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市场调查报告书
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1665116

聚合物分散液晶市场报告:趋势、预测和竞争分析(至 2031 年)

Polymer-Dispersed Liquid Crystal Market Report: Trends, Forecast and Competitive Analysis to 2031

出版日期: | 出版商: Lucintel | 英文 150 Pages | 商品交期: 3个工作天内

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简介目录

全球聚合物分散液晶 (PDLC) 市场前景光明,在汽车、建筑、家用电器、航太和国防以及医疗应用领域都拥有广阔的发展机会。预计到 2031 年全球聚合物分散液晶市场规模将达到 25 亿美元,2025 年至 2031 年的复合年增长率为 22.0%。该市场的关键驱动因素是对智慧材料的需求不断增长,以及 PDLC 薄膜作为隐私萤幕的使用日益增多。

  • Lucintel 预测,在产品类型中,层压 PDCL 将继续占据较大的份额,因为它更适用于建筑和建筑行业。
  • 根据地区划分,由于建筑业和汽车业的持续增长,预计亚太地区将在预测期内实现最高增长。

聚合物分散液晶市场的策略性成长机会

聚合物分散液晶市场面临巨大的成长障碍,对某些应用领域带来挑战。这些差距正在透过技术进步和不断变化的消费者需求来解决,从而创造成长和发展的前景。

  • 节能智慧窗户:PDLC技术在智慧窗户产业中具有巨大潜力,为建筑提供节能解决方案。透过调整光线透射和增加绝缘性,PDLC智慧窗户可以帮助减少能源消耗并改善建筑物的人体工学,从而创造巨大的市场成长机会。
  • 汽车显示器和内装:随着时间的推移,PDLC技术已融入汽车显示器和内装处理。 PDLC薄膜提高了仪表板的可视性,在活动仪表板上显示影像,并提高了车辆内部的美观。该应用领域为市场成长和创新提供了巨大的潜力。
  • 消费性电子产品:智慧型手机、平板电脑和其他装置越来越多地使用 PDLC 技术。 PDLC材料的最新进展促进了显示器的可製造性和能源效率的提高。对高性能电子设备的需求不断增长,为PDLC在这个市场上创造了机会。
  • 建筑应用:PDLC 用于建筑应用,例如窗户、玻璃门、面板、隔间墙等。使用 PDLC 技术控制光线和隐私的能力是建筑师和设计师的关键卖点,扩大了其在建筑领域的市场。
  • 医疗保健和医疗设备:PDLC 技术在医疗保健和医疗设备中的应用正在获得认可。一些PDLC也用于先进的诊断设备和显示器,以提高其品质和可用性。随着技术的发展和医疗需求的变化,该应用领域预计将继续发展。

这些机会是关键的策略成长槓桿,将推动PDLC市场达到新的应用范围和创新水平。如果公司探索并利用这些机会,PDLC市场可能会经历指数级成长和多样化。

聚合物分散液晶市场驱动因素与挑战

聚合物分散液晶市场受到影响市场成长和发展的各种驱动因素​​和挑战的影响。这些因素根源于技术、经济和法规,是影响市场动态的一些变化最快的条件。

推动聚合物分散液晶市场发展的因素如下:

  • 技术进步:持续的技术改进支持着PDLC市场的扩张。材料科学和製造流程的改进正在提高PDLC产品的性能和应用,从而推动市场成长。
  • 对智慧解决方案的需求不断增加:PDLC 市场受到建筑和汽车等各个领域越来越多地采用智慧解决方案的推动。这些技术具有成本效益,完全可客製化,并有助于创造智慧、环保的解决方案以及消费者喜爱的其他产品。
  • 注重能源效率:PDLC技术相关市场的快速成长很大程度上是由人们对能源效率的认识不断增强以及对环保解决方案的需求所推动的。 PDLC技术用于智慧窗户和节能显示器,有助于节约能源,使其对商业和住宅应用具有吸引力。
  • 扩大应用:PDLC应用扩展到汽车和医疗等未知领域,正在推动市场成长。 PDLC技术新应用的开发将继续为市场的成长和创新铺平道路。
  • 研发投入:PDLC市场的快速变化是由大量的研发投入所驱动的。企业正在寻求新材料和技术来提高PDLC的性能,使其在市场上更具竞争力。

聚合物分散液晶市场面临的挑战如下:

  • 生产成本高:生产 PDLC 材料所使用的先进技术和製造技术可能会阻碍市场成长。公司必须找到在不影响产品品质的情况下降低这些成本的方法。
  • 认知和采用有限:某些地区对 PDLC 技术的认知和采用较低可能会对市场产生影响。应努力让潜在客户了解 PDLC 解决方案的优势。
  • 监管和合规问题:有关产品标准和安全的监管和合规问题可能会对 PDLC 市场产生不利影响。公司必须获得必要的经营许可来应对这些挑战。

概念图描绘了各种聚合物分散液晶市场驱动因素和挑战之间的相互作用。虽然技术和市场发展正在推动成长,但生产成本和当地法规是公司在不断变化的商业环境中取得成功必须克服的障碍。

目录

第一章执行摘要

第二章 全球聚合物分散液晶市场:市场动态

  • 简介、背景和分类
  • 供应链
  • 产业驱动因素与挑战

第 3 章 市场趋势与预测分析(2019-2031)

  • 宏观经济趋势(2019-2024)与预测(2025-2031)
  • 全球聚合物分散液晶市场趋势(2019-2024)及预测(2025-2031)
  • 全球聚合物分散液晶市场(按产品)
    • 层压调光液晶
    • 黏着性调光膜
  • 全球聚合物分散液晶市场(按技术)
    • 散射型调光液晶
    • 奈米调光液晶
    • 聚合物网络液晶
  • 全球聚合物分散液晶市场(依应用)
    • 建筑学
    • 家电
    • 航太和国防
    • 医疗
    • 其他的

第 4 章区域市场趋势与预测分析(2019-2031 年)

  • 全球聚合物分散液晶市场(按区域)
  • 北美洲聚合物分散液晶市场
  • 欧洲聚合物分散液晶市场
  • 亚太聚合物分散液晶市场
  • 其他地区的聚合物分散液晶市场

第五章 竞争分析

  • 产品系列分析
  • 营运整合
  • 波特五力分析

第六章 成长机会与策略分析

  • 成长机会分析
    • 全球聚合物分散液晶市场按产品分類的成长机会
    • 全球聚合物分散液晶市场成长机会(按技术)
    • 全球聚合物分散液晶市场成长机会(按应用)
    • 全球聚合物分散液晶市场各区域成长机会
  • 全球聚合物分散液晶市场的新趋势
  • 战略分析
    • 新产品开发
    • 全球聚合物分散液晶市场产能扩大
    • 全球聚合物分散液晶市场的企业合併
    • 认证和许可

第七章主要企业简介

  • Anhui Noyark
  • DMDisplay
  • EB Glass
  • Gauzy
  • IRISFILM
  • Magic-Film
  • OYPDLC
  • Polytronix
  • Qingdao QY Liquid Crystal
  • Unite Glass
简介目录

The future of the global polymer-dispersed liquid crystal market looks promising with opportunities in the automotive, architecture, consumer electronics, aerospace & defense, and medical applications. The global polymer-dispersed liquid crystal market is expected to reach an estimated $2.5 billion by 2031 with a CAGR of 22.0% from 2025 to 2031. The major drivers for this market are the rising demand for smart materials and the increased use of PDLC films as privacy screens.

  • Lucintel forecasts that, within the product category, laminated will remain the larger segment due to its higher adaption in the construction and building industry.
  • In terms of regions, APAC is expected to witness the highest growth over the forecast period due to the continuous growth of the construction and automotive sectors in the region.

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Emerging Trends in the Polymer-Dispersed Liquid Crystal Market

The development of the market for polymer-dispersed liquid crystal is moving toward clear trends arising from technological improvements and changes in consumer habits. These trends are changing the use of the technology and market structure, influencing how PDLCs are employed in various markets. Stakeholders need to understand these trends to exploit growth areas and market opportunities.

  • Integration with Smart Technologies: More effort is being directed toward the integration of PDLCs with IoT systems and home control technologies. This trend improves the performance of smart windows and displays because they can be managed and designed based on user concerns. The integration is generating demand for advanced PDLCs that support various applications developed to enhance user experience.
  • Energy Efficiency and Sustainability: There is increased awareness of energy efficiency and sustainability, affecting trends in the PDLC market. This development involves creating PDLC films that promote thermal protection and energy efficiency in buildings. This trend aligns with how countries and organizations establish their sustainable development policies, inspiring new ideas in energy-efficient PDLC orientation.
  • Advancements in Material Science: PDLCs have also benefited from recent advancements in material science. Researchers are developing new polymer compositions and liquid crystals to enhance response speed, durability, and optical performance. These developments are broadening the application scope of PDLCs and improving their quality.
  • Expansion into Emerging Markets: Demand for smart glass and display technologies is rising as the PDLC market extends into emerging markets. Companies are entering regions experiencing increasing infrastructure development, urbanization, and potential market growth for new applications of PDLC technology.
  • Customization and Personalization: There is an increasing requirement for customization and personalization of PDLCs, with applications extending from automotive to architecture. Companies are creating PDLCs that can be tailored to meet individual design requirements. This is encouraging value addition and the registration of new products in the PDLC market.

These trends stimulate technical advancement and diversify the areas in which polymer-dispersed liquid crystal technology can be utilized. They contribute to market growth by satisfying the ever-changing needs for smart, energy-efficient, and customizable solutions. These trends are expected to continue growing, significantly impacting the future of the Polymer-Dispersed Liquid Crystal market.

Recent Developments in the Polymer-Dispersed Liquid Crystal Market

The polymer-dispersed liquid crystal market has gradually evolved with recent developments associated with technological progress and increased applications. These key developments are transforming the market's future by enhancing product capabilities and broadening the application space of PDLC technology.

  • Advanced Manufacturing Techniques: Enhancements in production efficiency and quality of PDLC films are achieved through improved manufacturing methods. Innovations in these techniques help achieve uniformity in films and better control of the dispersion of liquid crystals. These advances significantly enhance the performance and reliability of PDLC products.
  • Development of High-Performance PDLC Films: High-performance PDLC films with improved optical qualities and faster switching times are being researched and developed by manufacturers. These advancements make PDLC applicable for various purposes, including the construction of high-definition images and advanced glazing systems.
  • Growth in Smart Window Applications: The increasing trend in developing energy-efficient PDLC technology for smart windows is a key reason for the growth in smart window revenue. Additionally, innovations in films will enable better management of light passage and prevent heat infiltration, thereby increasing applications for smart windows.
  • Acceleration of R&D Expenses: Investments in research and development are actively stimulating innovation in the PDLC market. Companies are seeking new materials and PDLC technologies to improve performance and expand application areas. This trend fosters market growth and technological advancement.
  • Technology Vendors and Research Organizations Collaborations: Collaborations between technology vendors and research organizations focus on the active development of novel, cutting-edge PDLC solutions.

These partnerships are instrumental in fostering innovation and introducing new PDLC products to the market, increasing competition in the industry.

Strategic Growth Opportunities for Polymer-Dispersed Liquid Crystal Market

Barriers to significant growth exist in the polymer-dispersed liquid crystal market, which presents challenges in specific application areas. These gaps are addressed through advancements in technology and changing consumer needs, creating prospects for growth and development.

  • Smart Windows for Energy Efficiency: PDLC technology holds great potential in the smart window industry, providing energy-efficient solutions for buildings. By regulating optical transmittance and enhancing thermal insulation, PDLC smart windows help reduce energy consumption and improve building ergonomics, representing a considerable market growth opportunity.
  • Automotive Displays and Interiors: Over time, PDLC technology has been incorporated into automotive displays and interior cabin processing. PDLC films enhance dashboard visualization, allowing images to be displayed on active dashboards and providing aesthetically pleasing surfaces within the vehicle. This application area represents significant market growth and innovation potential.
  • Consumer Electronics: Smartphones, tablets, and other devices increasingly utilize PDLC technology. Recent advances in PDLC materials facilitate productivity and energy efficiency improvements in displays. PDLC presents opportunities in this market due to the growing demand for high-performance electronic devices.
  • Architectural Applications: PDLCs are finding use in architectural applications, including windows, glass doors, panels, and partition walls. The ability to manage light and privacy using PDLC technology is a significant selling point for architects and designers, thereby expanding the market in the architectural sector.
  • Healthcare and Medical Devices: The use of PDLC technology in healthcare and medical devices is growing in acceptance. Some PDLCs may enhance advanced diagnostic equipment and displays regarding quality and usability. This application area is expected to develop further as technologies evolve and healthcare requirements change.

These opportunities are crucial strategic growth avenues that can elevate the PDLC market to new levels of application scope and innovation. If companies explore and capitalize on these opportunities, the PDLC market is poised for tremendous growth and increased diversification.

Polymer-Dispersed Liquid Crystal Market Driver and Challenges

The polymer-dispersed liquid crystal market is influenced by various drivers and challenges impacting market growth and development. These factors are rooted in technology, economy, and regulations-some of the fastest-changing conditions affecting the market's dynamics.

The factors driving the polymer-dispersed liquid crystal market include:

  • Technological Advancements: Ongoing improvements in technology sustain the expansion of the PDLC market. Enhancements in material science and manufacturing processes are boosting the performance and applications of PDLC products, fostering market growth.
  • Increasing Demand for Smart Solutions: The PDLC market is propelled by an increasing uptake of smart solutions across various sectors, including construction and automotive. Such technologies are cost-effective, fully customizable, and facilitate the creation of products preferred by consumers, such as smart and eco-friendly solutions.
  • Focus on Energy Efficiency: The market surge related to PDLC technology is largely driven by increased awareness of energy efficiency and the need for environmentally friendly solutions. PDLC technology is used in smart windows and energy-efficient displays, which help conserve energy, making the product attractive for commercial and residential use.
  • Expanding Applications: The increasing reach of PDLC applications into uncharted territories, like automotive and healthcare, is responsible for market growth. The development of new applications for PDLC technology will continue to create avenues for growth and innovation in the market.
  • Investment in R&D: Rapid changes in the PDLC market are driven by significant investment in research and development. Companies seek new materials and technologies to enhance PDLC performance, thereby advancing market competitiveness.

Challenges in the polymer-dispersed liquid crystal market include:

  • High Production Costs: The advanced technology used in the production of PDLC materials and manufacturing techniques can hinder market growth. Companies must find ways to mitigate these expenses without compromising product quality.
  • Limited Awareness and Adoption: In some regions, limited awareness and low adoption levels of PDLC technology may affect the market. Efforts should be made to educate potential customers about the benefits of PDLC solutions.
  • Regulatory and Compliance Issues: Regulatory and compliance issues related to product standards and safety may negatively impact the PDLC market. Companies must navigate these challenges by obtaining the necessary licenses for their operations.

The interplay of the various polymer-dispersed liquid crystal market drivers and challenges has been presented in a conceptual scheme. Technological developments and market needs are propelling growth, while production costs and regional regulations present obstacles that businesses must overcome to thrive in a changing business environment.

List of Polymer-Dispersed Liquid Crystal Companies

Companies in the market compete on the basis of product quality offered. Major players in this market focus on expanding their manufacturing facilities, R&D investments, infrastructural development, and leverage integration opportunities across the value chain. With these strategies polymer-dispersed liquid crystal companies cater increasing demand, ensure competitive effectiveness, develop innovative products & technologies, reduce production costs, and expand their customer base. Some of the polymer-dispersed liquid crystal companies profiled in this report include-

  • Anhui Noyark
  • DMDisplay
  • EB Glass
  • Gauzy
  • IRISFILM
  • Magic-Film
  • OYPDLC
  • Polytronix
  • Qingdao QY Liquid Crystal
  • Unite Glass

Polymer-Dispersed Liquid Crystal by Segment

The study includes a forecast for the global polymer-dispersed liquid crystal market by product, technology, application, and region.

Polymer-Dispersed Liquid Crystal Market by Product [Analysis by Value from 2019 to 2031]:

  • Laminated PDLC
  • Adhesive PDLC Film

Polymer-Dispersed Liquid Crystal Market by Technology [Analysis by Value from 2019 to 2031]:

  • Scattering PDLC
  • Nano-PDLC
  • Polymer Network Liquid Crystals

Polymer-Dispersed Liquid Crystal Market by Application [Analysis by Value from 2019 to 2031]:

  • Automotive
  • Architecture
  • Consumer Electronics
  • Aerospace & Defense
  • Medical
  • Others

Polymer-Dispersed Liquid Crystal Market by Region [Analysis by Value from 2019 to 2031]:

  • North America
  • Europe
  • Asia Pacific
  • The Rest of the World

Country Wise Outlook for the Polymer-Dispersed Liquid Crystal Market

Technological advances and changing customer needs characterize the dynamic changes occurring in the polymer-dispersed liquid crystal market. The polymer-dispersed liquid crystal, are utilized in smart windows and smart display applications, and significant growth is being recorded in these technologies across various countries. This evolution is attributed to better features of existing products, the introduction of new products, and increasing research and development activities, which the industry requires.

  • United States: In the U.S., the PDLC market focuses on thin films, with research and development expenditures directed toward enhancing the efficiency and response speeds of PDLC materials. Given the growing emphasis on energy efficiency and environmental sustainability, industries are keen to deploy PDLCs in smart window solutions. Additionally, partnerships between technology companies and universities are accelerating development in this area.
  • China: The demand for PDLC is rising, particularly in consumer electronics and automotive sectors, contributing to the rapid growth of the Chinese PDLC market. Investments are being made to enhance production capacities and the quality of PDLC films among Chinese manufacturers. Increased government investment in high-tech sectors and the development of the internal market have spurred improvements in PDLC technologies.
  • Germany: The German PDLC market is advancing in high-performance applications, particularly in automotive and architectural sectors. New PDLC solutions are being developed by German companies to replace older technologies. Sustainability and energy-saving innovations in PDLC and related sectors positively contribute to the overall growth of the German market.
  • India: PDLC in India is emerging as an extension of display and smart technology domains. Robust growth is occurring due to the increasing acceptance of smart glass applications in both commercial and residential buildings. Indian manufacturers aim to leverage local capabilities rather than depend on imports.
  • Japan: Japan has remained strong in its participation in the PDLC market, focusing on incorporating PDLC technology into various consumer electronics and automotive applications. Japan's competitive edge in the PDLC market primarily stems from innovations in liquid crystal technologies. Recent developments aimed at enhancing PDLC film performance and energy efficiency indicate Japan's leadership in high-tech manufacturing.

Features of the Global Polymer-Dispersed Liquid Crystal Market

Market Size Estimates: Polymer-dispersed liquid crystal market size estimation in terms of value ($B).

Trend and Forecast Analysis: Market trends (2019 to 2024) and forecast (2025 to 2031) by various segments and regions.

Segmentation Analysis: Polymer-dispersed liquid crystal market size by product, technology, application, and region in terms of value ($B).

Regional Analysis: Polymer-dispersed liquid crystal market breakdown by North America, Europe, Asia Pacific, and Rest of the World.

Growth Opportunities: Analysis of growth opportunities in different products, technologies, applications, and regions for the polymer-dispersed liquid crystal market.

Strategic Analysis: This includes M&A, new product development, and competitive landscape of the polymer-dispersed liquid crystal market.

Analysis of competitive intensity of the industry based on Porter's Five Forces model.

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This report answers following 11 key questions:

  • Q.1. What are some of the most promising, high-growth opportunities for the polymer-dispersed liquid crystal market by product (laminated PDLC and adhesive PDLC film), technology (scattering PDLC, nano-PDLC, and polymer network liquid crystals), application (automotive, architecture, consumer electronics, aerospace & defense, medical, and others), and region (North America, Europe, Asia Pacific, and the Rest of the World)?
  • Q.2. Which segments will grow at a faster pace and why?
  • Q.3. Which region will grow at a faster pace and why?
  • Q.4. What are the key factors affecting market dynamics? What are the key challenges and business risks in this market?
  • Q.5. What are the business risks and competitive threats in this market?
  • Q.6. What are the emerging trends in this market and the reasons behind them?
  • Q.7. What are some of the changing demands of customers in the market?
  • Q.8. What are the new developments in the market? Which companies are leading these developments?
  • Q.9. Who are the major players in this market? What strategic initiatives are key players pursuing for business growth?
  • Q.10. What are some of the competing products in this market and how big of a threat do they pose for loss of market share by material or product substitution?
  • Q.11. What M&A activity has occurred in the last 5 years and what has its impact been on the industry?

Table of Contents

1. Executive Summary

2. Global Polymer-Dispersed Liquid Crystal Market : Market Dynamics

  • 2.1: Introduction, Background, and Classifications
  • 2.2: Supply Chain
  • 2.3: Industry Drivers and Challenges

3. Market Trends and Forecast Analysis from 2019 to 2031

  • 3.1. Macroeconomic Trends (2019-2024) and Forecast (2025-2031)
  • 3.2. Global Polymer-Dispersed Liquid Crystal Market Trends (2019-2024) and Forecast (2025-2031)
  • 3.3: Global Polymer-Dispersed Liquid Crystal Market by Product
    • 3.3.1: Laminated PDLC
    • 3.3.2: Adhesive PDLC Film
  • 3.4: Global Polymer-Dispersed Liquid Crystal Market by Technology
    • 3.4.1: Scattering PDLC
    • 3.4.2: Nano-PDLC
    • 3.4.3: Polymer Network Liquid Crystals
  • 3.5: Global Polymer-Dispersed Liquid Crystal Market by Application
    • 3.5.1: Automotive
    • 3.5.2: Architecture
    • 3.5.3: Consumer Electronics
    • 3.5.4: Aerospace & Defense
    • 3.5.5: Medical
    • 3.5.6: Others

4. Market Trends and Forecast Analysis by Region from 2019 to 2031

  • 4.1: Global Polymer-Dispersed Liquid Crystal Market by Region
  • 4.2: North American Polymer-Dispersed Liquid Crystal Market
    • 4.2.1: North American Polymer-Dispersed Liquid Crystal Market by Product: Laminated PDLC and Adhesive PDLC Film
    • 4.2.2: North American Polymer-Dispersed Liquid Crystal Market by Application: Automotive, Architecture, Consumer Electronics, Aerospace & Defense, Medical, and Others
  • 4.3: European Polymer-Dispersed Liquid Crystal Market
    • 4.3.1: European Polymer-Dispersed Liquid Crystal Market by Product: Laminated PDLC and Adhesive PDLC Film
    • 4.3.2: European Polymer-Dispersed Liquid Crystal Market by Application: Automotive, Architecture, Consumer Electronics, Aerospace & Defense, Medical, and Others
  • 4.4: APAC Polymer-Dispersed Liquid Crystal Market
    • 4.4.1: APAC Polymer-Dispersed Liquid Crystal Market by Product: Laminated PDLC and Adhesive PDLC Film
    • 4.4.2: APAC Polymer-Dispersed Liquid Crystal Market by Application: Automotive, Architecture, Consumer Electronics, Aerospace & Defense, Medical, and Others
  • 4.5: ROW Polymer-Dispersed Liquid Crystal Market
    • 4.5.1: ROW Polymer-Dispersed Liquid Crystal Market by Product: Laminated PDLC and Adhesive PDLC Film
    • 4.5.2: ROW Polymer-Dispersed Liquid Crystal Market by Application: Automotive, Architecture, Consumer Electronics, Aerospace & Defense, Medical, and Others

5. Competitor Analysis

  • 5.1: Product Portfolio Analysis
  • 5.2: Operational Integration
  • 5.3: Porter's Five Forces Analysis

6. Growth Opportunities and Strategic Analysis

  • 6.1: Growth Opportunity Analysis
    • 6.1.1: Growth Opportunities for the Global Polymer-Dispersed Liquid Crystal Market by Product
    • 6.1.2: Growth Opportunities for the Global Polymer-Dispersed Liquid Crystal Market by Technology
    • 6.1.3: Growth Opportunities for the Global Polymer-Dispersed Liquid Crystal Market by Application
    • 6.1.4: Growth Opportunities for the Global Polymer-Dispersed Liquid Crystal Market by Region
  • 6.2: Emerging Trends in the Global Polymer-Dispersed Liquid Crystal Market
  • 6.3: Strategic Analysis
    • 6.3.1: New Product Development
    • 6.3.2: Capacity Expansion of the Global Polymer-Dispersed Liquid Crystal Market
    • 6.3.3: Mergers, Acquisitions, and Joint Ventures in the Global Polymer-Dispersed Liquid Crystal Market
    • 6.3.4: Certification and Licensing

7. Company Profiles of Leading Players

  • 7.1: Anhui Noyark
  • 7.2: DMDisplay
  • 7.3: EB Glass
  • 7.4: Gauzy
  • 7.5: IRISFILM
  • 7.6: Magic-Film
  • 7.7: OYPDLC
  • 7.8: Polytronix
  • 7.9: Qingdao QY Liquid Crystal
  • 7.10: Unite Glass