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市场调查报告书
商品编码
1848653
国防安全保障与紧急管理市场依产品类型、应用、最终用户、部署类型与技术划分-2025-2032年全球预测Homeland Security & Emergency Management Market by Product Type, Application, End User, Deployment Type, Technology - Global Forecast 2025-2032 |
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预计到 2032 年,国防安全保障和紧急管理市场将成长至 15,300.6 亿美元,复合年增长率为 7.99%。
| 主要市场统计数据 | |
|---|---|
| 基准年 2024 | 8267.5亿美元 |
| 预计年份:2025年 | 8943.3亿美元 |
| 预测年份:2032年 | 1,530,060 万美元 |
| 复合年增长率 (%) | 7.99% |
本报告引言部分建构了一个框架,用于理解现代威胁、技术进步和政策转变如何影响美国国防安全保障和紧急管理的优先事项。报告整合了跨领域的考量,为领导者提供能力需求、采购动态和作战准备考量的统一视角。报告以互通性、动态以及决定係统和流程在压力下能否正常组装的人为因素为讨论框架。
本书以实体领域和网路领域的整合为切入点,强调了建构整合架构的必要性,以应对供应链中断和不断演变的威胁,确保任务顺利完成。引言部分将读者置于一个复杂的环境中,在这个环境中,财政限制、不断变化的法律法规以及公众期望相互作用,共同影响着采购和部署的选择。引言强调,决策者需要在短期事件回应需求与长期能力发展和战备计画之间取得平衡。
报告首先检验商业环境的宏观变化,然后评估主导对采购和产业韧性的影响,接着探讨其影响、区域动态、供应商格局以及策略建议。报告旨在为规划人员和采购负责人提供以证据为基础的论述,将政策、技术和营运成果有机地连结起来。
这种格局的变革性转变反映了策略驱动因素的汇聚,这些因素正在重新定义机构和私人合作伙伴对安全和韧性的思考方式。地缘政治格局的重组以及国家和非国家数位能力的激增,提升了网路物理融合的重要性,并推动了对能够跨感测器、网路和决策平台进行感知、分析和回应的系统进行投资。同时,气候驱动的极端天气事件和连锁基础设施故障也促使人们需要可扩展、可互通的紧急应变架构。
人工智慧的普及、边缘感测器和自主机器人等技术进步正在改变部队的部署态势和作战节奏。这些技术扩展了情境察觉,并扩大了回应人员的行动范围,但也对资料完整性、供应链和软体生命週期管理提出了新的要求。政策和监管政策正在调整以适应这些变化,强调数据共用标准、跨辖区协调和韧性基准,而这些调整又反过来影响采购规范和整合计画。
随着传统国防承包商与技术型公司和新兴企业合作,提供模组化、以软体为中心的解决方案,市场结构正在改变。这种生态系统层面的转型既促进了创新,也带来了复杂性,需要现代化的管治模式、人才培育和采购管道。最终结果是,敏捷性、基于标准的互通性和供应链透明度成为决定专案成功的关键因素。
2025年实施的新关税和贸易措施为国防安全保障和紧急管理专案的采购计画、零件采购和全生命週期保障带来了一系列重大变数。关税变化影响了卫星通讯、感测器和某些机器人平台等硬体密集型系统的成本结构,促使采购者重新评估供应商选择标准和整体拥有成本。进口经济情势的变化加速了关于近岸外包、供应商多元化以及关键零件国内替代品合格的讨论。
采购负责人已采取应对措施,包括加强对供应商的尽职调查、重新评估长期合同,并优先考虑包含固定价格和转嫁保护条款的交易。虽然以软体为中心的解决方案受关税的直接影响较小,但边缘运算硬体和安全网路设备成本的上涨已对其产生间接影响。这些压力推动了模组化设计的发展,将计算和感测器元件分离,从而实现增量升级和灵活的采购方式。
由此产生的累积影响不仅推高了价格,也影响了专案进度,需要对采购调整方案和替代供应链进行进一步的检验和测试。各机构的因应措施包括强调互通性标准以减少供应商锁定,并扩大预谈判框架以加快采购速度。同时,人们重新燃起了对官民合作关係来支持特定零件的国内生产能力,从而在满足近期营运需求的同时,实现加强工业基础的战略目标。
我们以细分市场为核心的分析方法揭示了不同产品类型、应用、最终用户、部署模式和实行技术的需求讯号和采购管道的差异。按产品类型划分,核心细分市场包括硬体组件、网路基础设施和通讯设备(含卫星通讯);网路安全解决方案(涵盖云端安全、终端安全、识别及存取管理以及网路安全);侦测系统(涵盖生物、化学、爆炸物、火灾和气体以及辐射侦测);无人机和机器人(包括自主机器人、无人飞行器和无人地面车辆);防护衣(包括防护衣、核生化防护服和消防服);感测器(涵盖声学、生物、化学、光学和热成像感测器);以及软体平台(包括分析平台、指挥控制软体和事件管理软体)。需求特征差异显着:硬体密集型产品类别由于关税和供应链限製而面临采购摩擦,而软体和分析平台则受益于快速更新周期和云端交付。
按应用领域分類的市场细分支援以下功能:边防安全(包括空中、陆地和海上);通讯系统;决策支援;指挥控制(协调资源分配);紧急应变(包括消防、医疗救援和搜救);人群管理;通道规划;疏散管理(重点在于避难所协调);基础设施保护(涵盖通讯网路、电网、交通运输和水处理);以应用主导的采购优先考虑可靠性、业务连续性和安全的资料交换,从而决定解决方案的选择和整合方式。
最终用户涵盖范围广泛,包括大型国防承包商和小型企业等国防承包商,急救服务机构(如急救医疗服务、消防部门和警察部门),联邦、州和地方各级政府机构,电力和公共等基础设施提供商,电讯运营商,运输公司和水务公司,以及网络安全公司、要员保护公司和风险管理公司等私人保全公司。每个使用者群体都面临不同的采购时间表、监管限制和营运风险接受度,这些因素反过来又会影响他们的采用週期和售后支援预期。
部署类型的选择——云端、混合或本地部署——体现了延迟、安全性和营运连续性之间的权衡。对隔离要求严格的关键环境倾向于选择本地部署或混合模式,而以分析为中心的协作专案则利用云端功能来实现可扩展性。最后,技术细分突显了跨领域的推动因素:人工智慧及其子领域,例如电脑视觉、机器学习和自然语言处理;巨量资料分析,例如资料视觉化、预测分析和即时分析;区块炼及其帐本网路和智慧合约;云端运算,包括基础设施即服务 (IaaS)、平台即网路设备 (PaaS) 和软体服务 (SaaS);技术选择不仅影响功能,还影响员工技能需求、测试通讯协定和维护模式。
区域动态影响着美洲、中东和非洲以及亚太地区的能力发展、采购重点和伙伴关係策略,每个地区都呈现出独特的风险特征和合作机会。美洲地区强调跨部门协作、国家指挥控制现代化、商业创新融入公共部门能力建构。该地区的采购週期受到联邦拨款项目、国防安全保障指令以及分散的地方和州级需求的共同影响,从而推动了对模组化、标准化系统的需求。
中东和非洲地区情况复杂,地缘政治紧张局势、人口流动模式和基础建设现代化措施共同影响投资重点。北约互通性标准和欧盟法规结构影响许多国家的采购规范,而中东国家则专注于监测、边境管制和城市韧性计画。在非洲,能力建构工作和捐助者资助的项目通常优先考虑低成本、稳健的解决方案和可扩展的培训项目,这些方案即使在网路连接有限的情况下也能运作。
亚太地区的特点是技术快速普及、对海上态势感知和灾害防备的大量投资(鑑于其极易受到气候驱动事件的影响)。在亚太部分地区,电子和机器人技术的区域供应链仍然拥堵,影响采购动态和关税敏感性。在所有地区,跨境演习、共用标准和多边采购联盟都是减少冗余和加速能力协调的机制。因此,区域策略必须协调互通性承诺、在地化需求和全生命週期支援预期。
主要企业和解决方案提供者构成了一个生态系统,该系统融合了传统国防承包商、技术公司、系统整合商和专业细分领域供应商。大型承包商仍然是主要平台专案的核心,并持续提供广泛的维护和认证能力,而中型市场和新兴企业则在感测器、自主系统和分析领域引入创新架构。专业技术供应商提供快速的软体迭代和云端原生服务,但通常依赖与现有整合商的伙伴关係来满足监管认证和大规模部署的要求。
竞争格局的特点是策略联盟、旨在整合能力的併购以及研发投资,以加速人工智慧、边缘分析和弹性通讯的成熟。能够展现透明供应链、遵循安全设计原则并提供强大的部署后支援的供应商更有可能赢得强调多年期框架和互通性的合约。同时,那些寻求避免供应商锁定并延长平台生命週期的组织更倾向于选择能够提供基于标准、模组化解决方案且具有清晰升级路径的公司。
买家在评估供应商时,不仅关注其技术实力,还会检视其专案管理成熟度、测试检验记录以及整合到多供应商架构中的能力。因此,为了交付既需要行业专业知识又需要快速软体创新能力的复杂功能,伙伴关係和联盟正日益成为常态。为因应这种环境,供应商必须投资于认证准备、伙伴关係生态系统以及可证明的营运成功,才能保持竞争力。
针对产业领导者的实际建议着重于加强供应链韧性、透过标准加速互通性,以及将采购策略转向模组化、可升级系统。领导者应优先考虑关键硬体组件的供应商多元化,并投资于国内製造或值得信赖的国际供应商认证管道,以降低关税和地缘政治风险。同时,将软体模组化和开放API纳入产品蓝图,可以减少整合摩擦,并实现功能增量式添加,而无需进行成本高昂的平台重建。
各组织必须提升专案经理、系统工程师和维运人员在资料中心实务、网路安全防护和人工智慧管治的技能。投资于实战演练和数数位双胞胎环境可以加快运行检验,并在实际部署前发现整合挑战。从采购角度来看,采用灵活的合约机制,以适应快速的技术更新、纳入网路安全要求并奖励全生命週期支持,可以使供应商的奖励与长期任务目标保持一致。
最后,产业领导者应与包括政府、学术界和私营创新者在内的多方相关人员合作,共同製定标准、测试框架和互通性演示。此类合作可以减少重复工作,加快技术应用,并共用共同的保障基准。遵循这些策略主题将使组织能够更好地应对政策衝击,利用颠覆性技术,并保持强大的任务能力。
本调查方法融合了访谈、专家咨询以及多资讯来源资料三角验证,以提供可靠且有理有据的见解。访谈包括对专案经理、采购负责人、供应商技术负责人和最终用户代表进行结构化访谈,以了解营运重点、采购限制和技术采用驱动因素。此外,还召集了一个专家小组,以检验关于互通性标准、生命週期保障以及关税导致的供应链变化对营运影响的假设。
我们从公开的政策文件、监管指南、技术标准以及检验的供应商披露信息中提取了辅助信息,以绘製能力架构图和供应商声明。分析方法结合了定性编码和情境分析,以评估政策衝击和技术转折点如何影响采购管道和作战准备。在适用情况下,我们对近期采购和部署案例进行了比较分析,为提出的建议提供实证依据。
品质保证包括迭代式同侪审查和方法论检验步骤,以确保研究结果反映实际操作情况,并且所建议的方法在典型的专案限制条件下切实可行。研究结果的局限性和假设均已记录在案,以便于透明地解读研究结果,并允许根据具体的组织环境进行进一步的调整。
结论概括了以下几个关键主题:不断演变的威胁动态和气候变迁驱动的事件正在增加对综合性韧性解决方案的需求;技术进步带来了重大机会,但也带来了依赖性风险;政策和关税的变化对采购和产业基础战略有着切实的影响。综上所述,这些动态既为公共和私营部门的领导者带来了紧迫性和机会,促使他们改进采购方式,深化对互通性的承诺,并投资于提升国内供应链的韧性。
那些积极主动地将近期作战需求与长期能力规划相协调,并专注于模组化、标准化和战备的组织,将更有能力持续完成任务。这需要一种迭代的、基于实证的采购方法,将实践演练与可扩展架构的投资结合。弥合能力差距需要跨部门、跨产业和跨研究领域的合作,以协调奖励、共用测试资源并加速最佳实践的推广应用。
这意味着要优先发展适应性系统、安全透明的供应链以及以人为本的整合,以确保国防安全保障和紧急管理能力在日常和压力情况下都能保持有效。
The Homeland Security & Emergency Management Market is projected to grow by USD 1,530.06 billion at a CAGR of 7.99% by 2032.
| KEY MARKET STATISTICS | |
|---|---|
| Base Year [2024] | USD 826.75 billion |
| Estimated Year [2025] | USD 894.33 billion |
| Forecast Year [2032] | USD 1,530.06 billion |
| CAGR (%) | 7.99% |
The introduction establishes the framework for understanding how contemporary threats, technology advances, and policy shifts are reshaping homeland security and emergency management priorities across the United States. This report synthesizes cross-domain observations to provide leaders with a cohesive view of capability requirements, procurement dynamics, and operational readiness considerations. It frames the conversation around interoperability, resilience, and the human factors that determine whether systems and processes perform under stress.
Beginning with the convergence of physical and cyber domains, the narrative stresses the necessity of integrated architectures that can sustain mission assurance despite supply chain disruptions and evolving threat vectors. The introduction situates readers within a complex environment where fiscal constraints, legislative changes, and public expectations interact to influence acquisition windows and deployment choices. It underscores the need for decision-makers to balance short-term incident response needs with long-term capability development and workforce readiness initiatives.
Transitional commentary highlights how the subsequent sections build from foundational context to actionable insights: first examining macro shifts in the operating landscape, then assessing tariff-driven consequences on procurement and industrial base resilience, followed by segmentation-based implications, regional dynamics, vendor landscapes, and strategic recommendations. The intent is to equip planners and procurement officials with an evidence-based narrative that connects policy, technology, and operational outcomes in a coherent manner.
Transformative shifts in the landscape reflect a convergence of strategic drivers that are redefining how agencies and private partners conceive of security and resilience. Geopolitical realignment and the proliferation of state and non-state digital capabilities have elevated the priority of cyber-physical convergence, prompting investments in systems that can detect, analyze, and respond across sensors, networks, and decision platforms. At the same time, climate-driven extreme weather events and cascading infrastructure failures have reinforced the imperative for scalable, interoperable emergency response architectures.
Technological advances such as pervasive artificial intelligence, edge-enabled sensors, and autonomous robotics are altering force posture and operational tempo. These technologies expand situational awareness and extend the reach of responders, but they also create new dependencies on data integrity, supply chains, and software lifecycle management. Policy and regulatory changes are adapting to these shifts by emphasizing standards for data sharing, cross-jurisdictional coordination, and resilience benchmarks, which in turn influence procurement specifications and integration timelines.
Market structures are evolving as traditional defense primes partner with technology-focused firms and startups to deliver modular, software-centric solutions. This ecosystem-level transformation drives both innovation and complexity, necessitating updated governance models, workforce training, and acquisition pathways. The net effect is a landscape where agility, standards-based interoperability, and supply chain visibility are the critical determinants of programmatic success.
The imposition of new tariffs and trade measures in 2025 introduced a material set of variables into procurement planning, component sourcing, and lifecycle sustainment for homeland security and emergency management programs. Tariff changes affected cost structures for hardware-intensive systems such as satellite communications, sensors, and certain robotics platforms, prompting buyers to reassess vendor selection criteria and total cost of ownership. Shifts in import economics accelerated conversations about nearshoring, supplier diversity, and qualification of domestic alternatives for critical components.
Procurement officials have responded by imposing stricter supplier due diligence, re-evaluating long-term contracts, and prioritizing contracts that include firm-fixed pricing or passthrough protections. For software-centric solutions, tariffs have had a more muted direct impact, yet indirect effects emerged through increased costs for edge computing hardware and secure networking appliances. These pressures incentivized modular designs that decouple compute and sensor elements, enabling phased upgrades and greater flexibility in sourcing.
The cumulative impact extended beyond immediate price inflation to affect program timelines, as sourcing pivots and qualification of alternate supply chains required additional validation and testing. Agencies adapted by emphasizing interoperable standards to reduce vendor lock-in and by expanding pre-negotiated frameworks to speed acquisition. In parallel, there has been renewed interest in public-private partnerships to underwrite domestic production capacity for select components, balancing near-term operational needs with a strategic objective of industrial base resilience.
A segmentation-focused lens reveals differentiated demand signals and procurement pathways across product types, applications, end users, deployment models, and enabling technologies. Within product type, core categories include Communications Equipment comprising hardware components, networking infrastructure, and satellite communications; Cybersecurity Solutions spanning cloud security, endpoint security, identity and access management, and network security; Detection Systems covering biological, chemical, explosive, fire and gas, and radiological detection; Drones And Robotics including autonomous robots, UAVs, and UGVs; Protective Gear such as ballistic protection, CBRN suits, and firefighting suits; Sensors across acoustic, biological, chemical, optical, and thermal types; and Software Platforms that encompass analytics platforms, command and control software, and incident management software. Demand profiles differ markedly: hardware-heavy categories face procurement friction from tariff and supply chain constraints, whereas software and analytics platforms benefit from rapid update cycles and cloud-enabled distribution.
Across application domains, the market supports capabilities for Border Security with air, land, and maritime segments; Command And Control bridging communication systems, decision support, and resource allocation; Emergency Response that includes fire control, medical response, and search and rescue; Evacuation Management focused on crowd management, route planning, and shelter coordination; Infrastructure Protection spanning communication networks, power grid, transportation, and water treatment; and Surveillance And Monitoring which leverages perimeter monitoring, sensor networks, UAV surveillance, and video surveillance. Application-driven procurement prioritizes reliability, continuity of operations, and secure data exchange, shaping solution selection and integration approaches.
End users vary from Defense Contractors-both large defense primes and SMEs-to Emergency Services including EMS, fire departments, and police; Government Agencies at federal, state, and local levels; Infrastructure Operators such as power and utilities, telecom operators, transportation companies, and water utilities; and Private Security Firms including cybersecurity firms, executive protection, and risk management firms. Each user group operates under distinct procurement timelines, regulatory constraints, and operational risk appetites, which in turn influence adoption cycles and aftermarket support expectations.
Deployment type choices-Cloud, Hybrid, and On-Premise-reflect trade-offs between latency, security posture, and continuity of operations. Critical environments with stringent isolation requirements tend toward on-premise or hybrid models, while analytics-heavy and collaborative programs leverage cloud capabilities for scalability. Finally, technology segmentation highlights cross-cutting enablers: Artificial Intelligence with subdomains in computer vision, machine learning, and natural language processing; Big Data Analytics including data visualization, predictive analytics, and real-time analytics; Blockchain with ledger networks and smart contracts; Cloud Computing comprising IaaS, PaaS, and SaaS; Internet Of Things features for asset tracking, remote monitoring, and wireless sensors; and Robotics spanning aerial and ground platforms. Technology choices shape not only capability but also workforce skill requirements, testing protocols, and sustainment models.
Regional dynamics influence capability development, procurement preferences, and partnership strategies across the Americas, Europe Middle East & Africa, and Asia-Pacific, each presenting unique risk profiles and collaboration opportunities. In the Americas, emphasis is placed on interagency cooperation, modernization of national-level command and control, and integration of commercial innovation to augment public sector capacity. Procurement cycles in this region are shaped by federal grant programs, homeland security directives, and a fragmented mosaic of local and state requirements that drive demand for modular, standards-compliant systems.
Europe Middle East & Africa displays a heterogeneous landscape where geopolitical tensions, migration patterns, and infrastructure modernization initiatives shape investment priorities. NATO interoperability standards and EU regulatory frameworks influence procurement specifications in many countries, while middle eastern nations focus heavily on surveillance, border control, and urban resilience programs. In Africa, capacity-building efforts and donor-funded initiatives often prioritize low-cost, ruggedized solutions and scalable training programs that can operate with limited connectivity.
Asia-Pacific is characterized by rapid technology adoption, significant investments in maritime domain awareness, and a focus on disaster preparedness given high exposure to climate-driven events. Regional supply chains for electronics and robotics remain dense in parts of Asia-Pacific, which affects sourcing dynamics and tariff sensitivities. Across all regions, cross-border exercises, shared standards, and multinational procurement consortia are mechanisms for reducing redundancy and accelerating capability harmonization. Regional strategy therefore requires calibration of interoperability commitments, localization needs, and lifecycle support expectations.
Key companies and solution providers populate an ecosystem that blends traditional defense contractors with technology firms, systems integrators, and specialized niche providers. Large contractors continue to anchor major platform programs and offer extensive sustainment and certification capabilities, while mid-tier and emerging firms introduce innovative architectures in sensors, autonomy, and analytics. Technology-focused vendors deliver rapid software evolution and cloud-native services, yet often rely on partnerships with established integrators to meet regulatory certification and large-scale deployment requirements.
The competitive landscape is characterized by strategic collaborations, mergers and acquisitions aimed at capability consolidation, and investment in R&D to accelerate the maturation of AI, edge analytics, and resilient communications. Suppliers who demonstrate strong supply-chain transparency, adherence to security-by-design principles, and robust post-deployment support tend to win multi-year frameworks and interoperability-driven contracts. Meanwhile, companies that can offer modular, standards-based solutions with clear upgrade paths are preferred by agencies seeking to avoid vendor lock-in and extend platform lifecycles.
Buyers evaluate vendors on technical merit, but also on program management maturity, testing and validation track records, and the ability to integrate into multi-vendor architectures. As a result, partnerships and consortiums are increasingly the norm for delivering complex capabilities that require both domain expertise and fast-paced software innovation. Vendors preparing for this environment must invest in certification readiness, partnership ecosystems, and demonstrable operational outcomes to maintain competitiveness.
Actionable recommendations for industry leaders focus on strengthening supply chain resilience, accelerating standards-based interoperability, and refocusing acquisition strategies toward modular, upgradeable systems. Leaders should prioritize supplier diversification for critical hardware components and invest in qualification pathways for domestic manufacturing or trusted international suppliers to mitigate tariff and geopolitical risks. Concurrently, embedding software modularity and open APIs into product roadmaps will reduce integration friction and enable incremental capability insertion without costly platform replacements.
Workforce development is essential: organizations must upskill program managers, systems engineers, and operators in data-centric practices, cybersecurity hygiene, and AI governance. Investing in realistic exercises and digital twin environments will accelerate operational validation and reveal integration challenges before live deployment. From a procurement perspective, adopting flexible contracting vehicles that accommodate rapid technology refresh, include cybersecurity requirements, and incentivize lifecycle support can align vendor incentives with long-term mission outcomes.
Finally, industry leaders should cultivate multi-stakeholder partnerships across government, academic institutions, and private sector innovators to co-develop standards, testing frameworks, and interoperability demonstrations. These collaborative efforts reduce duplication, speed adoption, and create shared assurance baselines. By following these strategic themes, organizations can better absorb policy shocks, capitalize on disruptive technologies, and sustain capabilities that deliver resilient mission performance.
The research methodology integrates primary interviews, expert elicitation, and multi-source data triangulation to ensure robust, defensible insights. Primary engagements included structured interviews with program managers, procurement officials, vendor technical leads, and end-user representatives to capture operational priorities, acquisition constraints, and technology adoption drivers. Expert panels were convened to validate assumptions around interoperability standards, lifecycle sustainment, and the operational implications of tariff-induced supply chain changes.
Secondary inputs were drawn from publicly available policy documents, regulatory guidance, technical standards, and verified supplier disclosures to map capability architectures and vendor claims. Analytical techniques combined qualitative coding with scenario-based analysis, assessing how policy shocks and technological inflection points could influence procurement pathways and operational readiness. Where applicable, comparative case reviews of recent procurements and deployments provided empirical grounding for recommendations.
Quality assurance included iterative peer review and method validation steps, ensuring that findings reflect operational realities and that recommended approaches are practicable within typical program constraints. Limitations and assumptions are documented to support transparent interpretation and to guide further customization for specific organizational contexts.
The conclusion synthesizes the principal themes: evolving threat dynamics and climate-driven incidents are increasing demand for integrated, resilient solutions; technology advances present profound opportunity but also dependency risks; and policy and tariff shifts have tangible effects on procurement and industrial base strategies. Taken together, these dynamics create both urgency and opportunity for public and private sector leaders to modernize acquisition approaches, deepen interoperability commitments, and invest in domestic supply-chain resilience.
Organizations that proactively reconcile near-term operational requirements with long-term capability planning-by emphasizing modularity, standards, and workforce readiness-will be better positioned to deliver sustained mission outcomes. The path forward requires an iterative, evidence-based approach to procurement that couples practical exercises with investments in scalable architectures. Closing capability gaps will depend on multi-disciplinary collaboration across agencies, industry, and research institutions to align incentives, share testing resources, and accelerate best-practice adoption.
In sum, the strategic imperative is clear: prioritize adaptable systems, secure and transparent supply chains, and people-centered integration to ensure that homeland security and emergency management capabilities remain effective under both routine and stressed conditions.