净零水泥和混凝土的大胆目标。然而，该行业仍偏离正轨。 IEA 表示，要到 2050 年实现净零排放，水泥产量需要在未来几年内趋于稳定，排放量需要下降 20% 左右。由于全球对新建建筑的高需求，特别是在快速城市化的国家，水泥是一个难以减少的行业。因此，水泥业必须研究一系列脱碳技术来减少排放，政府需要製定支持性立法和财政激励措施。

脱碳技术包括辅助水泥材料、替代燃料、碳捕获、利用和储存以及绿色混凝土，并处于不同的开发和引进阶段。它们都存在成本问题，有些还面临原料短缺。另一种在市场上站稳脚跟的策略是循环策略，它促进废弃物和废弃物衍生燃料的使用。由于水泥生产所需的能源强度较高，完全电气化是不可能的。相反，我们需要增加替代煤炭的替代燃料的占有率并减少碳排放。碳捕获技术现已在一些工厂早期实施，并正在努力抵消整体排放量。然而，CCUS基础设施的成长缓慢，尤其是在水泥产量高的地区。新技术已经展示了一种使混凝土净碳为负的潜在机制，儘管仍处于起步阶段，但对于产业转型可能至关重要。儘管目前成本高昂，但这项技术可能成为实现雄心勃勃但重要的净零目标的宝贵资源。如果有正确的政府激励措施和指导方针，这些技术预计将在未来十年内快速成长。

本报告对水泥和混凝土行业的脱碳情况进行了调查，总结了水泥和混凝土的碳排放情况、行业的脱碳政策、最大的进口国和出口国以及未来的前景。

目录

• 摘要整理
• 水泥和混凝土的碳排放量
• 水泥产业的脱碳化政策
• 水泥的最大的进口国和出口国
• 脱碳化技术概要
• 水泥熟料係数

CCU

• 替代燃料
• 绿色混凝土
• 今后之道

The cement industry, a top emitter, is making efforts to significantly decarbonize the industry, as it is currently aiming to produce net-zero cement and concrete by 2050. In order to do so, new technologies have come to the fore, namely: reduction of the clinker factor in the production of cement, the use of alternative fuels, CCUS and carbon negative concrete. Numerous policies have been brought forward by governments as well as coalitions and initiatives from major players of the industry. However, decarbonization efforts will need to be made across the whole value chain, and not only during the process of cement production if net neutrality is to be reached by 2050. This includes efforts from both major importers such as North America, and major exporters such as Asia.

The cement industry is a significant global emitter, accounting for 8% of global emissions (the largest within the construction industry). To incentivize emission reductions, the sector has set the bold target to produce net-zero cement and concrete by 2050. However, the sector remains far off track. According to the IEA, cement production will need to plateau in the upcoming years, and emissions fall by around 20%, in order to reach net-zero by 2050. Cement is a hard to abate sector due to the large global demand for new construction, particularly in rapidly urbanizing countries. Due to this requirement, it is essential the sector engages with a range of decarbonizing technologies to tackle its emissions, and for governments to establish supportive legislation and financial incentives. Decarbonization technologies include supplementary cementitious material, alternative fuels, carbon capture, utilisation, and storage, and green concrete, which are in varying stages of development and implementation. All face issues of cost, and some face raw material shortages. Another strategy gaining a foothold in the market is circularity, which promotes usage of waste materials as well as fuels which come from waste. Cement production cannot be fully electrified due to the intensity of its energy requirements. Instead, the sector will need to increase the proportion of alternative fuels used to replace coal and reduce carbon emissions. Carbon capture technology is now in early stages of being implemented in some plants, working to offset their overall emissions. However, CCUS infrastructure is growing slowly, and this is particularly true in the regions that produce the most cement. New technologies have demonstrated potential mechanisms for making concrete net carbon negative, which while still in the very early stages, could be vital in transforming the industry. Cost is currently prohibitive, but the technologies could be a valuable resource in achieving the ambitious but essential net zero targets. With the right governmental incentives and guidelines, these technologies could witness rapid growth in the upcoming decade.

Scope

• Global CO2 emissions from the cement and concrete industry, relevant policies for the decarbonization of the industry, analysis of major importers and exporters of cement, analysis of different decarbonizing technologies such as reduction of clinker factor, use of alternative fuels, CCUS, carbon negative concrete.
• The cement industry is aiming to produce net-zero cement by 2050, but the global cement production must stay flat in order to meet net-zero targets. Major players in the industry such as CRH, Holcim, Cemex and Heidelberg Materials have set individual decarbonizing targets and joined coalitions to combine efforts to reach said targets. Whilst the largest exporter of cement is Asia-Pacific, the largest importers and Europe and North America. The key decarbonizing technologies within the industry are the reduction of clinker factor, the use of alternative fuels, CCUS and carbon negative concrete.

Reasons to Buy

• Identify the market trends within the industry and assess what the biggest players in cement production are doing to reduce emissions.
• Develop market insight of the major technologies used to decarbonize the industry, as well as the policy framework laid out by governments.
• Understand the role major exporters and importers play in decarbonizing the industry and which strategies they should adopt going forward.
• Facilitate the understanding of what is happening within hard to abate industries as they look to becoming carbon neutral by 2050.

Table of Contents

Table of Contents

• Executive Summary
• Cement and concrete carbon emissions
• Policies to decarbonize the cement industry
• Largest importers and exporters of cement
• Introduction to decarbonizing technologies
• Clinker factor

CCUS

• Alternative fuels
• Green concrete
• The path forward

List of Tables

• Targeting emissions reductions by company
• Advantages and disadvantages of decarbonizing technologies
• Assessing decarbonization options for the cement industry

List of Figures

• Sources of emissions from cement
• Direct emissions intensity of cement production in the net-zero scenario (2015-2030)
• Global cement production in the net-zero scenario (2010-2030)
• Operational cement plants by region (2024)
• Upcoming cement plants by region (2024)
• Global CCS capacity (2020-2030)
• Global CCS capacity from cement industry (2020-2030)
• CCS capacity by region (2025-2030)
• CCUS projects government funding status (2025-2035)
• Total renewable fuels' production capacity (2025-2030)
• synthetic fuel production capacity (2025-2030)
• Alternative fuel rate