全球非散瞳手持式眼底摄影机市场（按组件、应用、最终用户和销售管道）——2025-2032年全球预测

预计到 2032 年，非散瞳手持式眼底摄影机市场将成长至 1.6418 亿美元，复合年增长率为 5.96%。

主要市场统计数据
基准年 2024	1.0324亿美元
预计年份：2025年	1.092亿美元
预测年份：2032年	1.6418亿美元
复合年增长率 (%)	5.96%

可携式视网膜成像技术的统一概览阐明了技术进步和临床需求如何重塑分散式眼科护理。

非散瞳手持式眼底摄影机市场在眼科诊断、可携式成像技术和分散式医疗服务三者交汇处占据关键地位。影像感测器、光学元件和照明系统的快速发展，使手持式设备从辅助工具跃升为筛检和临床分流的核心设备。临床医生越来越依赖携带式眼底成像技术，将视网膜评估从传统的诊所扩展到社区计画、行动医疗车和基层医疗点。因此，这些设备正在重塑医疗服务管道，包括老龄化黄斑部病变监测、糖尿病视网膜病变筛检、青光眼检测、高血压性视网膜病变评估和白内障手术全期护理。

除了临床效用外，非散瞳手持式眼底相机的吸引力还在于其能够降低筛检门槛，例如减少瞳孔散大要求、体积小巧以及简化工作流程。配套软体的进步，例如自动影像品质评估和云端远距远端医疗平台，透过实现远端阅片和护理协调，进一步加速了其普及应用。同时，製造商面临优化电源系统、改进光学子系统以及开发适用于不同临床用户的直觉用户介面的压力。总而言之，这一领域的应用呈现出技术动态性强、临床意义重大且商业性竞争激烈的特征。

感测器创新、软体生态系统和采购重点的转变如何从根本上改变可携式视网膜成像技术的应用

在技​​术创新、医疗模式演变和采购行为改变的共同作用下，非散瞳手持式眼底摄影机的市场格局正在改变。影像感测器性能的提升，以及光学和照明技术的改进，显着提高了小型设备的影像保真度，无需药物放大即可实现可靠的视网膜成像。同时，软体主导的增强功能，例如内建影像品质指标、人工智慧驱动的初步筛检支援和云端基础眼科工作流程，正在革新从影像到诊断的整个流程。这些进展正在消除筛检和分诊方面的历史障碍，使基层医疗医疗临床医生和社区健康服务提供者能够有效地参与视网膜疾病的检测。

门诊手术中心和移动眼科诊所正在将可携式成像设备融入临时性和推广项目中，而医院和眼科诊所则在重新评估其设备采购，优先考虑灵活、可多站点使用的设备。采购团队越来越关注总体拥有成本、互通性和可维护性，而不仅仅是价格。一些製造商优先考虑硬体模组化和感测器性能，而另一些製造商则优先考虑软体生态系统和订阅服务。因此，市场正从关注设备规格转向更广泛的价值提案，将临床可靠性、工作流程整合和长期支援相结合。

2025年，累积关税主导的供应链重组将再形成视网膜影像处理设备的采购、製造本地化和总成本考量。

关税的征收和提高正在非散瞳手持式眼底摄影机的国际供应链中造成切实的摩擦，预计到2025年，这些影响将进一步加剧。关键零件，特别是高性能影像感测器、精密光学元件和专用照明模组的进口关税，正在推高非国内製造地组装设备的到岸成本。为此，许多供应商正在重新评估筹资策略，并加快与贸易关係更有利地区的供应商资格认证，同时实现零件采购多元化，以减轻关税的影响。这些转变将导致短期内前置作业时间和成本转嫁出现波动，尤其对于利润率较低、难以承受更高投入成本的供应商更是如此。

从策略角度来看，关税重新激发了人们对本土製造和本地组装的兴趣，促使更多资本投入建立国内生产线和扶持合格的替代零件製造商。同时，原始设备製造商 (OEM) 和经销商重新评估了其服务和保固模式，以应对不断上涨的零件成本，并透过加强售后服务和软体主导的收入来源来保障净利率。买家，尤其是医院和门诊中心的机构投资者，越来越希望获得更清晰的整体拥有成本分析，其中应包含关税引发的波动和供应链风险。虽然关税在短期内增加了定价和采购週期的压力，但它们也促使企业进行结构性调整，透过供应链多元化和製造能力的在地化来增强长期韧性。

不同的组件优先顺序、临床应用、使用者环境和销售管道如何共同决定了独特的产品和市场推广需求

细分市场层面的动态揭示了组件、应用、最终用户和销售管道等各个方面的多种驱动因素​​，这些因素共同界定了机会区和竞争压力。组件方面的考虑分为硬体和软体两大类，其中硬体需求着重于光学系统的精度、影像感测器的灵敏度、可靠的照明系统、清晰灵敏的显示器以及支援长时间现场使用的可靠电源系统。同时，软体透过影像管理、远端医疗整合和分析功能扩展了设备的效用，从而辅助临床医生和非专业操作人员。白内障术前术后护理、青光眼检测和高血压性视网膜病变监测需要能够以稳定品质捕捉特定视网膜区域的设备。

门诊手术中心和行动眼科诊所优先考虑便携性、电池续航时间和耐用性，以满足门诊商用需求；而医院和眼科诊所则优先考虑与电子健康记录的互通性以及与诊断流程的兼容性。研发机构需要高保真影像处理以及用于演算法开发的原始资料存取权限。销售管道会影响产品的可及性和购买行为。虽然线下销售对于机构采购仍然至关重要，因为它可以提供产品演示和服务协议，但线上销售则将覆盖范围扩大到小型诊所和远距医疗从业人员，满足他们对便利性和快速部署的需求。这些细分体现在产品蓝图、定价策略和服务模式中。

区域市场格局，涵盖美洲、中东和非洲以及亚太地区的监管、报销和实施实际情况。

区域动态正在影响医疗技术的应用轨迹，因为美洲、欧洲、中东和非洲以及亚太地区的医疗基础设施、报销模式、法律规范和临床实践模式各不相同。在美洲，需求主要集中在综合筛检计划、医院网路扩展门诊病人服务以及私人诊所对可携式诊断设备的投资。医疗机构高度重视可互操作系统和售后服务协议，以确保多站点部署的运作。同时，欧洲、中东和非洲的应用情况则呈现出多样化的特征：已开发市场专注于严格监管的设备核准和结构化的远端医疗项目，而新兴市场则优先考虑用于推广和可扩展筛检项目的高性价比设备。

在亚太地区，对基层医疗能力和行动筛检计画的快速投资，推动了对适用于多种环境的小型低功耗设备的需求。本地製造能力的提升和本土OEM厂商的涌现，促进了价格竞争力的提升和快速分销。在各个地区，监管政策的协调一致、临床医生培训以及明确的报销机制仍然是推动产品普及的关键因素。因此，为了实现可持续的普及，製造商和经销商必须根据当地实际情况调整市场准入和扩大策略，在保持全球产品一致性的同时，兼顾区域性的服务、培训和监管支援。

一项结合领先硬体、软体生态系统和策略伙伴关係的竞争策略，旨在确保临床信心和商业性规模。

非散瞳手持式眼底摄影机市场的竞争动态展现出多种策略，这些策略均着重于透过技术、服务和伙伴关係实现差异化。一些公司强调硬体优势，投资光学工程、先进感测器和耐用电源系统，以赢得临床信赖。另一些公司则优先考虑软体生态系统，以实现远端医疗整合、人工智慧驱动的预筛检以及基于订阅的分析，从而促进长期客户互动。与医疗服务提供者、远距眼科平台和行动诊所营运商建立策略伙伴关係，将加速实际应用检验，并为规模化发展铺平道路。

此外，先进企业正透过对关键零件的多家供应商进行资格认证，并实现在地化组装，以增强供应链韧性，从而降低关税影响并缩短前置作业时间。服务基础设施，包括针对非专业操作人员的培训项目和快速维护回应，也成为竞争的另一个焦点，因为买家越来越重视产品生命週期支援以及设备功能。最后，研究合作和参与筛检倡议有助于供应商展示临床效用，并加速产生更广泛应用所需的证据。这些多元化的方法凸显了这样一个市场：务实的商业性和临床合作，以及技术差异化，对于赢得客户青睐至关重要。

供应商和医疗系统可采取切实可行的策略性倡议，以增强韧性、检验临床影响并加速推广分散式视网膜筛检

产业领导者可以采取一系列切实可行的措施来加速技术普及，降低新兴风险，同时从不断发展的医疗模式中获取价值。首先，优先考虑模组化设计和组件标准化可以减少受关税主导的成本转移影响，并缩短替代供应商的资格认证时间。投资于支援远距眼科工作流程和人工智慧辅助分诊的软体平台，可以将设备的价值提案从影像撷取扩展到诊断支援和护理协调。此类投资应与增强现场服务能力和使用者培训计画同步进行，以确保为不同操作人员提供高品质的影像撷取。

其次，加强与医疗网路、行动筛检计画和研究机构的伙伴关係，可以提供真实世界的证据，以检验临床表现并证明筛检和监测的成本效益。第三，考虑建立区域製造或组装中心，以减轻关税的影响，提高对当地需求的应对力，同时建立稳健的供应链风险管理流程。最后，采用灵活的商业模式（例如设备即服务、捆绑式订阅服务、基本契约等），使供应商的奖励与客户的目标保持一致，并创造可预测的收入来源，从而支持长期的产品开发和服务投资。

一个整合了临床访谈、技术评估、监管分析和供应链图谱的多方法证据框架，检验观察和影响。

本分析的调查方法结合了深度访谈、技术评估、监管审查和供应链分析，旨在建立严谨且切实可行的市场洞察。深度访谈的对象包括临床医生、采购专业人员、现场服务工程师和产品经理，旨在了解设备的实际性能、工作流程整合的挑战以及采购重点。技术评估则着重于光学架构、感测器类型、照明策略、显示器和使用者介面设计以及电池技术，这些因素都会影响设备的便携性和影像品质。

我们的监管和报销审查探讨了核准管道、临床证据要求以及影响筛检项目部署的政策环境。供应链分析识别了关键组件集中风险以及近期贸易政策变化对采购决策的影响。数据整合采用了设备能力比较矩阵和情境分析，以探索不同关税和采用路径下的结果。在整个过程中，我们始终强调将定性见解与技术规范审查和相关人员回馈相结合，以确保我们的结论能够真实反映营运实际情况和策略意义。

整合技术发展动能、关税驱动的供应链变革以及策略要务，以确定携带式视网膜成像领域的领导地位

总之，非散瞳手持式眼底摄影机正从一种小众可携式工具转变为分散式视网膜医疗保健管道中的必备设备。影像感测器、光学元件和照明技术的进步，以及软体支援的远距远端医疗和人工智慧技术，正在拓展其在监测和筛检应用中的临床效用。同时，到2025年，关税相关的压力正在推动供应链的重大调整，促进本地化和供应商多元化。这些因素既为製造商、医疗服务提供者和投资者带来了短期营运挑战，也带来了长期策略机会。

为了把握这一曲折点，相关人员必须将产品创新与切实可行的商业模式、可靠的售后支持以及能够展现临床和营运价值的循证伙伴关係相结合。区域策略必须反映美洲、中东和非洲以及亚太地区各自的监管和采购环境，而以细分市场主导的产品蓝图必须协调硬体优先顺序与软体主导的工作流程改善。总而言之，将技术、服务和市场执行相结合的协作方式将决定哪些公司能够在不断发展的可携式视网膜成像生态系统中占据领先地位。

目录

第一章：序言

第二章调查方法

第三章执行摘要

第四章 市场概览

第五章 市场洞察

• 将人工智慧演算法整合到手持式眼底设备中，用于自动检测视网膜疾病。
• 利用可携式非散瞳眼底照相设备的远距眼科解决方案正日益普及
• 开发用于远端照护现场眼科筛检的智慧型手机整合式眼底摄影机
• 监管核准管道和报销措施影响手持式非散瞳眼底摄影机的普及应用
• 新兴市场日益关注手持式眼科影像解决方案的成本降低和可负担性
• 超高解析度感测器的进步提高了手持式眼底成像设备的诊断准确性。
• 整合云端基础的数据管理平台，用于远端分析和长期眼健康监测
• 扩大设备製造商与远端医疗提供者之间的伙伴关係，以扩大农村社区的眼科检查项目

第六章美国关税的累积影响，2025年

第七章 人工智慧的累积影响，2025年

8. 非散瞳手持眼底摄影机市场（依组件划分）

• 硬体
  • 显示萤幕
  • 照明系统
  • 影像感测器
  • 光学系统
  • 电力系统
• 软体

第九章 非散瞳手持眼底摄影机市场（依应用领域划分）

• 老龄化黄斑部病变监测
• 白内障手术前后的护理
• 糖尿病视网膜病变筛检
• 青光眼检测
• 高血压性视网膜病变

第十章 非散瞳手持式眼底眼底摄影机市场（依最终用户划分）

• 门诊手术中心及行动眼科诊所
• 医院
• 眼科诊所
• 研究所

第十一章 非散瞳手持式眼底眼底摄影机市场（依销售管道划分）

• 线下销售
• 线上销售

第十二章 非散瞳手持式眼底眼底摄影机市场（按地区划分）

• 美洲
  • 北美洲
  • 拉丁美洲
• 欧洲、中东和非洲
  • 欧洲
  • 中东
  • 非洲
• 亚太地区

第十三章 非散瞳手持式眼底眼底摄影机市场（依类别划分）

• ASEAN
• GCC
• EU
• BRICS
• G7
• NATO

第十四章 各国非散瞳手持式眼底眼底摄影机市场

• 美国
• 加拿大
• 墨西哥
• 巴西
• 英国
• 德国
• 法国
• 俄罗斯
• 义大利
• 西班牙
• 中国
• 印度
• 日本
• 澳洲
• 韩国

第十五章 竞争格局

• 2024年市占率分析
• FPNV定位矩阵，2024
• 竞争分析
  • Baxter International Inc.
  • Carl Zeiss AG
  • Chongqing Vision Star Optical Co.,Ltd.
  • epipole Ltd
  • Hongdee Ophthalmic Equipment
  • ICEN
  • Maxter Ophthalmic Equipment
  • Medimaging Integrated Solution, Inc.
  • Mediworks
  • Nanjing Redsun Optical Co., Ltd.
  • NIDEK CO., LTD.
  • Optitech Eyecare
  • Optomed PLC
  • Phelcom Technologies LTDA-ME
  • Remidio Innovative Solutions Pvt Ltd.
  • Robert Bosch GmbH
  • Shanghai Canton Optics Equipment Co., Ltd.
  • Suzhou MicroClear Medical Instruments Co., Ltd.
  • Topcon Corporation
  • Verily Life Sciences LLC by Alphabet Inc.
  • Volk Optical Inc. by Halma PLC

The Nonmydriatic Handheld Fundus Cameras Market is projected to grow by USD 164.18 million at a CAGR of 5.96% by 2032.

KEY MARKET STATISTICS
Base Year [2024]	USD 103.24 million
Estimated Year [2025]	USD 109.20 million
Forecast Year [2032]	USD 164.18 million
CAGR (%)	5.96%

An integrated snapshot of portable retinal imaging that explains how technological advances and clinical demand are reshaping decentralized ophthalmic care delivery

The nonmydriatic handheld fundus camera market occupies a pivotal position at the intersection of ophthalmic diagnostics, portable imaging technology, and decentralized care delivery. Rapid advances in imaging sensors, optics, and illumination systems have propelled handheld devices from adjunct tools toward core instruments for screening and clinical triage. Clinicians increasingly rely on portable fundus imaging to extend retinal assessment beyond traditional clinic settings into community programs, mobile units, and primary care points. As a result, these devices are reshaping care pathways for age-related macular degeneration monitoring, diabetic retinopathy screening, glaucoma detection, hypertensive retinopathy assessment, and cataract perioperative care.

Beyond clinical utility, the appeal of nonmydriatic handheld cameras stems from their capacity to lower barriers to screening through reduced need for pupil dilation, compact form factors, and simplified workflow integration. Complementary software advances, including automated image quality assessment and cloud-enabled telemedicine platforms, further accelerate adoption by enabling remote interpretation and care coordination. Meanwhile, manufacturers face intensifying pressure to optimize power systems, refine optical subsystems, and implement intuitive user interfaces suitable for diverse clinical users. Taken together, this introduction frames the space as technologically dynamic, clinically consequential, and commercially contested-setting the stage for deeper analysis of transformative shifts, tariff-driven headwinds, segmentation nuances, and region-specific strategies.

How sensor innovation, software ecosystems, and shifting procurement priorities are driving fundamental change in portable retinal imaging adoption

The landscape for nonmydriatic handheld fundus cameras is shifting under a confluence of technological innovation, evolving care models, and changing procurement behaviors. Advances in imaging sensor performance, combined with refined optical systems and illumination techniques, have materially improved image fidelity in small form factors, enabling reliable retinal visualization without pharmacologic dilation. Simultaneously, software-driven enhancements such as embedded image quality metrics, AI-enabled preliminary screening support, and cloud-based teleophthalmology workflows are transforming how images move from capture to diagnosis. These developments break down historical barriers to screening and triage, allowing primary care clinicians and community health workers to participate meaningfully in retinal disease detection.

At the same time, the health system landscape is adapting; ambulatory surgical centers and mobile eye clinics are incorporating portable imaging into episodic and outreach programs, while hospitals and ophthalmic clinics reassess capital purchases to prioritize devices that deliver flexible, multi-site use. Procurement teams increasingly weigh total cost of ownership, interoperability, and serviceability, not just upfront price. As adoption scales, new entrants and incumbent manufacturers pursue differentiated strategies-some emphasizing hardware modularity and sensor performance, others prioritizing software ecosystems and subscription-based services. Consequently, the market is moving from a focus on device specs to a broader value proposition that marries clinical reliability with workflow integration and long-term support.

The cumulative tariff-driven supply chain recalibration through 2025 has reshaped procurement, manufacturing localization, and total cost considerations for retinal imaging devices

The imposition and escalation of tariffs have introduced tangible friction into international supply chains for nonmydriatic handheld fundus cameras, with compounded effects emerging by 2025. Import duties on key components, particularly high-performance imaging sensors, precision optics, and specialized illumination modules, have raised landed costs for devices assembled outside of domestic manufacturing footprints. In response, many suppliers have reassessed sourcing strategies, diversifying component procurement to mitigate exposure while accelerating supplier qualification in regions with more favorable trade relationships. These shifts create near-term disruptions in lead times and cost pass-through, especially for lower-margin vendors who face limited flexibility to absorb increased input costs.

From a strategic perspective, tariffs have stimulated renewed interest in onshore manufacturing and localized assembly, increasing capital allocation toward establishing domestic production lines and qualifying alternative component manufacturers. Concurrently, OEMs and distributors have revisited service and warranty models to account for higher parts costs and to preserve margins through enhanced aftermarket services and software-driven revenue streams. Buyers, particularly institutional purchasers in hospitals and ambulatory centers, now expect clearer total cost of ownership analyses that incorporate tariff-driven volatility and supply chain risk. While tariffs have increased pressure on pricing and procurement cycles in the short term, they also catalyze structural adjustments that could yield longer-term resilience through supply chain diversification and localized manufacturing capabilities.

How differentiated component priorities, clinical applications, user settings, and sales pathways converge to define distinct product and go-to-market imperatives

Segment-level dynamics reveal divergent drivers across components, applications, end-users, and sales channels that collectively define opportunity zones and competitive pressures. Component considerations split into hardware and software domains, where hardware demands emphasize the optical system's precision, imaging sensor sensitivity, robust illumination systems, clear and responsive display screens, and dependable power systems that support prolonged field use. Software meanwhile extends device utility through image management, telemedicine integration, and analytics that assist clinicians and non-specialist operators. Application patterns center on clinical needs such as age-related macular degeneration monitoring and diabetic retinopathy screening, where frequency of screening and image comparability are paramount, while cataract preoperative and postoperative care, glaucoma detection, and hypertensive retinopathy monitoring require devices that can capture specific retinal regions with consistent quality.

End-user contexts also shape product requirements: ambulatory surgical centers and mobile eye clinics prioritize portability, battery life, and ruggedness for outreach work, whereas hospitals and ophthalmic clinics emphasize interoperability with electronic health records and compatibility with diagnostic workflows. Research institutes demand high-fidelity imaging and access to raw data for algorithm development. Sales channels influence accessibility and purchasing behavior; offline sales remain important for institutional procurement involving demonstrations and service contracts, while online sales expand reach to smaller clinics and remote practitioners seeking convenience and rapid deployment. Together, these segmentation lenses inform product roadmaps, pricing approaches, and service models that manufacturers must calibrate to meet disparate clinical and commercial expectations.

Regional market contours that reconcile distinct regulatory, reimbursement, and deployment realities across the Americas, Europe Middle East & Africa, and Asia-Pacific

Regional dynamics shape adoption trajectories through differences in healthcare infrastructure, reimbursement models, regulatory frameworks, and clinical practice patterns across the Americas, Europe, Middle East & Africa, and Asia-Pacific. In the Americas, demand concentrates around integrated screening initiatives, hospital networks expanding outpatient services, and private clinic investments in portable diagnostics. Providers place high value on interoperable systems and post-sale service contracts that ensure uptime across multi-site deployments. By contrast, Europe, Middle East & Africa exhibits heterogeneous adoption; advanced markets focus on tightly regulated device approvals and structured telemedicine programs, while emerging markets in the region prioritize cost-effective devices for outreach and scalable screening programs.

In the Asia-Pacific region, rapid investments in primary care capacity and mobile screening programs drive significant interest in compact, low-power devices that can function in varied settings. Local manufacturing capabilities and an expanding base of domestic OEMs contribute to competitive pricing and faster distribution. Across all regions, regulatory alignment, clinician training, and reimbursement clarity remain critical enablers of adoption. Consequently, manufacturers and distributors must tailor market entry and expansion strategies to regional nuances, balancing global product consistency with localized service, training, and regulatory support to achieve sustainable uptake.

Competitive strategies that combine hardware excellence, software ecosystems, and strategic partnerships to secure clinical trust and commercial scale

Competitive dynamics in the nonmydriatic handheld fundus camera market reveal a spectrum of strategies focused on differentiation through technology, service, and partnership. Some firms emphasize hardware excellence, investing in optical engineering, advanced sensors, and durable power systems to capture clinical trust. Others prioritize software ecosystems that enable telemedicine integration, AI-assisted pre-screening, and subscription-based analytics that enhance long-term customer stickiness. Strategic partnerships with healthcare providers, teleophthalmology platforms, and mobile clinic operators serve to accelerate real-world validation and create pathways for scale.

In addition, forward-looking companies are strengthening supply chain resilience by qualifying multiple suppliers for critical components and by localizing assembly to reduce tariff exposure and improve lead times. Service infrastructure, including training programs for non-specialist operators and rapid-response maintenance offerings, constitutes another axis of competition as buyers increasingly value lifecycle support alongside device capabilities. Finally, collaborations with research institutions and participation in screening initiatives help vendors demonstrate clinical utility and facilitate evidence generation necessary for broader institutional adoption. These varied approaches underscore a market where technological differentiation must be paired with pragmatic commercial and clinical engagement to secure customer preference.

Practical strategic moves for vendors and health systems to strengthen resilience, validate clinical impact, and accelerate decentralized retinal screening adoption

Industry leaders can pursue a pragmatic set of actions to accelerate adoption and mitigate emerging risks while capturing value from evolving care models. First, prioritizing modular design and component standardization will reduce exposure to tariff-driven cost shifts and shorten qualification timelines for alternate suppliers. Investing in software platforms that enable teleophthalmology workflows and AI-assisted triage will expand the device value proposition beyond image capture to include diagnostic support and care coordination. These investments should run in parallel with strengthened field service capabilities and user training programs to ensure high-quality image acquisition across diverse operator profiles.

Second, fostering partnerships with healthcare networks, mobile screening programs, and research institutions will provide real-world evidence paths that validate clinical performance and demonstrate cost-effectiveness in screening and monitoring contexts. Third, consider regional manufacturing or assembly hubs to mitigate tariff impacts and improve responsiveness to local demand, while simultaneously building a robust supply-chain risk management process. Finally, adopt flexible commercial models-such as device-as-a-service, bundled subscription offerings, and outcome-based contracts-to align vendor incentives with customer objectives and to create predictable revenue streams that support long-term product development and service investments.

A multi-method evidence framework integrating clinical interviews, technical assessments, regulatory analysis, and supply-chain mapping to validate findings and implications

The research methodology underpinning this analysis combines primary interviews, technology assessments, regulatory reviews, and supply-chain mapping to create a rigorous and actionable view of the market. Primary inputs included structured interviews with clinicians, procurement professionals, field service engineers, and product managers to capture real-world device performance, workflow integration challenges, and purchasing priorities. Technology assessments focused on optical architectures, sensor types, illumination strategies, display and user-interface design, and battery technologies that influence portability and image quality.

Regulatory and reimbursement reviews examined approval pathways, clinical evidence requirements, and the policy environment that affects screening program deployment. Supply-chain mapping identified concentration risks in critical components and the effects of recent trade policy shifts on sourcing decisions. Data synthesis incorporated comparative device capability matrices and scenario analyses to explore outcomes under alternative tariff and adoption trajectories. Throughout, the approach favored triangulation of qualitative insights with technical specification reviews and stakeholder feedback to ensure that conclusions faithfully reflect operational realities and strategic implications.

A synthesis of technological momentum, tariff-induced supply-chain changes, and strategic imperatives that will determine leadership in portable retinal imaging

In conclusion, nonmydriatic handheld fundus cameras are transitioning from niche portable tools to essential instruments in decentralized retinal care pathways. Advances in imaging sensors, optics, and illumination, combined with software-enabled telemedicine and AI support, are expanding clinical utility across monitoring and screening applications. At the same time, tariff-related pressures through 2025 have prompted meaningful supply-chain recalibration, incentivizing localization and supplier diversification. These forces create both near-term operational challenges and longer-term strategic opportunities for manufacturers, healthcare providers, and investors.

To capitalize on this inflection point, stakeholders must integrate product innovation with pragmatic commercial models, solid post-sale support, and evidence-generation partnerships that demonstrate clinical and operational value. Regional strategies should reflect the distinct regulatory and procurement landscapes across the Americas, Europe Middle East & Africa, and Asia-Pacific, while segmentation-driven product roadmaps should reconcile hardware priorities with software-driven workflow enhancements. Taken together, a coordinated approach that aligns technology, service, and market execution will determine which organizations capture leadership in the evolving portable retinal imaging ecosystem.

Table of Contents

1. Preface

• 1.1. Objectives of the Study
• 1.2. Market Segmentation & Coverage
• 1.3. Years Considered for the Study
• 1.4. Currency & Pricing
• 1.5. Language
• 1.6. Stakeholders

2. Research Methodology

3. Executive Summary

4. Market Overview

5. Market Insights

• 5.1. Integration of artificial intelligence algorithms for automated retinal disease detection in handheld fundus devices
• 5.2. Rising adoption of teleophthalmology solutions powered by portable nonmydriatic fundus imaging devices
• 5.3. Development of smartphone-integrated fundus cameras enabling point of care ophthalmic screening in remote areas
• 5.4. Regulatory approval pathways and reimbursement policies shaping uptake of handheld nonmydriatic fundus cameras
• 5.5. Increasing focus on cost reduction and affordability in emerging markets for handheld eye imaging solutions
• 5.6. Advancements in ultra high resolution sensors improving diagnostic accuracy of handheld fundus imaging devices
• 5.7. Integration of cloud based data management platforms for remote analysis and longitudinal eye health monitoring
• 5.8. Growing partnerships between device manufacturers and telehealth providers to expand fundus screening programs in rural communities

6. Cumulative Impact of United States Tariffs 2025

7. Cumulative Impact of Artificial Intelligence 2025

8. Nonmydriatic Handheld Fundus Cameras Market, by Component

• 8.1. Hardware
  • 8.1.1. Display Screen
  • 8.1.2. Illumination System
  • 8.1.3. Imaging Sensor
  • 8.1.4. Optical System
  • 8.1.5. Power System
• 8.2. Software

9. Nonmydriatic Handheld Fundus Cameras Market, by Application

• 9.1. Age-related Macular Degeneration Monitoring
• 9.2. Cataract Preoperative & Postoperative Care
• 9.3. Diabetic Retinopathy Screening
• 9.4. Glaucoma Detection
• 9.5. Hypertensive Retinopathy

10. Nonmydriatic Handheld Fundus Cameras Market, by End-User

• 10.1. Ambulatory Surgical Centers & Mobile Eye Clinics
• 10.2. Hospitals
• 10.3. Ophthalmic Clinics
• 10.4. Research Institutes

11. Nonmydriatic Handheld Fundus Cameras Market, by Sales Channel

• 11.1. Offline Sales
• 11.2. Online Sales

12. Nonmydriatic Handheld Fundus Cameras Market, by Region

• 12.1. Americas
  • 12.1.1. North America
  • 12.1.2. Latin America
• 12.2. Europe, Middle East & Africa
  • 12.2.1. Europe
  • 12.2.2. Middle East
  • 12.2.3. Africa
• 12.3. Asia-Pacific

13. Nonmydriatic Handheld Fundus Cameras Market, by Group

• 13.1. ASEAN
• 13.2. GCC
• 13.3. European Union
• 13.4. BRICS
• 13.5. G7
• 13.6. NATO

14. Nonmydriatic Handheld Fundus Cameras Market, by Country

• 14.1. United States
• 14.2. Canada
• 14.3. Mexico
• 14.4. Brazil
• 14.5. United Kingdom
• 14.6. Germany
• 14.7. France
• 14.8. Russia
• 14.9. Italy
• 14.10. Spain
• 14.11. China
• 14.12. India
• 14.13. Japan
• 14.14. Australia
• 14.15. South Korea

15. Competitive Landscape

• 15.1. Market Share Analysis, 2024
• 15.2. FPNV Positioning Matrix, 2024
• 15.3. Competitive Analysis
  • 15.3.1. Baxter International Inc.
  • 15.3.2. Carl Zeiss AG
  • 15.3.3. Chongqing Vision Star Optical Co.,Ltd.
  • 15.3.4. epipole Ltd
  • 15.3.5. Hongdee Ophthalmic Equipment
  • 15.3.6. ICEN
  • 15.3.7. Maxter Ophthalmic Equipment
  • 15.3.8. Medimaging Integrated Solution, Inc.
  • 15.3.9. Mediworks
  • 15.3.10. Nanjing Redsun Optical Co., Ltd.
  • 15.3.11. NIDEK CO., LTD.
  • 15.3.12. Optitech Eyecare
  • 15.3.13. Optomed PLC
  • 15.3.14. Phelcom Technologies LTDA-ME
  • 15.3.15. Remidio Innovative Solutions Pvt Ltd.
  • 15.3.16. Robert Bosch GmbH
  • 15.3.17. Shanghai Canton Optics Equipment Co., Ltd.
  • 15.3.18. Suzhou MicroClear Medical Instruments Co., Ltd.
  • 15.3.19. Topcon Corporation
  • 15.3.20. Verily Life Sciences LLC by Alphabet Inc.
  • 15.3.21. Volk Optical Inc. by Halma PLC

LIST OF FIGURES

• FIGURE 1. GLOBAL NONMYDRIATIC HANDHELD FUNDUS CAMERAS MARKET SIZE, 2018-2032 (USD MILLION)
• FIGURE 2. GLOBAL NONMYDRIATIC HANDHELD FUNDUS CAMERAS MARKET SIZE, BY COMPONENT, 2024 VS 2032 (%)
• FIGURE 3. GLOBAL NONMYDRIATIC HANDHELD FUNDUS CAMERAS MARKET SIZE, BY COMPONENT, 2024 VS 2025 VS 2032 (USD MILLION)
• FIGURE 4. GLOBAL NONMYDRIATIC HANDHELD FUNDUS CAMERAS MARKET SIZE, BY APPLICATION, 2024 VS 2032 (%)
• FIGURE 5. GLOBAL NONMYDRIATIC HANDHELD FUNDUS CAMERAS MARKET SIZE, BY APPLICATION, 2024 VS 2025 VS 2032 (USD MILLION)
• FIGURE 6. GLOBAL NONMYDRIATIC HANDHELD FUNDUS CAMERAS MARKET SIZE, BY END-USER, 2024 VS 2032 (%)
• FIGURE 7. GLOBAL NONMYDRIATIC HANDHELD FUNDUS CAMERAS MARKET SIZE, BY END-USER, 2024 VS 2025 VS 2032 (USD MILLION)
• FIGURE 8. GLOBAL NONMYDRIATIC HANDHELD FUNDUS CAMERAS MARKET SIZE, BY SALES CHANNEL, 2024 VS 2032 (%)
• FIGURE 9. GLOBAL NONMYDRIATIC HANDHELD FUNDUS CAMERAS MARKET SIZE, BY SALES CHANNEL, 2024 VS 2025 VS 2032 (USD MILLION)
• FIGURE 10. GLOBAL NONMYDRIATIC HANDHELD FUNDUS CAMERAS MARKET SIZE, BY REGION, 2024 VS 2025 VS 2032 (USD MILLION)
• FIGURE 11. AMERICAS NONMYDRIATIC HANDHELD FUNDUS CAMERAS MARKET SIZE, BY SUBREGION, 2024 VS 2025 VS 2032 (USD MILLION)
• FIGURE 12. NORTH AMERICA NONMYDRIATIC HANDHELD FUNDUS CAMERAS MARKET SIZE, BY COUNTRY, 2024 VS 2025 VS 2032 (USD MILLION)
• FIGURE 13. LATIN AMERICA NONMYDRIATIC HANDHELD FUNDUS CAMERAS MARKET SIZE, BY COUNTRY, 2024 VS 2025 VS 2032 (USD MILLION)
• FIGURE 14. EUROPE, MIDDLE EAST & AFRICA NONMYDRIATIC HANDHELD FUNDUS CAMERAS MARKET SIZE, BY SUBREGION, 2024 VS 2025 VS 2032 (USD MILLION)
• FIGURE 15. EUROPE NONMYDRIATIC HANDHELD FUNDUS CAMERAS MARKET SIZE, BY COUNTRY, 2024 VS 2025 VS 2032 (USD MILLION)
• FIGURE 16. MIDDLE EAST NONMYDRIATIC HANDHELD FUNDUS CAMERAS MARKET SIZE, BY COUNTRY, 2024 VS 2025 VS 2032 (USD MILLION)
• FIGURE 17. AFRICA NONMYDRIATIC HANDHELD FUNDUS CAMERAS MARKET SIZE, BY COUNTRY, 2024 VS 2025 VS 2032 (USD MILLION)
• FIGURE 18. ASIA-PACIFIC NONMYDRIATIC HANDHELD FUNDUS CAMERAS MARKET SIZE, BY COUNTRY, 2024 VS 2025 VS 2032 (USD MILLION)
• FIGURE 19. GLOBAL NONMYDRIATIC HANDHELD FUNDUS CAMERAS MARKET SIZE, BY GROUP, 2024 VS 2025 VS 2032 (USD MILLION)
• FIGURE 20. ASEAN NONMYDRIATIC HANDHELD FUNDUS CAMERAS MARKET SIZE, BY COUNTRY, 2024 VS 2025 VS 2032 (USD MILLION)
• FIGURE 21. GCC NONMYDRIATIC HANDHELD FUNDUS CAMERAS MARKET SIZE, BY COUNTRY, 2024 VS 2025 VS 2032 (USD MILLION)
• FIGURE 22. EUROPEAN UNION NONMYDRIATIC HANDHELD FUNDUS CAMERAS MARKET SIZE, BY COUNTRY, 2024 VS 2025 VS 2032 (USD MILLION)
• FIGURE 23. BRICS NONMYDRIATIC HANDHELD FUNDUS CAMERAS MARKET SIZE, BY COUNTRY, 2024 VS 2025 VS 2032 (USD MILLION)
• FIGURE 24. G7 NONMYDRIATIC HANDHELD FUNDUS CAMERAS MARKET SIZE, BY COUNTRY, 2024 VS 2025 VS 2032 (USD MILLION)
• FIGURE 25. NATO NONMYDRIATIC HANDHELD FUNDUS CAMERAS MARKET SIZE, BY COUNTRY, 2024 VS 2025 VS 2032 (USD MILLION)
• FIGURE 26. GLOBAL NONMYDRIATIC HANDHELD FUNDUS CAMERAS MARKET SIZE, BY COUNTRY, 2024 VS 2025 VS 2032 (USD MILLION)
• FIGURE 27. NONMYDRIATIC HANDHELD FUNDUS CAMERAS MARKET SHARE, BY KEY PLAYER, 2024
• FIGURE 28. NONMYDRIATIC HANDHELD FUNDUS CAMERAS MARKET, FPNV POSITIONING MATRIX, 2024

LIST OF TABLES

• TABLE 1. NONMYDRIATIC HANDHELD FUNDUS CAMERAS MARKET SEGMENTATION & COVERAGE
• TABLE 2. UNITED STATES DOLLAR EXCHANGE RATE, 2018-2024
• TABLE 3. GLOBAL NONMYDRIATIC HANDHELD FUNDUS CAMERAS MARKET SIZE, 2018-2024 (USD MILLION)
• TABLE 4. GLOBAL NONMYDRIATIC HANDHELD FUNDUS CAMERAS MARKET SIZE, 2025-2032 (USD MILLION)
• TABLE 5. GLOBAL NONMYDRIATIC HANDHELD FUNDUS CAMERAS MARKET SIZE, BY COMPONENT, 2018-2024 (USD MILLION)
• TABLE 6. GLOBAL NONMYDRIATIC HANDHELD FUNDUS CAMERAS MARKET SIZE, BY COMPONENT, 2025-2032 (USD MILLION)
• TABLE 7. GLOBAL NONMYDRIATIC HANDHELD FUNDUS CAMERAS MARKET SIZE, BY HARDWARE, 2018-2024 (USD MILLION)
• TABLE 8. GLOBAL NONMYDRIATIC HANDHELD FUNDUS CAMERAS MARKET SIZE, BY HARDWARE, 2025-2032 (USD MILLION)
• TABLE 9. GLOBAL NONMYDRIATIC HANDHELD FUNDUS CAMERAS MARKET SIZE, BY HARDWARE, BY REGION, 2018-2024 (USD MILLION)
• TABLE 10. GLOBAL NONMYDRIATIC HANDHELD FUNDUS CAMERAS MARKET SIZE, BY HARDWARE, BY REGION, 2025-2032 (USD MILLION)
• TABLE 11. GLOBAL NONMYDRIATIC HANDHELD FUNDUS CAMERAS MARKET SIZE, BY HARDWARE, BY GROUP, 2018-2024 (USD MILLION)
• TABLE 12. GLOBAL NONMYDRIATIC HANDHELD FUNDUS CAMERAS MARKET SIZE, BY HARDWARE, BY GROUP, 2025-2032 (USD MILLION)
• TABLE 13. GLOBAL NONMYDRIATIC HANDHELD FUNDUS CAMERAS MARKET SIZE, BY HARDWARE, BY COUNTRY, 2018-2024 (USD MILLION)
• TABLE 14. GLOBAL NONMYDRIATIC HANDHELD FUNDUS CAMERAS MARKET SIZE, BY HARDWARE, BY COUNTRY, 2025-2032 (USD MILLION)
• TABLE 15. GLOBAL NONMYDRIATIC HANDHELD FUNDUS CAMERAS MARKET SIZE, BY DISPLAY SCREEN, BY REGION, 2018-2024 (USD MILLION)
• TABLE 16. GLOBAL NONMYDRIATIC HANDHELD FUNDUS CAMERAS MARKET SIZE, BY DISPLAY SCREEN, BY REGION, 2025-2032 (USD MILLION)
• TABLE 17. GLOBAL NONMYDRIATIC HANDHELD FUNDUS CAMERAS MARKET SIZE, BY DISPLAY SCREEN, BY GROUP, 2018-2024 (USD MILLION)
• TABLE 18. GLOBAL NONMYDRIATIC HANDHELD FUNDUS CAMERAS MARKET SIZE, BY DISPLAY SCREEN, BY GROUP, 2025-2032 (USD MILLION)
• TABLE 19. GLOBAL NONMYDRIATIC HANDHELD FUNDUS CAMERAS MARKET SIZE, BY DISPLAY SCREEN, BY COUNTRY, 2018-2024 (USD MILLION)
• TABLE 20. GLOBAL NONMYDRIATIC HANDHELD FUNDUS CAMERAS MARKET SIZE, BY DISPLAY SCREEN, BY COUNTRY, 2025-2032 (USD MILLION)
• TABLE 21. GLOBAL NONMYDRIATIC HANDHELD FUNDUS CAMERAS MARKET SIZE, BY ILLUMINATION SYSTEM, BY REGION, 2018-2024 (USD MILLION)
• TABLE 22. GLOBAL NONMYDRIATIC HANDHELD FUNDUS CAMERAS MARKET SIZE, BY ILLUMINATION SYSTEM, BY REGION, 2025-2032 (USD MILLION)
• TABLE 23. GLOBAL NONMYDRIATIC HANDHELD FUNDUS CAMERAS MARKET SIZE, BY ILLUMINATION SYSTEM, BY GROUP, 2018-2024 (USD MILLION)
• TABLE 24. GLOBAL NONMYDRIATIC HANDHELD FUNDUS CAMERAS MARKET SIZE, BY ILLUMINATION SYSTEM, BY GROUP, 2025-2032 (USD MILLION)
• TABLE 25. GLOBAL NONMYDRIATIC HANDHELD FUNDUS CAMERAS MARKET SIZE, BY ILLUMINATION SYSTEM, BY COUNTRY, 2018-2024 (USD MILLION)
• TABLE 26. GLOBAL NONMYDRIATIC HANDHELD FUNDUS CAMERAS MARKET SIZE, BY ILLUMINATION SYSTEM, BY COUNTRY, 2025-2032 (USD MILLION)
• TABLE 27. GLOBAL NONMYDRIATIC HANDHELD FUNDUS CAMERAS MARKET SIZE, BY IMAGING SENSOR, BY REGION, 2018-2024 (USD MILLION)
• TABLE 28. GLOBAL NONMYDRIATIC HANDHELD FUNDUS CAMERAS MARKET SIZE, BY IMAGING SENSOR, BY REGION, 2025-2032 (USD MILLION)
• TABLE 29. GLOBAL NONMYDRIATIC HANDHELD FUNDUS CAMERAS MARKET SIZE, BY IMAGING SENSOR, BY GROUP, 2018-2024 (USD MILLION)
• TABLE 30. GLOBAL NONMYDRIATIC HANDHELD FUNDUS CAMERAS MARKET SIZE, BY IMAGING SENSOR, BY GROUP, 2025-2032 (USD MILLION)
• TABLE 31. GLOBAL NONMYDRIATIC HANDHELD FUNDUS CAMERAS MARKET SIZE, BY IMAGING SENSOR, BY COUNTRY, 2018-2024 (USD MILLION)
• TABLE 32. GLOBAL NONMYDRIATIC HANDHELD FUNDUS CAMERAS MARKET SIZE, BY IMAGING SENSOR, BY COUNTRY, 2025-2032 (USD MILLION)
• TABLE 33. GLOBAL NONMYDRIATIC HANDHELD FUNDUS CAMERAS MARKET SIZE, BY OPTICAL SYSTEM, BY REGION, 2018-2024 (USD MILLION)
• TABLE 34. GLOBAL NONMYDRIATIC HANDHELD FUNDUS CAMERAS MARKET SIZE, BY OPTICAL SYSTEM, BY REGION, 2025-2032 (USD MILLION)
• TABLE 35. GLOBAL NONMYDRIATIC HANDHELD FUNDUS CAMERAS MARKET SIZE, BY OPTICAL SYSTEM, BY GROUP, 2018-2024 (USD MILLION)
• TABLE 36. GLOBAL NONMYDRIATIC HANDHELD FUNDUS CAMERAS MARKET SIZE, BY OPTICAL SYSTEM, BY GROUP, 2025-2032 (USD MILLION)
• TABLE 37. GLOBAL NONMYDRIATIC HANDHELD FUNDUS CAMERAS MARKET SIZE, BY OPTICAL SYSTEM, BY COUNTRY, 2018-2024 (USD MILLION)
• TABLE 38. GLOBAL NONMYDRIATIC HANDHELD FUNDUS CAMERAS MARKET SIZE, BY OPTICAL SYSTEM, BY COUNTRY, 2025-2032 (USD MILLION)
• TABLE 39. GLOBAL NONMYDRIATIC HANDHELD FUNDUS CAMERAS MARKET SIZE, BY POWER SYSTEM, BY REGION, 2018-2024 (USD MILLION)
• TABLE 40. GLOBAL NONMYDRIATIC HANDHELD FUNDUS CAMERAS MARKET SIZE, BY POWER SYSTEM, BY REGION, 2025-2032 (USD MILLION)
• TABLE 41. GLOBAL NONMYDRIATIC HANDHELD FUNDUS CAMERAS MARKET SIZE, BY POWER SYSTEM, BY GROUP, 2018-2024 (USD MILLION)
• TABLE 42. GLOBAL NONMYDRIATIC HANDHELD FUNDUS CAMERAS MARKET SIZE, BY POWER SYSTEM, BY GROUP, 2025-2032 (USD MILLION)
• TABLE 43. GLOBAL NONMYDRIATIC HANDHELD FUNDUS CAMERAS MARKET SIZE, BY POWER SYSTEM, BY COUNTRY, 2018-2024 (USD MILLION)
• TABLE 44. GLOBAL NONMYDRIATIC HANDHELD FUNDUS CAMERAS MARKET SIZE, BY POWER SYSTEM, BY COUNTRY, 2025-2032 (USD MILLION)
• TABLE 45. GLOBAL NONMYDRIATIC HANDHELD FUNDUS CAMERAS MARKET SIZE, BY SOFTWARE, BY REGION, 2018-2024 (USD MILLION)
• TABLE 46. GLOBAL NONMYDRIATIC HANDHELD FUNDUS CAMERAS MARKET SIZE, BY SOFTWARE, BY REGION, 2025-2032 (USD MILLION)
• TABLE 47. GLOBAL NONMYDRIATIC HANDHELD FUNDUS CAMERAS MARKET SIZE, BY SOFTWARE, BY GROUP, 2018-2024 (USD MILLION)
• TABLE 48. GLOBAL NONMYDRIATIC HANDHELD FUNDUS CAMERAS MARKET SIZE, BY SOFTWARE, BY GROUP, 2025-2032 (USD MILLION)
• TABLE 49. GLOBAL NONMYDRIATIC HANDHELD FUNDUS CAMERAS MARKET SIZE, BY SOFTWARE, BY COUNTRY, 2018-2024 (USD MILLION)
• TABLE 50. GLOBAL NONMYDRIATIC HANDHELD FUNDUS CAMERAS MARKET SIZE, BY SOFTWARE, BY COUNTRY, 2025-2032 (USD MILLION)
• TABLE 51. GLOBAL NONMYDRIATIC HANDHELD FUNDUS CAMERAS MARKET SIZE, BY APPLICATION, 2018-2024 (USD MILLION)
• TABLE 52. GLOBAL NONMYDRIATIC HANDHELD FUNDUS CAMERAS MARKET SIZE, BY APPLICATION, 2025-2032 (USD MILLION)
• TABLE 53. GLOBAL NONMYDRIATIC HANDHELD FUNDUS CAMERAS MARKET SIZE, BY AGE-RELATED MACULAR DEGENERATION MONITORING, BY REGION, 2018-2024 (USD MILLION)
• TABLE 54. GLOBAL NONMYDRIATIC HANDHELD FUNDUS CAMERAS MARKET SIZE, BY AGE-RELATED MACULAR DEGENERATION MONITORING, BY REGION, 2025-2032 (USD MILLION)
• TABLE 55. GLOBAL NONMYDRIATIC HANDHELD FUNDUS CAMERAS MARKET SIZE, BY AGE-RELATED MACULAR DEGENERATION MONITORING, BY GROUP, 2018-2024 (USD MILLION)
• TABLE 56. GLOBAL NONMYDRIATIC HANDHELD FUNDUS CAMERAS MARKET SIZE, BY AGE-RELATED MACULAR DEGENERATION MONITORING, BY GROUP, 2025-2032 (USD MILLION)
• TABLE 57. GLOBAL NONMYDRIATIC HANDHELD FUNDUS CAMERAS MARKET SIZE, BY AGE-RELATED MACULAR DEGENERATION MONITORING, BY COUNTRY, 2018-2024 (USD MILLION)
• TABLE 58. GLOBAL NONMYDRIATIC HANDHELD FUNDUS CAMERAS MARKET SIZE, BY AGE-RELATED MACULAR DEGENERATION MONITORING, BY COUNTRY, 2025-2032 (USD MILLION)
• TABLE 59. GLOBAL NONMYDRIATIC HANDHELD FUNDUS CAMERAS MARKET SIZE, BY CATARACT PREOPERATIVE & POSTOPERATIVE CARE, BY REGION, 2018-2024 (USD MILLION)
• TABLE 60. GLOBAL NONMYDRIATIC HANDHELD FUNDUS CAMERAS MARKET SIZE, BY CATARACT PREOPERATIVE & POSTOPERATIVE CARE, BY REGION, 2025-2032 (USD MILLION)
• TABLE 61. GLOBAL NONMYDRIATIC HANDHELD FUNDUS CAMERAS MARKET SIZE, BY CATARACT PREOPERATIVE & POSTOPERATIVE CARE, BY GROUP, 2018-2024 (USD MILLION)
• TABLE 62. GLOBAL NONMYDRIATIC HANDHELD FUNDUS CAMERAS MARKET SIZE, BY CATARACT PREOPERATIVE & POSTOPERATIVE CARE, BY GROUP, 2025-2032 (USD MILLION)
• TABLE 63. GLOBAL NONMYDRIATIC HANDHELD FUNDUS CAMERAS MARKET SIZE, BY CATARACT PREOPERATIVE & POSTOPERATIVE CARE, BY COUNTRY, 2018-2024 (USD MILLION)
• TABLE 64. GLOBAL NONMYDRIATIC HANDHELD FUNDUS CAMERAS MARKET SIZE, BY CATARACT PREOPERATIVE & POSTOPERATIVE CARE, BY COUNTRY, 2025-2032 (USD MILLION)
• TABLE 65. GLOBAL NONMYDRIATIC HANDHELD FUNDUS CAMERAS MARKET SIZE, BY DIABETIC RETINOPATHY SCREENING, BY REGION, 2018-2024 (USD MILLION)
• TABLE 66. GLOBAL NONMYDRIATIC HANDHELD FUNDUS CAMERAS MARKET SIZE, BY DIABETIC RETINOPATHY SCREENING, BY REGION, 2025-2032 (USD MILLION)
• TABLE 67. GLOBAL NONMYDRIATIC HANDHELD FUNDUS CAMERAS MARKET SIZE, BY DIABETIC RETINOPATHY SCREENING, BY GROUP, 2018-2024 (USD MILLION)
• TABLE 68. GLOBAL NONMYDRIATIC HANDHELD FUNDUS CAMERAS MARKET SIZE, BY DIABETIC RETINOPATHY SCREENING, BY GROUP, 2025-2032 (USD MILLION)
• TABLE 69. GLOBAL NONMYDRIATIC HANDHELD FUNDUS CAMERAS MARKET SIZE, BY DIABETIC RETINOPATHY SCREENING, BY COUNTRY, 2018-2024 (USD MILLION)
• TABLE 70. GLOBAL NONMYDRIATIC HANDHELD FUNDUS CAMERAS MARKET SIZE, BY DIABETIC RETINOPATHY SCREENING, BY COUNTRY, 2025-2032 (USD MILLION)
• TABLE 71. GLOBAL NONMYDRIATIC HANDHELD FUNDUS CAMERAS MARKET SIZE, BY GLAUCOMA DETECTION, BY REGION, 2018-2024 (USD MILLION)
• TABLE 72. GLOBAL NONMYDRIATIC HANDHELD FUNDUS CAMERAS MARKET SIZE, BY GLAUCOMA DETECTION, BY REGION, 2025-2032 (USD MILLION)
• TABLE 73. GLOBAL NONMYDRIATIC HANDHELD FUNDUS CAMERAS MARKET SIZE, BY GLAUCOMA DETECTION, BY GROUP, 2018-2024 (USD MILLION)
• TABLE 74. GLOBAL NONMYDRIATIC HANDHELD FUNDUS CAMERAS MARKET SIZE, BY GLAUCOMA DETECTION, BY GROUP, 2025-2032 (USD MILLION)
• TABLE 75. GLOBAL NONMYDRIATIC HANDHELD FUNDUS CAMERAS MARKET SIZE, BY GLAUCOMA DETECTION, BY COUNTRY, 2018-2024 (USD MILLION)
• TABLE 76. GLOBAL NONMYDRIATIC HANDHELD FUNDUS CAMERAS MARKET SIZE, BY GLAUCOMA DETECTION, BY COUNTRY, 2025-2032 (USD MILLION)
• TABLE 77. GLOBAL NONMYDRIATIC HANDHELD FUNDUS CAMERAS MARKET SIZE, BY HYPERTENSIVE RETINOPATHY, BY REGION, 2018-2024 (USD MILLION)
• TABLE 78. GLOBAL NONMYDRIATIC HANDHELD FUNDUS CAMERAS MARKET SIZE, BY HYPERTENSIVE RETINOPATHY, BY REGION, 2025-2032 (USD MILLION)
• TABLE 79. GLOBAL NONMYDRIATIC HANDHELD FUNDUS CAMERAS MARKET SIZE, BY HYPERTENSIVE RETINOPATHY, BY GROUP, 2018-2024 (USD MILLION)
• TABLE 80. GLOBAL NONMYDRIATIC HANDHELD FUNDUS CAMERAS MARKET SIZE, BY HYPERTENSIVE RETINOPATHY, BY GROUP, 2025-2032 (USD MILLION)
• TABLE 81. GLOBAL NONMYDRIATIC HANDHELD FUNDUS CAMERAS MARKET SIZE, BY HYPERTENSIVE RETINOPATHY, BY COUNTRY, 2018-2024 (USD MILLION)
• TABLE 82. GLOBAL NONMYDRIATIC HANDHELD FUNDUS CAMERAS MARKET SIZE, BY HYPERTENSIVE RETINOPATHY, BY COUNTRY, 2025-2032 (USD MILLION)
• TABLE 83. GLOBAL NONMYDRIATIC HANDHELD FUNDUS CAMERAS MARKET SIZE, BY END-USER, 2018-2024 (USD MILLION)
• TABLE 84. GLOBAL NONMYDRIATIC HANDHELD FUNDUS CAMERAS MARKET SIZE, BY END-USER, 2025-2032 (USD MILLION)
• TABLE 85. GLOBAL NONMYDRIATIC HANDHELD FUNDUS CAMERAS MARKET SIZE, BY AMBULATORY SURGICAL CENTERS & MOBILE EYE CLINICS, BY REGION, 2018-2024 (USD MILLION)
• TABLE 86. GLOBAL NONMYDRIATIC HANDHELD FUNDUS CAMERAS MARKET SIZE, BY AMBULATORY SURGICAL CENTERS & MOBILE EYE CLINICS, BY REGION, 2025-2032 (USD MILLION)
• TABLE 87. GLOBAL NONMYDRIATIC HANDHELD FUNDUS CAMERAS MARKET SIZE, BY AMBULATORY SURGICAL CENTERS & MOBILE EYE CLINICS, BY GROUP, 2018-2024 (USD MILLION)
• TABLE 88. GLOBAL NONMYDRIATIC HANDHELD FUNDUS CAMERAS MARKET SIZE, BY AMBULATORY SURGICAL CENTERS & MOBILE EYE CLINICS, BY GROUP, 2025-2032 (USD MILLION)
• TABLE 89. GLOBAL NONMYDRIATIC HANDHELD FUNDUS CAMERAS MARKET SIZE, BY AMBULATORY SURGICAL CENTERS & MOBILE EYE CLINICS, BY COUNTRY, 2018-2024 (USD MILLION)
• TABLE 90. GLOBAL NONMYDRIATIC HANDHELD FUNDUS CAMERAS MARKET SIZE, BY AMBULATORY SURGICAL CENTERS & MOBILE EYE CLINICS, BY COUNTRY, 2025-2032 (USD MILLION)
• TABLE 91. GLOBAL NONMYDRIATIC HANDHELD FUNDUS CAMERAS MARKET SIZE, BY HOSPITALS, BY REGION, 2018-2024 (USD MILLION)
• TABLE 92. GLOBAL NONMYDRIATIC HANDHELD FUNDUS CAMERAS MARKET SIZE, BY HOSPITALS, BY REGION, 2025-2032 (USD MILLION)
• TABLE 93. GLOBAL NONMYDRIATIC HANDHELD FUNDUS CAMERAS MARKET SIZE, BY HOSPITALS, BY GROUP, 2018-2024 (USD MILLION)
• TABLE 94. GLOBAL NONMYDRIATIC HANDHELD FUNDUS CAMERAS MARKET SIZE, BY HOSPITALS, BY GROUP, 2025-2032 (USD MILLION)
• TABLE 95. GLOBAL NONMYDRIATIC HANDHELD FUNDUS CAMERAS MARKET SIZE, BY HOSPITALS, BY COUNTRY, 2018-2024 (USD MILLION)
• TABLE 96. GLOBAL NONMYDRIATIC HANDHELD FUNDUS CAMERAS MARKET SIZE, BY HOSPITALS, BY COUNTRY, 2025-2032 (USD MILLION)
• TABLE 97. GLOBAL NONMYDRIATIC HANDHELD FUNDUS CAMERAS MARKET SIZE, BY OPHTHALMIC CLINICS, BY REGION, 2018-2024 (USD MILLION)
• TABLE 98. GLOBAL NONMYDRIATIC HANDHELD FUNDUS CAMERAS MARKET SIZE, BY OPHTHALMIC CLINICS, BY REGION, 2025-2032 (USD MILLION)
• TABLE 99. GLOBAL NONMYDRIATIC HANDHELD FUNDUS CAMERAS MARKET SIZE, BY OPHTHALMIC CLINICS, BY GROUP, 2018-2024 (USD MILLION)
• TABLE 100. GLOBAL NONMYDRIATIC HANDHELD FUNDUS CAMERAS MARKET SIZE, BY OPHTHALMIC CLINICS, BY GROUP, 2025-2032 (USD MILLION)
• TABLE 101. GLOBAL NONMYDRIATIC HANDHELD FUNDUS CAMERAS MARKET SIZE, BY OPHTHALMIC CLINICS, BY COUNTRY, 2018-2024 (USD MILLION)
• TABLE 102. GLOBAL NONMYDRIATIC HANDHELD FUNDUS CAMERAS MARKET SIZE, BY OPHTHALMIC CLINICS, BY COUNTRY, 2025-2032 (USD MILLION)
• TABLE 103. GLOBAL NONMYDRIATIC HANDHELD FUNDUS CAMERAS MARKET SIZE, BY RESEARCH INSTITUTES, BY REGION, 2018-2024 (USD MILLION)
• TABLE 104. GLOBAL NONMYDRIATIC HANDHELD FUNDUS CAMERAS MARKET SIZE, BY RESEARCH INSTITUTES, BY REGION, 2025-2032 (USD MILLION)
• TABLE 105. GLOBAL NONMYDRIATIC HANDHELD FUNDUS CAMERAS MARKET SIZE, BY RESEARCH INSTITUTES, BY GROUP, 2018-2024 (USD MILLION)
• TABLE 106. GLOBAL NONMYDRIATIC HANDHELD FUNDUS CAMERAS MARKET SIZE, BY RESEARCH INSTITUTES, BY GROUP, 2025-2032 (USD MILLION)
• TABLE 107. GLOBAL NONMYDRIATIC HANDHELD FUNDUS CAMERAS MARKET SIZE, BY RESEARCH INSTITUTES, BY COUNTRY, 2018-2024 (USD MILLION)
• TABLE 108. GLOBAL NONMYDRIATIC HANDHELD FUNDUS CAMERAS MARKET SIZE, BY RESEARCH INSTITUTES, BY COUNTRY, 2025-2032 (USD MILLION)
• TABLE 109. GLOBAL NONMYDRIATIC HANDHELD FUNDUS CAMERAS MARKET SIZE, BY SALES CHANNEL, 2018-2024 (USD MILLION)
• TABLE 110. GLOBAL NONMYDRIATIC HANDHELD FUNDUS CAMERAS MARKET SIZE, BY SALES CHANNEL, 2025-2032 (USD MILLION)
• TABLE 111. GLOBAL NONMYDRIATIC HANDHELD FUNDUS CAMERAS MARKET SIZE, BY OFFLINE SALES, BY REGION, 2018-2024 (USD MILLION)
• TABLE 112. GLOBAL NONMYDRIATIC HANDHELD FUNDUS CAMERAS MARKET SIZE, BY OFFLINE SALES, BY REGION, 2025-2032 (USD MILLION)
• TABLE 113. GLOBAL NONMYDRIATIC HANDHELD FUNDUS CAMERAS MARKET SIZE, BY OFFLINE SALES, BY GROUP, 2018-2024 (USD MILLION)
• TABLE 114. GLOBAL NONMYDRIATIC HANDHELD FUNDUS CAMERAS MARKET SIZE, BY OFFLINE SALES, BY GROUP, 2025-2032 (USD MILLION)
• TABLE 115. GLOBAL NONMYDRIATIC HANDHELD FUNDUS CAMERAS MARKET SIZE, BY OFFLINE SALES, BY COUNTRY, 2018-2024 (USD MILLION)
• TABLE 116. GLOBAL NONMYDRIATIC HANDHELD FUNDUS CAMERAS MARKET SIZE, BY OFFLINE SALES, BY COUNTRY, 2025-2032 (USD MILLION)
• TABLE 117. GLOBAL NONMYDRIATIC HANDHELD FUNDUS CAMERAS MARKET SIZE, BY ONLINE SALES, BY REGION, 2018-2024 (USD MILLION)
• TABLE 118. GLOBAL NONMYDRIATIC HANDHELD FUNDUS CAMERAS MARKET SIZE, BY ONLINE SALES, BY REGION, 2025-2032 (USD MILLION)
• TABLE 119. GLOBAL NONMYDRIATIC HANDHELD FUNDUS CAMERAS MARKET SIZE, BY ONLINE SALES, BY GROUP, 2018-2024 (USD MILLION)
• TABLE 120. GLOBAL NONMYDRIATIC HANDHELD FUNDUS CAMERAS MARKET SIZE, BY ONLINE SALES, BY GROUP, 2025-2032 (USD MILLION)
• TABLE 121. GLOBAL NONMYDRIATIC HANDHELD FUNDUS CAMERAS MARKET SIZE, BY ONLINE SALES, BY COUNTRY, 2018-2024 (USD MILLION)
• TABLE 122. GLOBAL NONMYDRIATIC HANDHELD FUNDUS CAMERAS MARKET SIZE, BY ONLINE SALES, BY COUNTRY, 2025-2032 (USD MILLION)
• TABLE 123. GLOBAL NONMYDRIATIC HANDHELD FUNDUS CAMERAS MARKET SIZE, BY REGION, 2018-2024 (USD MILLION)
• TABLE 124. GLOBAL NONMYDRIATIC HANDHELD FUNDUS CAMERAS MARKET SIZE, BY REGION, 2025-2032 (USD MILLION)
• TABLE 125. AMERICAS NONMYDRIATIC HANDHELD FUNDUS CAMERAS MARKET SIZE, BY SUBREGION, 2018-2024 (USD MILLION)
• TABLE 126. AMERICAS NONMYDRIATIC HANDHELD FUNDUS CAMERAS MARKET SIZE, BY SUBREGION, 2025-2032 (USD MILLION)
• TABLE 127. AMERICAS NONMYDRIATIC HANDHELD FUNDUS CAMERAS MARKET SIZE, BY COMPONENT, 2018-2024 (USD MILLION)
• TABLE 128. AMERICAS NONMYDRIATIC HANDHELD FUNDUS CAMERAS MARKET SIZE, BY COMPONENT, 2025-2032 (USD MILLION)
• TABLE 129. AMERICAS NONMYDRIATIC HANDHELD FUNDUS CAMERAS MARKET SIZE, BY HARDWARE, 2018-2024 (USD MILLION)
• TABLE 130. AMERICAS NONMYDRIATIC HANDHELD FUNDUS CAMERAS MARKET SIZE, BY HARDWARE, 2025-2032 (USD MILLION)
• TABLE 131. AMERICAS NONMYDRIATIC HANDHELD FUNDUS CAMERAS MARKET SIZE, BY APPLICATION, 2018-2024 (USD MILLION)
• TABLE 132. AMERICAS NONMYDRIATIC HANDHELD FUNDUS CAMERAS MARKET SIZE, BY APPLICATION, 2025-2032 (USD MILLION)
• TABLE 133. AMERICAS NONMYDRIATIC HANDHELD FUNDUS CAMERAS MARKET SIZE, BY END-USER, 2018-2024 (USD MILLION)
• TABLE 134. AMERICAS NONMYDRIATIC HANDHELD FUNDUS CAMERAS MARKET SIZE, BY END-USER, 2025-2032 (USD MILLION)
• TABLE 135. AMERICAS NONMYDRIATIC HANDHELD FUNDUS CAMERAS MARKET SIZE, BY SALES CHANNEL, 2018-2024 (USD MILLION)
• TABLE 136. AMERICAS NONMYDRIATIC HANDHELD FUNDUS CAMERAS MARKET SIZE, BY SALES CHANNEL, 2025-2032 (USD MILLION)
• TABLE 137. NORTH AMERICA NONMYDRIATIC HANDHELD FUNDUS CAMERAS MARKET SIZE, BY COUNTRY, 2018-2024 (USD MILLION)
• TABLE 138. NORTH AMERICA NONMYDRIATIC HANDHELD FUNDUS CAMERAS MARKET SIZE, BY COUNTRY, 2025-2032 (USD MILLION)
• TABLE 139. NORTH AMERICA NONMYDRIATIC HANDHELD FUNDUS CAMERAS MARKET SIZE, BY COMPONENT, 2018-2024 (USD MILLION)
• TABLE 140. NORTH AMERICA NONMYDRIATIC HANDHELD FUNDUS CAMERAS MARKET SIZE, BY COMPONENT, 2025-2032 (USD MILLION)
• TABLE 141. NORTH AMERICA NONMYDRIATIC HANDHELD FUNDUS CAMERAS MARKET SIZE, BY HARDWARE, 2018-2024 (USD MILLION)
• TABLE 142. NORTH AMERICA NONMYDRIATIC HANDHELD FUNDUS CAMERAS MARKET SIZE, BY HARDWARE, 2025-2032 (USD MILLION)
• TABLE 143. NORTH AMERICA NONMYDRIATIC HANDHELD FUNDUS CAMERAS MARKET SIZE, BY APPLICATION, 2018-2024 (USD MILLION)
• TABLE 144. NORTH AMERICA NONMYDRIATIC HANDHELD FUNDUS CAMERAS MARKET SIZE, BY APPLICATION, 2025-2032 (USD MILLION)
• TABLE 145. NORTH AMERICA NONMYDRIATIC HANDHELD FUNDUS CAMERAS MARKET SIZE, BY END-USER, 2018-2024 (USD MILLION)
• TABLE 146. NORTH AMERICA NONMYDRIATIC HANDHELD FUNDUS CAMERAS MARKET SIZE, BY END-USER, 2025-2032 (USD MILLION)
• TABLE 147. NORTH AMERICA NONMYDRIATIC HANDHELD FUNDUS CAMERAS MARKET SIZE, BY SALES CHANNEL, 2018-2024 (USD MILLION)
• TABLE 148. NORTH AMERICA NONMYDRIATIC HANDHELD FUNDUS CAMERAS MARKET SIZE, BY SALES CHANNEL, 2025-2032 (USD MILLION)
• TABLE 149. LATIN AMERICA NONMYDRIATIC HANDHELD FUNDUS CAMERAS MARKET SIZE, BY COUNTRY, 2018-2024 (USD MILLION)
• TABLE 150. LATIN AMERICA NONMYDRIATIC HANDHELD FUNDUS CAMERAS MARKET SIZE, BY COUNTRY, 2025-2032 (USD MILLION)
• TABLE 151. LATIN AMERICA NONMYDRIATIC HANDHELD FUNDUS CAMERAS MARKET SIZE, BY COMPONENT, 2018-2024 (USD MILLION)
• TABLE 152. LATIN AMERICA NONMYDRIATIC HANDHELD FUNDUS CAMERAS MARKET SIZE, BY COMPONENT, 2025-2032 (USD MILLION)
• TABLE 153. LATIN AMERICA NONMYDRIATIC HANDHELD FUNDUS CAMERAS MARKET SIZE, BY HARDWARE, 2018-2024 (USD MILLION)
• TABLE 154. LATIN AMERICA NONMYDRIATIC HANDHELD FUNDUS CAMERAS MARKET SIZE, BY HARDWARE, 2025-2032 (USD MILLION)
• TABLE 155. LATIN AMERICA NONMYDRIATIC HANDHELD FUNDUS CAMERAS MARKET SIZE, BY APPLICATION, 2018-2024 (USD MILLION)
• TABLE 156. LATIN AMERICA NONMYDRIATIC HANDHELD FUNDUS CAMERAS MARKET SIZE, BY APPLICATION, 2025-2032 (USD MILLION)
• TABLE 157. LATIN AMERICA NONMYDRIATIC HANDHELD FUNDUS CAMERAS MARKET SIZE, BY END-USER, 2018-2024 (USD MILLION)
• TABLE 158. LATIN AMERICA NONMYDRIATIC HANDHELD FUNDUS CAMERAS MARKET SIZE, BY END-USER, 2025-2032 (USD MILLION)
• TABLE 159. LATIN AMERICA NONMYDRIATIC HANDHELD FUNDUS CAMERAS MARKET SIZE, BY SALES CHANNEL, 2018-2024 (USD MILLION)
• TABLE 160. LATIN AMERICA NONMYDRIATIC HANDHELD FUNDUS CAMERAS MARKET SIZE, BY SALES CHANNEL, 2025-2032 (USD MILLION)
• TABLE 161. EUROPE, MIDDLE EAST & AFRICA NONMYDRIATIC HANDHELD FUNDUS CAMERAS MARKET SIZE, BY SUBREGION, 2018-2024 (USD MILLION)
• TABLE 162. EUROPE, MIDDLE EAST & AFRICA NONMYDRIATIC HANDHELD FUNDUS CAMERAS MARKET SIZE, BY SUBREGION, 2025-2032 (USD MILLION)
• TABLE 163. EUROPE, MIDDLE EAST & AFRICA NONMYDRIATIC HANDHELD FUNDUS CAMERAS MARKET SIZE, BY COMPONENT, 2018-2024 (USD MILLION)
• TABLE 164. EUROPE, MIDDLE EAST & AFRICA NONMYDRIATIC HANDHELD FUNDUS CAMERAS MARKET SIZE, BY COMPONENT, 2025-2032 (USD MILLION)
• TABLE 165. EUROPE, MIDDLE EAST & AFRICA NONMYDRIATIC HANDHELD FUNDUS CAMERAS MARKET SIZE, BY HARDWARE, 2018-2024 (USD MILLION)
• TABLE 166. EUROPE, MIDDLE EAST & AFRICA NONMYDRIATIC HANDHELD FUNDUS CAMERAS MARKET SIZE, BY HARDWARE, 2025-2032 (USD MILLION)
• TABLE 167. EUROPE, MIDDLE EAST & AFRICA NONMYDRIATIC HANDHELD FUNDUS CAMERAS MARKET SIZE, BY APPLICATION, 2018-2024 (USD MILLION)
• TABLE 168. EUROPE, MIDDLE EAST & AFRICA NONMYDRIATIC HANDHELD FUNDUS CAMERAS MARKET SIZE, BY APPLICATION, 2025-2032 (USD MILLION)
• TABLE 169. EUROPE, MIDDLE EAST & AFRICA NONMYDRIATIC HANDHELD FUNDUS CAMERAS MARKET SIZE, BY END-USER, 2018-2024 (USD MILLION)
• TABLE 170. EUROPE, MIDDLE EAST & AFRICA NONMYDRIATIC HANDHELD FUNDUS CAMERAS MARKET SIZE, BY END-USER, 2025-2032 (USD MILLION)
• TABLE 171. EUROPE, MIDDLE EAST & AFRICA NONMYDRIATIC HANDHELD FUNDUS CAMERAS MARKET SIZE, BY SALES CHANNEL, 2018-2024 (USD MILLION)
• TABLE 172. EUROPE, MIDDLE EAST & AFRICA NONMYDRIATIC HANDHELD FUNDUS CAMERAS MARKET SIZE, BY SALES CHANNEL, 2025-2032 (USD MILLION)
• TABLE 173. EUROPE NONMYDRIATIC HANDHELD FUNDUS CAMERAS MARKET SIZE, BY COUNTRY, 2018-2024 (USD MILLION)
• TABLE 174. EUROPE NONMYDRIATIC HANDHELD FUNDUS CAMERAS MARKET SIZE, BY COUNTRY, 2025-2032 (USD MILLION)
• TABLE 175. EUROPE NONMYDRIATIC HANDHELD FUNDUS CAMERAS MARKET SIZE, BY COMPONENT, 2018-2024 (USD MILLION)
• TABLE 176. EUROPE NONMYDRIATIC HANDHELD FUNDUS CAMERAS MARKET SIZE, BY COMPONENT, 2025-2032 (USD MILLION)
• TABLE 177. EUROPE NONMYDRIATIC HANDHELD FUNDUS CAMERAS MARKET SIZE, BY HARDWARE, 2018-2024 (USD MILLION)
• TABLE 178. EUROPE NONMYDRIATIC HANDHELD FUNDUS CAMERAS MARKET SIZE, BY HARDWARE, 2025-2032 (USD MILLION)
• TABLE 179. EUROPE NONMYDRIATIC HANDHELD FUNDUS CAMERAS MARKET SIZE, BY APPLICATION, 2018-2024 (USD MILLION)
• TABLE 180. EUROPE NONMYDRIATIC HANDHELD FUNDUS CAMERAS MARKET SIZE, BY APPLICATION, 2025-2032 (USD MILLION)
• TABLE 181. EUROPE NONMYDRIATIC HANDHELD FUNDUS CAMERAS MARKET SIZE, BY END-USER, 2018-2024 (USD MILLION)
• TABLE 182. EUROPE NONMYDRIATIC HANDHELD FUNDUS CAMERAS MARKET SIZE, BY END-USER, 2025-2032 (USD MILLION)
• TABLE 183. EUROPE NONMYDRIATIC HANDHELD FUNDUS CAMERAS MARKET SIZE, BY SALES CHANNEL, 2018-2024 (USD MILLION)
• TABLE 184. EUROPE NONMYDRIATIC HANDHELD FUNDUS CAMERAS MARKET SIZE, BY SALES CHANNEL, 2025-2032 (USD MILLION)
• TABLE 185. MIDDLE EAST NONMYDRIATIC HANDHELD FUNDUS CAMERAS MARKET SIZE, BY COUNTRY, 2018-2024 (USD MILLION)
• TABLE 186. MIDDLE EAST NONMYDRIATIC HANDHELD FUNDUS CAMERAS MARKET SIZE, BY COUNTRY, 2025-2032 (USD MILLION)
• TABLE 187. MIDDLE EAST NONMYDRIATIC HANDHELD FUNDUS CAMERAS MARKET SIZE, BY COMPONENT, 2018-2024 (USD MILLION)
• TABLE 188. MIDDLE EAST NONMYDRIATIC HANDHELD FUNDUS CAMERAS MARKET SIZE, BY COMPONENT, 2025-2032 (USD MILLION)
• TABLE 189. MIDDLE EAST NONMYDRIATIC HANDHELD FUNDUS CAMERAS MARKET SIZE, BY HARDWARE, 2018-2024 (USD MILLION)
• TABLE 190. MIDDLE EAST NONMYDRIATIC HANDHELD FUNDUS CAMERAS MARKET SIZE, BY HARDWARE, 2025-2032 (USD MILLION)
• TABLE 191. MIDDLE EAST NONMYDRIATIC HANDHELD FUNDUS CAMERAS MARKET SIZE, BY APPLICATION, 2018-2024 (USD MILLION)
• TABLE 192. MIDDLE EAST NONMYDRIATIC HANDHELD FUNDUS CAMERAS MARKET SIZE, BY APPLICATION, 2025-2032 (USD MILLION)
• TABLE 193. MIDDLE EAST NONMYDRIATIC HANDHELD FUNDUS CAMERAS MARKET SIZE, BY END-USER, 2018-2024 (USD MILLION)
• TABLE 194. MIDDLE EAST NONMYDRIATIC HANDHELD FUNDUS CAMERAS MARKET SIZE, BY END-USER, 2025-2032 (USD MILLION)
• TABLE 195. MIDDLE EAST NONMYDRIATIC HANDHELD FUNDUS CAMERAS MARKET SIZE, BY SALES CHANNEL, 2018-2024 (USD MILLION)
• TABLE 196. MIDDLE EAST NONMYDRIATIC HANDHELD FUNDUS CAMERAS MARKET SIZE, BY SALES CHANNEL, 2025-2032 (USD MILLION)
• TABLE 197. AFRICA NONMYDRIATIC HANDHELD FUNDUS CAMERAS MARKET SIZE, BY COUNTRY, 2018-2024 (USD MILLION)
• TABLE 198. AFRICA NONMYDRIATIC HANDHELD FUNDUS CAMERAS MARKET SIZE, BY COUNTRY, 2025-2032 (USD MILLION)
• TABLE 199. AFRICA NONMYDRIATIC HANDHELD FUNDUS CAMERAS MARKET SIZE, BY COMPONENT, 2018-2024 (USD MILLION)
• TABLE 200. AFRICA NONMYDRIATIC HANDHELD FUNDUS CAMERAS MARKET SIZE, BY COMPONENT, 2025-2032 (USD MILLION)
• TABLE 201. AFRICA NONMYDRIATIC HANDHELD FUNDUS CAMERAS MARKET SIZE, BY HARDWARE, 2018-2024 (USD MILLION)
• TABLE 202. AFRICA NONMYDRIATIC HANDHELD FUNDUS CAMERAS MARKET SIZE, BY HARDWARE, 2025-2032 (USD MILLION)
• TABLE 203. AFRICA NONMYDRIATIC HANDHELD FUNDUS CAMERAS MARKET SIZE, BY APPLICATION, 2018-2024 (USD MILLION)
• TABLE 204. AFRICA NONMYDRIATIC HANDHELD FUNDUS CAMERAS MARKET SIZE, BY APPLICATION, 2025-2032 (USD MILLION)
• TABLE 205. AFRICA NONMYDRIATIC HANDHELD FUNDUS CAMERAS MARKET SIZE, BY END-USER, 2018-2024 (USD MILLION)
• TABLE 206. AFRICA NONMYDRIATIC HANDHELD FUNDUS CAMERAS MARKET SIZE, BY END-USER, 2025-2032 (USD MILLION)
• TABLE 207. AFRICA NONMYDRIATIC HANDHELD FUNDUS CAMERAS MARKET SIZE, BY SALES CHANNEL, 2018-2024 (USD MILLION)
• TABLE 208. AFRICA NONMYDRIATIC HANDHELD FUNDUS CAMERAS MARKET SIZE, BY SALES CHANNEL, 2025-2032 (USD MILLION)
• TABLE 209. ASIA-PACIFIC NONMYDRIATIC HANDHELD FUNDUS CAMERAS MARKET SIZE, BY COUNTRY, 2018-2024 (USD MILLION)
• TABLE 210. ASIA-PACIFIC NONMYDRIATIC HANDHELD FUNDUS CAMERAS MARKET SIZE, BY COUNTRY, 2025-2032 (USD MILLION)
• TABLE 211. ASIA-PACIFIC NONMYDRIATIC HANDHELD FUNDUS CAMERAS MARKET SIZE, BY COMPONENT, 2018-2024 (USD MILLION)
• TABLE 212. ASIA-PACIFIC NONMYDRIATIC HANDHELD FUNDUS CAMERAS MARKET SIZE, BY COMPONENT, 2025-2032 (USD MILLION)
• TABLE 213. ASIA-PACIFIC NONMYDRIATIC HANDHELD FUNDUS CAMERAS MARKET SIZE, BY HARDWARE, 2018-2024 (USD MILLION)
• TABLE 214. ASIA-PACIFIC NONMYDRIATIC HANDHELD FUNDUS CAMERAS MARKET SIZE, BY HARDWARE, 2025-2032 (USD MILLION)
• TABLE 215. ASIA-PACIFIC NONMYDRIATIC HANDHELD FUNDUS CAMERAS MARKET SIZE, BY APPLICATION, 2018-2024 (USD MILLION)
• TABLE 216. ASIA-PACIFIC NONMYDRIATIC HANDHELD FUNDUS CAMERAS MARKET SIZE, BY APPLICATION, 2025-2032 (USD MILLION)
• TABLE 217. ASIA-PACIFIC NONMYDRIATIC HANDHELD FUNDUS CAMERAS MARKET SIZE, BY END-USER, 2018-2024 (USD MILLION)
• TABLE 218. ASIA-PACIFIC NONMYDRIATIC HANDHELD FUNDUS CAMERAS MARKET SIZE, BY END-USER, 2025-2032 (USD MILLION)
• TABLE 219. ASIA-PACIFIC NONMYDRIATIC HANDHELD FUNDUS CAMERAS MARKET SIZE, BY SALES CHANNEL, 2018-2024 (USD MILLION)
• TABLE 220. ASIA-PACIFIC NONMYDRIATIC HANDHELD FUNDUS CAMERAS MARKET SIZE, BY SALES CHANNEL, 2025-2032 (USD MILLION)
• TABLE 221. GLOBAL NONMYDRIATIC HANDHELD FUNDUS CAMERAS MARKET SIZE, BY GROUP, 2018-2024 (USD MILLION)
• TABLE 222. GLOBAL NONMYDRIATIC HANDHELD FUNDUS CAMERAS MARKET SIZE, BY GROUP, 2025-2032 (USD MILLION)
• TABLE 223. ASEAN NONMYDRIATIC HANDHELD FUNDUS CAMERAS MARKET SIZE, BY COUNTRY, 2018-2024 (USD MILLION)
• TABLE 224. ASEAN NONMYDRIATIC HANDHELD FUNDUS CAMERAS MARKET SIZE, BY COUNTRY, 2025-2032 (USD MILLION)
• TABLE 225. ASEAN NONMYDRIATIC HANDHELD FUNDUS CAMERAS MARKET SIZE, BY COMPONENT, 2018-2024 (USD MILLION)
• TABLE 226. ASEAN NONMYDRIATIC HANDHELD FUNDUS CAMERAS MARKET SIZE, BY COMPONENT, 2025-2032 (USD MILLION)
• TABLE 227. ASEAN NONMYDRIATIC HANDHELD FUNDUS CAMERAS MARKET SIZE, BY HARDWARE, 2018-2024 (USD MILLION)
• TABLE 228. ASEAN NONMYDRIATIC HANDHELD FUNDUS CAMERAS MARKET SIZE, BY HARDWARE, 2025-2032 (USD MILLION)
• TABLE 229. ASEAN NONMYDRIATIC HANDHELD FUNDUS CAMERAS MARKET SIZE, BY APPLICATION, 2018-2024 (USD MILLION)
• TABLE 230. ASEAN NONMYDRIATIC HANDHELD FUNDUS CAMERAS MARKET SIZE, BY APPLICATION, 2025-2032 (USD MILLION)
• TABLE 231. ASEAN NONMYDRIATIC HANDHELD FUNDUS CAMERAS MARKET SIZE, BY END-USER, 2018-2024 (USD MILLION)
• TABLE 232. ASEAN NONMYDRIATIC HANDHELD FUNDUS CAMERAS MARKET SIZE, BY END-USER, 2025-2032 (USD MILLION)
• TABLE 233. ASEAN NONMYDRIATIC HANDHELD FUNDUS CAMERAS MARKET SIZE, BY SALES CHANNEL, 2018-2024 (USD MILLION)
• TABLE 234. ASEAN NONMYDRIATIC HANDHELD FUNDUS CAMERAS MARKET SIZE, BY SALES CHANNEL, 2025-2032 (USD MILLION)
• TABLE 235. GCC NONMYDRIATIC HANDHELD FUNDUS CAMERAS MARKET SIZE, BY COUNTRY, 2018-2024 (USD MILLION)
• TABLE 236. GCC NONMYDRIATIC HANDHELD FUNDUS CAMERAS MARKET SIZE, BY COUNTRY, 2025-2032 (USD MILLION)
• TABLE 237. GCC NONMYDRIATIC HANDHELD FUNDUS CAMERAS MARKET SIZE, BY COMPONENT, 2018-2024 (USD MILLION)
• TABLE 238. GCC NONMYDRIATIC HANDHELD FUNDUS CAMERAS MARKET SIZE, BY COMPONENT, 2025-2032 (USD MILLION)
• TABLE 239. GCC NONMYDRIATIC HANDHELD FUNDUS CAMERAS MARKET SIZE, BY HARDWARE, 2018-2024 (USD MILLION)
• TABLE 240. GCC NONMYDRIATIC HANDHELD FUNDUS CAMERAS MARKET SIZE, BY HARDWARE, 2025-2032 (USD MILLION)
• TABLE 241. GCC NONMYDRIATIC HANDHELD FUNDUS CAMERAS MARKET SIZE, BY APPLICATION, 2018-2024 (USD MILLION)
• TABLE 242. GCC NONMYDRIATIC HANDHELD FUNDUS CAMERAS MARKET SIZE, BY APPLICATION, 2025-2032 (USD MILLION)
• TABLE 243. GCC NONMYDRIATIC HANDHELD FUNDUS CAMERAS MARKET SIZE, BY END-USER, 2018-2024 (USD MILLION)
• TABLE 244. GCC NONMYDRIATIC HANDHELD FUNDUS CAMERAS MARKET SIZE, BY END-USER, 2025-2032 (USD MILLION)
• TABLE 245. GCC NONMYDRIATIC HANDHELD FUNDUS CAMERAS MARKET SIZE, BY SALES CHANNEL, 2018-2024 (USD MILLION)
• TABLE 246. GCC NONMYDRIATIC HANDHELD FUNDUS CAMERAS MARKET SIZE, BY SALES CHANNEL, 2025-2032 (USD MILLION)
• TABLE 247. EUROPEAN UNION NONMYDRIATIC HANDHELD FUNDUS CAMERAS MARKET SIZE, BY COUNTRY, 2018-2024 (USD MILLION)
• TABLE 248. EUROPEAN UNION NONMYDRIATIC HANDHELD FUNDUS CAMERAS MARKET SIZE, BY COUNTRY, 2025-2032 (USD MILLION)
• TABLE 249. EUROPEAN UNION NONMYDRIATIC HANDHELD FUNDUS CAMERAS MARKET SIZE, BY COMPONENT, 2018-2024 (USD MILLION)
• TABLE 250. EUROPEAN UNION NONMYDRIATIC HANDHELD FUNDUS CAMERAS MARKET SIZE, BY COMPONENT, 2025-2032 (USD MILLION)
• TABLE 251. EUROPEAN UNION NONMYDRIATIC HANDHELD FUNDUS CAMERAS MARKET SIZE, BY HARDWARE, 2018-2024 (USD MILLION)
• TABLE 252. EUROPEAN UNION NONMYDRIATIC HANDHELD FUNDUS CAMERAS MARKET SIZE, BY HARDWARE, 2025-2032 (USD MILLION)
• TABLE 253. EUROPEAN UNION NONMYDRIATIC HANDHELD FUNDUS CAMERAS MARKET SIZE, BY APPLICATION, 2018-2024 (USD MILLION)
• TABLE 254. EUROPEAN UNION NONMYDRIATIC HANDHELD FUNDUS CAMERAS MARKET SIZE, BY APPLICATION, 2025-2032 (USD MILLION)
• TABLE 255. EUROPEAN UNION NONMYDRIATIC HANDHELD FUNDUS CAMERAS MARKET SIZE, BY END-USER, 2018-2024 (USD MILLION)
• TABLE 256. EUROPEAN UNION NONMYDRIATIC HANDHELD FUNDUS CAMERAS MARKET SIZE, BY END-USER, 2025-2032 (USD MILLION)
• TABLE 257. EUROPEAN UNION NONMYDRIATIC HANDHELD FUNDUS CAMERAS MARKET SIZE, BY SALES CHANNEL, 2018-2024 (USD MILLION)
• TABLE 258. EUROPEAN UNION NONMYDRIATIC HANDHELD FUNDUS CAMERAS MARKET SIZE, BY SALES CHANNEL, 2025-2032 (USD MILLION)
• TABLE 259. BRICS NONMYDRIATIC HANDHELD FUNDUS CAMERAS MARKET SIZE, BY COUNTRY, 2018-2024 (USD MILLION)
• TABLE 260. BRICS NONMYDRIATIC HANDHELD FUNDUS CAMERAS MARKET SIZE, BY COUNTRY, 2025-2032 (USD MILLION)
• TABLE 261. BRICS NONMYDRIATIC HANDHELD FUNDUS CAMERAS MARKET SIZE, BY COMPONENT, 2018-2024 (USD MILLION)
• TABLE 262. BRICS NONMYDRIATIC HANDHELD FUNDUS CAMERAS MARKET SIZE, BY COMPONENT, 2025-2032 (USD MILLION)
• TABLE 263. BRICS NONMYDRIATIC HANDHELD FUNDUS CAMERAS MARKET SIZE, BY HARDWARE, 2018-2024 (USD MILLION)
• TABLE 264. BRICS NONMYDRIATIC HANDHELD FUNDUS CAMERAS MARKET SIZE, BY HARDWARE, 2025-2032 (USD MILLION)
• TABLE 265. BRICS NONMYDRIATIC HANDHELD FUNDUS CAMERAS MARKET SIZE, BY APPLICATION, 2018-2024 (USD MILLION)
• TABLE 266. BRICS NONMYDRIATIC HANDHELD FUNDUS CAMERAS MARKET SIZE, BY APPLICATION, 2025-2032 (USD MILLION)
• TABLE 267. BRICS NONMYDRIATIC HANDHELD FUNDUS CAMERAS MARKET SIZE, BY END-USER, 2018-2024 (USD MILLION)
• TABLE 268. BRICS NONMYDRIATIC HANDHELD FUNDUS CAMERAS MARKET SIZE, BY END-USER, 2025-2032 (USD MILLION)
• TABLE 269. BRICS NONMYDRIATIC HANDHELD FUNDUS CAMERAS MARKET SIZE, BY SALES CHANNEL, 2018-2024 (USD MILLION)
• TABLE 270. BRICS NONMYDRIATIC HANDHELD FUNDUS CAMERAS MARKET SIZE, BY SALES CHANNEL, 2025-2032 (USD MILLION)
• TABLE 271. G7 NONMYDRIATIC HANDHELD FUNDUS CAMERAS MARKET SIZE, BY COUNTRY, 2018-2024 (USD MILLION)
• TABLE 272. G7 NONMYDRIATIC HANDHELD FUNDUS CAMERAS MARKET SIZE, BY COUNTRY, 2025-2032 (USD MILLION)
• TABLE 273. G7 NONMYDRIATIC HANDHELD FUNDUS CAMERAS MARKET SIZE, BY COMPONENT, 2018-2024 (USD MILLION)
• TABLE 274. G7 NONMYDRIATIC HANDHELD FUNDUS CAMERAS MARKET SIZE, BY COMPONENT, 2025-2032 (USD MILLION)
• TABLE 275. G7 NONMYDRIATIC HANDHELD FUNDUS CAMERAS MARKET SIZE, BY HARDWARE, 2018-2024 (USD MILLION)
• TABLE 276. G7 NONMYDRIATIC HANDHELD FUNDUS CAMERAS MARKET SIZE, BY HARDWARE, 2025-2032 (USD MILLION)
• TABLE 277. G7 NONMYDRIATIC HANDHELD FUNDUS CAMERAS MARKET SIZE, BY APPLICATION, 2018-2024 (USD MILLION)
• TABLE 278. G7 NONMYDRIATIC HANDHELD FUNDUS CAMERAS MARKET SIZE, BY APPLICATION, 2025-2032 (USD MILLION)
• TABLE 279. G7 NONMYDRIATIC HANDHELD FUNDUS CAMERAS MARKET SIZE, BY END-USER, 2018-2024 (USD MILLION)
• TABLE 280. G7 NONMYDRIATIC HANDHELD FUNDUS CAMERAS MARKET SIZE, BY END-USER, 2025-2032 (USD MILLION)
• TABLE 281. G7 NONMYDRIATIC HANDHELD FUNDUS CAMERAS MARKET SIZE, BY SALES CHANNEL, 2018-2024 (USD MILLION)
• TABLE 282. G7 NONMYDRIATIC HANDHELD FUNDUS CAMERAS MARKET SIZE, BY SALES CHANNEL, 2025-2032 (USD MILLION)
• TABLE 283. NATO NONMYDRIATIC HANDHELD FUNDUS CAME