封面
市场调查报告书
商品编码
1813880

变压器绝缘市场规模、份额和趋势分析报告:按材料、地区和细分市场预测,2025-2033 年

Transformer Insulation Market Size, Share & Trends Analysis Report By Material (Solid Insulation Materials, Liquid Insulation Materials, Gaseous Insulation), By Region, And Segment Forecasts, 2025 - 2033

出版日期: | 出版商: Grand View Research | 英文 109 Pages | 商品交期: 2-10个工作天内

价格

变压器绝缘市场摘要

预计 2024 年全球变压器绝缘市场价值将达到 27.8 亿美元,到 2033 年将达到 46.1 亿美元,2025 年至 2033 年的复合年增长率为 5.9%。

全球电力需求的成长是变压器绝缘产业成长的主要驱动力。

已开发国家和开发中国家都市化和工业化的不断推进,推动了对可靠高效输电系统的需求。变压器是电网的关键部件,需要坚固的绝缘材料来确保运作安全和使用寿命。对能源基础设施日益增长的依赖直接推动了对能够承受高电压和极端环境条件的先进绝缘技术的需求。

变压器设计技术的进步进一步促进了市场扩张。现代电力系统需要紧凑、高性能、能够在更高负载和温度下运作的变压器。为了满足这一需求,製造商正在开发创新的绝缘材料,例如耐高温纸和合成薄膜。这些材料不仅提高了效率,还减少了维护需求,对电力公司和工业用户越来越有吸引力。

有关能源效率和环境安全的严格法规也影响变压器绝缘产业的成长轨迹。世界各国政府和监管机构正在实施旨在减少能源损失和二氧化碳排放的标准。因此,电力公司正在用更新、更有效率的变压器升级其老化的变压器,这些变压器采用了环保耐用的绝缘系统。遵守这些标准正在推动整个行业对永续绝缘材料和技术的投资。

目录

第一章调查方法与范围

第二章执行摘要

第三章变压器绝缘市场变数、趋势与范围

  • 市场体系展望
  • 变压器绝缘市场-价值链分析
  • 变压器绝缘市场 - 市场动态
    • 市场驱动因素分析
    • 市场限制因素分析
    • 市场机会分析
    • 市场问题分析
  • 法律规范
  • 变压器绝缘市场-商业环境分析
    • PESTLE分析
    • 波特五力分析
  • 市场扰动分析

第四章:变压器绝缘市场:材料估算与趋势分析

  • 关键要点
  • 2024年及2033年材料趋势分析及市场份额
  • 变压器绝缘市场(按材料)2021-2033
  • 固体隔热材料
  • 液体隔热材料
  • 气体隔热材料
  • 其他的

第五章:变压器绝缘市场:区域估计与趋势分析

  • 关键要点
  • 2024 年及 2033 年区域市占率分析
  • 按地区,2021-2030年
  • 北美洲
    • 按材料,2021-2033年
    • 美国
    • 加拿大
    • 墨西哥
  • 欧洲
    • 按材料,2021-2033年
    • 德国
    • 英国
    • 法国
    • 西班牙
    • 义大利
  • 亚太地区
    • 按材料,2021-2033年
    • 中国
    • 印度
    • 日本
    • 韩国
  • 拉丁美洲
    • 按材料,2021-2033年
  • 中东和非洲
    • 按材料,2021-2033年
    • 沙乌地阿拉伯
    • 阿拉伯聯合大公国
    • 埃及
    • 卡达
    • 科威特

第六章 供应商情报

  • 克莱里奇矩阵
  • 参与模式
  • 谈判策略
  • 采购最佳实践
  • 供应商选择标准
  • 原物料供应商名单

第七章 竞争分析

  • 主要市场参与企业的近期趋势和影响分析
  • 公司分类
  • 公司市场定位
  • 公司热图分析
  • 公司列表
    • DuPont
    • Weidmann Electrical Technology AG
    • Hitachi Energy Ltd.
    • Elantas(Altana AG)
    • Cargill, Incorporated
    • Siemens Energy
    • Krempel GmbH
    • Apar Industries
    • ZIEHL-ABEGG SE
Product Code: GVR-4-68040-706-7

Transformer Insulation Market Summary

The global transformer insulation market size was estimated at USD 2.78 billion in 2024 and is projected to reach USD 4.61 billion by 2033, growing at a CAGR of 5.9% from 2025 to 2033. The rising global demand for electricity is a primary driver of growth in the transformer insulation industry.

As urbanization and industrialization expand across both developed and developing nations, the need for reliable and efficient power transmission systems increases. Transformers, being critical components of electrical grids, require robust insulation materials to ensure operational safety and longevity. This growing reliance on energy infrastructure is directly fueling the demand for advanced insulation technologies that can withstand high voltages and extreme environmental conditions.

Technological advancements in transformer design have further contributed to the market's expansion. Modern power systems require compact, high-performance transformers capable of operating under higher loads and temperatures. To meet these demands, manufacturers are developing innovative insulation materials such as high-temperature resistant papers and synthetic films. These materials not only enhance efficiency but also reduce maintenance requirements, making them increasingly attractive to utility providers and industrial users alike.

Stringent regulations regarding energy efficiency and environmental safety are also influencing the growth trajectory of the transformer insulation industry. Governments and regulatory bodies worldwide are enforcing standards aimed at reducing energy losses and carbon emissions. As a result, utilities are upgrading outdated transformers with newer, more efficient models that incorporate eco-friendly and durable insulation systems. Compliance with these standards is driving investment in sustainable insulation materials and technologies across the sector.

Global Transformer Insulation Market Report Segmentation

This report forecasts revenue growth at the regional & country levels and provides an analysis of the industry trends in each of the segments from 2021 to 2030. For this study, Grand View Research has segmented the global transformer insulation market report based on the material and region:

To learn more about this report, request a free sample copy

  • Material Outlook (Revenue, USD Billion, 2021 - 2033)
  • Solid Insulation Materials
  • Liquid Insulation Materials
  • Gaseous Insulation
  • Others
  • Regional Outlook (Revenue, USD Billion, 2021 - 2033)
  • North America
    • U.S.
    • Canada
    • Mexico
  • Europe
    • Germany
    • UK
    • France
    • Italy
    • Spain
  • Asia Pacific
    • China
    • Japan
    • India
    • South Korea
  • Central & South America
  • Middle East & Africa
    • Saudi Arabia
    • UAE
    • Egypt
    • Qatar
    • Kuwait

Table of Contents

Chapter 1. Methodology and Scope

  • 1.1. Research Methodology
  • 1.2. Research Scope & Assumption
  • 1.3. Information Procurement
    • 1.3.1. Purchased Database
    • 1.3.2. GVR's Internal Database
    • 1.3.3. Secondary Sources & Third-Party Perspectives
    • 1.3.4. Primary Research
  • 1.4. Information Analysis
    • 1.4.1. Data Analysis Models
  • 1.5. Market Formulation & Data Visualization
  • 1.6. List of Data Sources

Chapter 2. Executive Summary

  • 2.1. Market Outlook, 2024 (USD Million)
  • 2.2. Segmental Outlook
  • 2.3. Competitive Insights

Chapter 3. Transformer Insulation Market Variables, Trends & Scope

  • 3.1. Market Lineage Outlook
  • 3.2. Transformer Insulation Market - Value Chain Analysis
  • 3.3. Transformer Insulation Market - Market Dynamics
    • 3.3.1. Market Driver Analysis
    • 3.3.2. Market Restraint Analysis
    • 3.3.3. Market Opportunity Analysis
    • 3.3.4. Market Challenge Analysis
  • 3.4. Regulatory Framework
  • 3.5. Transformer Insulation Market - Business Environment Analysis
    • 3.5.1. PESTLE Analysis
    • 3.5.2. Porter's Five Forces Analysis
  • 3.6. Market Disruption Analysis

Chapter 4. Transformer Insulation Market: Material Estimates & Trend Analysis

  • 4.1. Key Takeaways
  • 4.2. Material Movement Analysis & Market Share, 2024 & 2033
  • 4.3. Transformer Insulation Market, By Material, 2021 - 2033 (USD Million)
  • 4.4. Solid Insulation Materials
    • 4.4.1. Solid Insulation Materials Market Estimates & Forecasts, 2021 - 2033 (USD Million)
  • 4.5. Liquid Insulation Materials
    • 4.5.1. Liquid Insulation Materials Market Estimates & Forecasts, 2021 - 2033 (USD Million)
  • 4.6. Gaseous Insulation
    • 4.6.1. Gaseous Insulation Market Estimates & Forecasts, 2021 - 2033 (USD Million)
  • 4.7. Others
    • 4.7.1. Transformer Insulation Market Estimates & Forecasts, for Others, 2021 - 2033 (USD Million)

Chapter 5. Transformer Insulation Market: Regional Estimates & Trend Analysis

  • 5.1. Key Takeaways
  • 5.2. Regional Market Share Analysis, 2024 & 2033
  • 5.3. Market Estimates & Forecasts by Region, 2021 - 2030 (USD Million)
  • 5.4. North America
    • 5.4.1. North America Transformer Insulation Market Estimates & Forecasts, 2021 - 2033 (USD Million)
    • 5.4.2. North America Transformer Insulation Market Estimates & Forecasts, by Material, 2021 - 2033 (USD Million)
    • 5.4.3. U.S.
      • 5.4.3.1. U.S. Transformer Insulation Market Estimates & Forecasts, 2021 - 2033 (USD Million)
      • 5.4.3.2. U.S. Transformer Insulation Market Estimates & Forecasts, by Material, 2021 - 2033 (USD Million)
    • 5.4.4. Canada
      • 5.4.4.1. Canada Transformer Insulation Market Estimates & Forecasts, 2021 - 2033 (USD Million)
      • 5.4.4.2. Canada Transformer Insulation Market Estimates & Forecasts, by Material, 2021 - 2033 (USD Million)
    • 5.4.5. Mexico
      • 5.4.5.1. Mexico Transformer Insulation Market Estimates & Forecasts, 2021 - 2033 (USD Million)
      • 5.4.5.2. Mexico Transformer Insulation Market Estimates & Forecasts, by Material, 2021 - 2033 (USD Million)
  • 5.5. Europe
    • 5.5.1. Europe Transformer Insulation Market Estimates & Forecasts, 2021 - 2033 (USD Million)
    • 5.5.2. Europe Transformer Insulation Market Estimates & Forecasts, by Material, 2021 - 2033 (USD Million)
    • 5.5.3. Germany
      • 5.5.3.1. Germany Transformer Insulation Market Estimates & Forecasts, 2021 - 2033 (USD Million)
      • 5.5.3.2. Germany Transformer Insulation Market Estimates & Forecasts, by Material, 2021 - 2033 (USD Million)
    • 5.5.4. UK
      • 5.5.4.1. UK Transformer Insulation Market Estimates & Forecasts, 2021 - 2033 (USD Million)
      • 5.5.4.2. UK Transformer Insulation Market Estimates & Forecasts, by Material, 2021 - 2033 (USD Million)
    • 5.5.5. France
      • 5.5.5.1. France Transformer Insulation Market Estimates & Forecasts, 2021 - 2033 (USD Million)
      • 5.5.5.2. France Transformer Insulation Market Estimates & Forecasts, by Material, 2021 - 2033 (USD Million)
    • 5.5.6. Spain
      • 5.5.6.1. Spain Transformer Insulation Market Estimates & Forecasts, 2021 - 2033 (USD Million)
      • 5.5.6.2. Spain Transformer Insulation Market Estimates & Forecasts, by Material, 2021 - 2033 (USD Million)
    • 5.5.7. Italy
      • 5.5.7.1. Italy Transformer Insulation Market Estimates & Forecasts, 2021 - 2033 (USD Million)
      • 5.5.7.2. Italy Transformer Insulation Market Estimates & Forecasts, by Material, 2021 - 2033 (USD Million)
  • 5.6. Asia Pacific
    • 5.6.1. Asia Pacific Transformer Insulation Market Estimates & Forecasts, 2021 - 2033 (USD Million)
    • 5.6.2. Asia Pacific Transformer Insulation Market Estimates & Forecasts, by Material, 2021 - 2033 (USD Million)
    • 5.6.3. China
      • 5.6.3.1. China Transformer Insulation Market Estimates & Forecasts, 2021 - 2033 (USD Million)
      • 5.6.3.2. China Transformer Insulation Market Estimates & Forecasts, by Material, 2021 - 2033 (USD Million)
    • 5.6.4. India
      • 5.6.4.1. India Transformer Insulation Market Estimates & Forecasts, 2021 - 2033 (USD Million)
      • 5.6.4.2. India Transformer Insulation Market Estimates & Forecasts, by Material, 2021 - 2033 (USD Million)
    • 5.6.5. Japan
      • 5.6.5.1. Japan Transformer Insulation Market Estimates & Forecasts, 2021 - 2033 (USD Million)
      • 5.6.5.2. Japan Transformer Insulation Market Estimates & Forecasts, by Material, 2021 - 2033 (USD Million)
    • 5.6.6. South Korea
      • 5.6.6.1. South Korea Transformer Insulation Market Estimates & Forecasts, 2021 - 2033 (USD Million)
      • 5.6.6.2. South Korea Transformer Insulation Market Estimates & Forecasts, by Material, 2021 - 2033 (USD Million)
  • 5.7. Central & South America
    • 5.7.1. Central & South America Transformer Insulation Market Estimates & Forecasts, 2021 - 2033 (USD Million)
    • 5.7.2. Central & South America Transformer Insulation Market Estimates & Forecasts, by Material, 2021 - 2033 (USD Million)
  • 5.8. Middle East & Africa
    • 5.8.1. Middle East & Africa Transformer Insulation Market Estimates & Forecasts, 2021 - 2033 (USD Million)
    • 5.8.2. Middle East & Africa Transformer Insulation Market Estimates & Forecasts, by Material, 2021 - 2033 (USD Million)
    • 5.8.3. Saudi Arabia
      • 5.8.3.1. Saudi Arabia Transformer Insulation Market Estimates & Forecasts, 2021 - 2033 (USD Million)
      • 5.8.3.2. Saudi Arabia Transformer Insulation Market Estimates & Forecasts, by Material, 2021 - 2033 (USD Million)
    • 5.8.4. UAE
      • 5.8.4.1. UAE Transformer Insulation Market Estimates & Forecasts, 2021 - 2033 (USD Million)
      • 5.8.4.2. UAE Transformer Insulation Market Estimates & Forecasts, by Material, 2021 - 2033 (USD Million)
    • 5.8.5. Egypt
      • 5.8.5.1. Egypt Transformer Insulation Market Estimates & Forecasts, 2021 - 2033 (USD Million)
      • 5.8.5.2. Egypt Transformer Insulation Market Estimates & Forecasts, by Material, 2021 - 2033 (USD Million)
    • 5.8.6. Qatar
      • 5.8.6.1. Qatar Transformer Insulation Market Estimates & Forecasts, 2021 - 2033 (USD Million)
      • 5.8.6.2. Qatar Transformer Insulation Market Estimates & Forecasts, by Material, 2021 - 2033 (USD Million)
    • 5.8.7. Kuwait
      • 5.8.7.1. Kuwait Transformer Insulation Market Estimates & Forecasts, 2021 - 2033 (USD Million)
      • 5.8.7.2. Kuwait Transformer Insulation Market Estimates & Forecasts, by Material, 2021 - 2033 (USD Million)

Chapter 6. Supplier Intelligence

  • 6.1. Kraljic Matrix
  • 6.2. Engagement Model
  • 6.3. Negotiation Strategies
  • 6.4. Sourcing Best Practices
  • 6.5. Vendor Selection Criteria
  • 6.6. List of Raw Material Suppliers

Chapter 7. Competitive Analysis

  • 7.1. Recent Developments & Impact Analysis, By Key Market Participants
  • 7.2. Company Categorization
  • 7.3. Company Market Positioning
  • 7.4. Company Heat Map Analysis
  • 7.5. Company Listings
    • 7.5.1. DuPont
      • 7.5.1.1. Company Overview
      • 7.5.1.2. Financial Performance
      • 7.5.1.3. Product Benchmarking
      • 7.5.1.4. Strategic Initiatives
    • 7.5.2. Weidmann Electrical Technology AG
      • 7.5.2.1. Company Overview
      • 7.5.2.2. Financial Performance
      • 7.5.2.3. Product Benchmarking
      • 7.5.2.4. Strategic Initiatives
    • 7.5.3. Hitachi Energy Ltd.
      • 7.5.3.1. Company Overview
      • 7.5.3.2. Financial Performance
      • 7.5.3.3. Product Benchmarking
      • 7.5.3.4. Strategic Initiatives
    • 7.5.4. Elantas (Altana AG)
      • 7.5.4.1. Company Overview
      • 7.5.4.2. Financial Performance
      • 7.5.4.3. Product Benchmarking
      • 7.5.4.4. Strategic Initiatives
    • 7.5.5. Cargill, Incorporated
      • 7.5.5.1. Company Overview
      • 7.5.5.2. Financial Performance
      • 7.5.5.3. Product Benchmarking
      • 7.5.5.4. Strategic Initiatives
    • 7.5.6. Siemens Energy
      • 7.5.6.1. Company Overview
      • 7.5.6.2. Financial Performance
      • 7.5.6.3. Product Benchmarking
      • 7.5.6.4. Strategic Initiatives
    • 7.5.7. Krempel GmbH
      • 7.5.7.1. Company Overview
      • 7.5.7.2. Financial Performance
      • 7.5.7.3. Product Benchmarking
      • 7.5.7.4. Strategic Initiatives
    • 7.5.8. Apar Industries
      • 7.5.8.1. Company Overview
      • 7.5.8.2. Financial Performance
      • 7.5.8.3. Product Benchmarking
      • 7.5.8.4. Strategic Initiatives
    • 7.5.9. ZIEHL-ABEGG SE
      • 7.5.9.1. Company Overview
      • 7.5.9.2. Financial Performance
      • 7.5.9.3. Product Benchmarking
      • 7.5.9.4. Strategic Initiatives

List of Tables

  • Table 1. Transformer Insulation Market Estimates & Forecasts, by Solid Insulation Materials, 2021 - 2033 (USD Million)
  • Table 2. Transformer Insulation Market Estimates & Forecasts, by Liquid Insulation Materials, 2021 - 2033 (USD Million)
  • Table 3. Transformer Insulation Market Estimates & Forecasts, by Gaseous Insulation, 2021 - 2033 (USD Million)
  • Table 4. Transformer Insulation Market Estimates & Forecasts, by Others, 2021 - 2033 (USD Million)
  • Table 5. North America Transformer Insulation Market Estimates & Forecasts, 2021 - 2033 (USD Million)
  • Table 6. North America Transformer Insulation Market Estimates & Forecasts, by Material, 2021 - 2033 (USD Million)
  • Table 7. U.S. Transformer Insulation Market Estimates & Forecasts, 2021 - 2033 (USD Million)
  • Table 8. U.S. Transformer Insulation Market Estimates & Forecasts, by Material, 2021 - 2033 (USD Million)
  • Table 9. Canada Transformer Insulation Market Estimates & Forecasts, 2021 - 2033 (USD Million)
  • Table 10. Canada Transformer Insulation Market Estimates & Forecasts, by Material, 2021 - 2033 (USD Million)
  • Table 11. Mexico Transformer Insulation Market Estimates & Forecasts, 2021 - 2033 (USD Million)
  • Table 12. Mexico Transformer Insulation Market Estimates & Forecasts, by Material, 2021 - 2033 (USD Million)
  • Table 13. Europe Transformer Insulation Market Estimates & Forecasts, 2021 - 2033 (USD Million)
  • Table 14. Europe Transformer Insulation Market Estimates & Forecasts, by Material, 2021 - 2033 (USD Million)
  • Table 15. Germany Transformer Insulation Market Estimates & Forecasts, 2021 - 2033 (USD Million)
  • Table 16. Germany Transformer Insulation Market Estimates & Forecasts, by Material, 2021 - 2033 (USD Million)
  • Table 17. UK Transformer Insulation Market Estimates & Forecasts, 2021 - 2033 (USD Million)
  • Table 18. UK Transformer Insulation Market Estimates & Forecasts, by Material, 2021 - 2033 (USD Million)
  • Table 19. France Transformer Insulation Market Estimates & Forecasts, 2021 - 2033 (USD Million)
  • Table 20. France Transformer Insulation Market Estimates & Forecasts, by Material, 2021 - 2033 (USD Million)
  • Table 21. Spain Transformer Insulation Market Estimates & Forecasts, 2021 - 2033 (USD Million)
  • Table 22. Spain Transformer Insulation Market Estimates & Forecasts, by Material, 2021 - 2033 (USD Million)
  • Table 23. Italy Transformer Insulation Market Estimates & Forecasts, 2021 - 2033 (USD Million)
  • Table 24. Italy Transformer Insulation Market Estimates & Forecasts, by Material, 2021 - 2033 (USD Million)
  • Table 25. Asia Pacific Transformer Insulation Market Estimates & Forecasts, 2021 - 2033 (USD Million)
  • Table 26. Asia Pacific Transformer Insulation Market Estimates & Forecasts, by Material, 2021 - 2033 (USD Million)
  • Table 27. China Transformer Insulation Market Estimates & Forecasts, 2021 - 2033 (USD Million)
  • Table 28. China Transformer Insulation Market Estimates & Forecasts, by Material, 2021 - 2033 (USD Million)
  • Table 29. India Transformer Insulation Market Estimates & Forecasts, 2021 - 2033 (USD Million)
  • Table 30. India Transformer Insulation Market Estimates & Forecasts, by Material, 2021 - 2033 (USD Million)
  • Table 31. Japan Transformer Insulation Market Estimates & Forecasts, 2021 - 2033 (USD Million)
  • Table 32. Japan Transformer Insulation Market Estimates & Forecasts, by Material, 2021 - 2033 (USD Million)
  • Table 33. South Korea Transformer Insulation Market Estimates & Forecasts, 2021 - 2033 (USD Million)
  • Table 34. South Korea Transformer Insulation Market Estimates & Forecasts, by Material, 2021 - 2033 (USD Million)
  • Table 35. Central & South America Transformer Insulation Market Estimates & Forecasts, 2021 - 2033 (USD Million)
  • Table 36. Central & South America Transformer Insulation Market Estimates & Forecasts, by Material, 2021 - 2033 (USD Million)
  • Table 37. Middle East & Africa Transformer Insulation Market Estimates & Forecasts, 2021 - 2033 (USD Million)
  • Table 38. Middle East & Africa Transformer Insulation Market Estimates & Forecasts, by Material, 2021 - 2033 (USD Million)
  • Table 39. UAE Transformer Insulation Market Estimates & Forecasts, 2021 - 2033 (USD Million)
  • Table 40. UAE Transformer Insulation Market Estimates & Forecasts, by Material, 2021 - 2033 (USD Million)
  • Table 41. Egypt Transformer Insulation Market Estimates & Forecasts, 2021 - 2033 (USD Million)
  • Table 42. Egypt Transformer Insulation Market Estimates & Forecasts, by Material, 2021 - 2033 (USD Million)
  • Table 43. Qatar Transformer Insulation Market Estimates & Forecasts, 2021 - 2033 (USD Million)
  • Table 44. Qatar Transformer Insulation Market Estimates & Forecasts, by Material, 2021 - 2033 (USD Million)
  • Table 45. Kuwait Transformer Insulation Market Estimates & Forecasts, 2021 - 2033 (USD Million)
  • Table 46. Kuwait Transformer Insulation Market Estimates & Forecasts, by Material, 2021 - 2033 (USD Million)

List of Figures

  • Fig. 1 Information Procurement
  • Fig. 2 Primary Research Pattern
  • Fig. 3 Primary Research Process
  • Fig. 4 Market Research Approaches - Bottom-Up Approach
  • Fig. 5 Market Research Approaches - Top-Down Approach
  • Fig. 6 Market Research Approaches - Combined Approach
  • Fig. 7 Market Snapshot
  • Fig. 8 Segmental Outlook
  • Fig. 9 Competitive Outlook
  • Fig. 10 Transformer Insulation Market - Value Chain Analysis
  • Fig. 11 Transformer Insulation Market - Sales Channel Analysis
  • Fig. 12 Market Drivers Impact Analysis
  • Fig. 13 Market Restraint Impact Analysis
  • Fig. 14 Industry Analysis - PORTERS
  • Fig. 15 Industry Analysis - PESTEL
  • Fig. 16 Material: Key Takeaways
  • Fig. 17 Material: Market Share, 2024 & 2033
  • Fig. 18 Region, 2024 & 2033 (USD Million)
  • Fig. 19 Regional Marketplace: Key Takeaways
  • Fig. 20 Kraljic Matrix
  • Fig. 21 Engagement Model
  • Fig. 22 Sourcing Best Practices
  • Fig. 23 Sourcing Best Practices
  • Fig. 24 Competition Categorization
  • Fig. 25 Company Market Positioning
  • Fig. 26 Strategy Mapping, 2024