精製镍市场报告：2031年趋势、预测及竞争分析

全球精製镍市场前景看好，在冶金、工业机械、电子、汽车和运输以及建筑和施工市场都机会。预计 2025 年至 2031 年期间全球精製镍市场将以 4.5% 的复合年增长率成长。该市场的主要驱动力是对不銹钢合金中镍的需求不断增加以及对镍基电池的偏好日益增长。

• Lucintel 预测，依赖镍来获得耐腐蚀性和强度的不銹钢将在预测期内成为各应用领域中成长最快的材料。
• 在最终用途类别中，工业机械预计将在预测期内实现最高成长。
• 从地区来看，由于工业化进程加快、人们对电动车的偏好日益增长以及主要不銹钢製造商的存在，预计亚太地区将在预测期内实现最高增长。

精製镍市场的策略成长机会

行业趋势为诸如用于飞机发动机金属修復的不銹钢焊丝以及其他必须具有耐腐蚀性能的工业操作系统的应用提供了战略增长机会。对于希望利用市场动态来获取更高回报的相关人员来说，识别这样的机会至关重要。

• 电动车电池扩张：随着全球对电动车电池的需求增加，对精製镍生产产业的影响是巨大的。随着电池技术的出现，单位容量所消费量的镍比以往任何时候都多，如果没有这种关键金属，高性能电动车电池就无法开发。投资生产配备此类电池的电动车的製造商将从支持环保汽车解决方案的日益增长的人口中受益匪浅。
• 不銹钢产量成长：严重依赖精製镍的不銹钢产业的成长潜力值得关注。镍通常用于建筑、汽车和工业应用。随着基础设施的扩大和工业化率的提高，对不銹钢的需求也在增加，这使其成为精製镍的可靠市场。
• 镍基合金创新：航太技术、能源系统和电子技术的进步透过主要由高耐热镍製成的新型先进合金提供了有利可图的机会。因此，生产这些合金的公司将更能服务于专门从事零排放运输系统的利基市场。
• 加强回收计画：另一个成长机会是回收含镍产品，例如电池和不銹钢产品。透过改善回收技术和基础设施来提高镍回收的效率，可以减少对主要来源的依赖，同时支持循环经济背景下的永续性目标。公司也可以遵循监管指南。
• 策略伙伴关係与投资：与全球公司建立策略伙伴关係以及对新计画的投资是除采矿业本身之外为产业创造价值的其他方式，即使由于地缘政治不稳定导致金属价格飙升，采矿业也几乎没有带来收益。这将有助于企业应对不确定性，同时利用其行业内的新机会，例如提炼。

这些策略性成长机会源于技术进步、关键应用需求的不断增长以及整个供应链的永续实践，这些实践可能带来比传统方法更环保的生产方法。这些相关人员的行动将加强他们的地位并推动镍产业格局的变化。

精製镍市场的驱动因素与挑战

精製镍市场受到多种驱动因素​​和挑战的影响，影响生产、需求和整体市场动态。技术进步、经济状况和监管变化是影响市场的众多因素中的一部分。

精製镍市场受以下因素驱动：

• 对电动车 (EV) 的需求不断增加：对电动车 (EV) 的需求不断增加：电动车的普及率不断提高是精製镍市场的主要驱动力。电动车使用的高功率电池依赖大量的镍。因此，电动车销量的成长导致对精製镍的需求增加，从而导致生产投资增加。
• 镍萃取技术的进步：湿式冶金和火法冶金製程等萃取技术的改进使得镍从自然界中获得的成本更低、更永续。这使其成为一个有前景的投资机会，因为它可以降低生产成本，同时保护环境。
• 工业和基础设施活动活性化：工业化和基础设施活性化不断加强，特别是在新兴经济体，正在推动对成品镍的需求。由于镍用于製造不銹钢等工业材料，建筑业和製造业的成长将推动镍的消费量，最终增加消费量。
• 矿业计划的策略性投资：政府和企业对矿业计划的策略性投资有助于降低地缘政治风险，同时确保金属的长期供应稳定性。这些投资不仅将扩大生产能力，还将提高销售稳定性，确保精製镍的稳定供应，满足全球需求。
• 注重永续生产实践：注重旨在减少环境影响的永续实践有助于镍产业采用更清洁的生产实践。公司目前正在投资减少对环境影响和提高能源效率的技术，以符合全球永续性目标和监管要求。

精製镍市场面临的挑战包括：

• 地缘政治和贸易风险：政治争端和贸易政策问题可能会扰乱全球镍供应链并影响生产成本。出口限制和贸易国之间的争端可能导致供不应求和价格波动，使市场难以预测。
• 环境和法规合规性：日益严格的环境立法和法规增加了镍矿的营运成本。因此，我们需要使用更清洁的技术和工艺来遵守这些标准，这可能会对收益和营运效率产生负面影响。
• 市场波动与价格波动：供需失衡、经济变数和市场投机等因素都可能造成价格波动，进而导致精製镍市场价格波动。这种波动不仅会对投资选择产生不利影响，还会破坏参与者的财务稳定。

有几个因素推动精製镍市场的发展。电动车（EV）的成长和技术进步正在推动市场扩张，但地缘政治风险和监管压力带来了重大挑战。因此，相关人员了解这些因素非常重要。

目录

第一章执行摘要

2. 全球精製镍市场：市场动态

• 简介、背景和分类
• 供应链
• 产业驱动力与挑战

第三章 2019年至2031年市场趋势及预测分析

• 宏观经济趋势（2019-2024）及预测（2025-2031）
• 全球精製镍市场趋势（2019-2024年）及预测（2025-2031年）
• 按应用
  • 不銹钢
  • 有色合金
  • 电镀
  • 合金钢及铸件
  • 电池
  • 其他的
• 按最终用途
  • 冶金
  • 工业机械
  • 电子产品
  • 汽车与运输
  • 建筑与施工
  • 其他的

第四章2019年至2031年区域市场趋势与预测分析

• 按地区划分：全球精製镍市场
• 北美精製镍市场
• 欧洲精製镍市场
• 亚太精製镍市场
• 世界其他地区精製镍市场

第五章 竞争分析

• 产品系列分析
• 营运整合
• 波特五力分析

第六章 成长机会与策略分析

• 成长机会分析
  • 按应用
  • 按最终用途
  • 按地区
• 全球精製镍市场的新趋势
• 战略分析
  • 新产品开发
  • 全球精製镍市场产能扩张
  • 全球精製镍市场的併购与合资
  • 认证和许可

第七章主要企业简介

• Norilsk Nickel
• Vale
• BHP
• Jinchuan
• Sumitomo Metal Mining
• Anglo American
• Ambatovy
• Sherritt International
• Minara Resources
• Glencore

The future of the global refined nickel market looks promising with opportunities in the metallurgy, industrial machinery, electronic, automotive and transportation, and building & construction markets. The global refined nickel market is expected to grow with a CAGR of 4.5% from 2025 to 2031. The major drivers for this market are rising demand for nickel in stainless steel alloys and cumulating preference for nickel based batteries.

• Lucintel forecasts that, within the application category stainless steel is expected to witness the highest growth over the forecast period due to its reliance on nickel for corrosion resistance and strength.
• Within the end use category, industrial machinery is expected to witness the highest growth over the forecast period.
• In terms of region, APAC is expected to witness highest growth over the forecast period due to rapid industrialization, growing preference for e-vehicles, and existence of major stainless steel producer in the region.

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Emerging Trends in the Refined Nickel Market

Technological innovations, changing industrial demands, and environmental concerns are driving emerging patterns in the refined nickel market. These trends are responsible for shaping new forms of production, introducing fresh categories of application, and modifying supply chains within the industry. Familiarity with these trends is vital for stakeholders seeking to navigate an evolving landscape.

• Increased Demand for EV Batteries: The rise in the adoption of electric vehicles (EV) is significantly increasing demand for refined nickel, which is a key component used in lithium-ion batteries. This has led to increased investments in refining and mining technologies for nickel to respond to manufacturers targeting higher performance battery materials needed by this growing segment of high-performance battery users. The shift toward EVs also means continued growth opportunities from additional needs created by them for more nickel going forward.
• Reductions in Recycling Technologies: New recycling technologies are enhancing the effectiveness of nickel recovery from scrap and spent batteries. This development is vital for reducing environmental implications and lowering production costs. These improved recycling methods are making nickel supply chains more sustainable, aligning with worldwide environmental regulations, and lessening the reliance on primary sources.
• Emphasis on Sustainable Production Practices: There is an increasing focus on sustainable production practices among companies dealing with nickel due to regulatory pressures and consumer preferences. Like any other metal, nickel producers are adopting cleaner technologies and improving energy efficiency to reduce their environmental footprint. This focus has led to a shift toward eco-friendly practices among organizations.
• Geopolitical Influences and Supply Chain Resilience: The global nickel supply chain has been influenced by geopolitical factors and trade policies. National governments are seeking ways to secure nickel resources through investment in mining projects and international partnerships. The implication is that there is a need for robustness in all supply chains given recent geopolitical developments affecting the availability and pricing of nickel.
• Innovations in Nickel-Based Alloys: Advanced nickel-based alloys have increased utilization across various industries, such as aerospace, energy, and electronics. Performance improvements through changes in alloy composition or processing techniques have driven demand for specialized forms of this metal. As a result, there is diversification within markets, leading to the growth of high-value applications.

These emerging trends are changing the refined nickel industry by driving demand, encouraging technological advances, and dictating how companies produce it. Stakeholders must adapt to these trends to capitalize on opportunities and address challenges in the evolving market landscape.

Recent Developments in the Refined Nickel Market

Recent developments in the refined nickel market have been shaped by technological advances, changing regulations, and shifting economic conditions. These key developments underscore the market's adaptability and the ongoing efforts to meet evolving demands.

• Expansion of Nickel Processing Facilities: The construction and expansion of nickel processing facilities are increasing production volume and efficiency in operations. New plants have emerged in leading nickel-producing nations due to increased demand for refined nickel in industries such as electric vehicles and stainless steel. This move is expected to strengthen supply chains while eliminating any bottlenecks that may arise from insufficient quantities of nickel.
• Growth in Nickel Recycling Initiatives: Advances in recycling technologies, coupled with increased investments in recycling infrastructure, have led to improved recovery rates for nickel and reduced environmental implications. This supports the circular economy concept and global sustainability objectives in terms of advanced recycling schemes. Thus, this will be instrumental in addressing supply constraints while minimizing dependence on primary nickel sources.
• Technological Innovations in Nickel Extraction: Innovations are taking place in extraction technologies, such as pyrometallurgical methods, while hydrometallurgical techniques aimed at improving efficiency are being developed for greater effectiveness regarding environmental protection during mining operations, such as those at Tongonan in Leyte, Philippines, using these technologies (Hydrometallurgy 2005). Such improvements enable cheaper and more sustainable extraction processes that address market dynamics, including environmental concerns related to nickel mining.
• Strategic Investments in Nickel Mining Projects: Firms and governments are strategically investing in nickel mining projects to guarantee a long-term supply and manage geopolitical risks through the creation of new mines or the expansion of existing ones, ensuring stable supplies of refined nickel that can support rising global demand.
• Regulatory Changes and Environmental Standards: Production patterns of nickel and market dynamics are influenced by regulatory changes and tighter environmental standards. Adhering to these policies leads to the adoption of cleaner technologies and practices, which influence product costs and manufacturing systems. Through these laws, the market is guided into an uncertain future where everything could change.

Recent activities have strengthened production capacity, made it more sustainable, and minimized regulatory hassles for nickel refineries within the context of these developments. The ever-changing landscape reflects how markets respond to shifting demands and an ongoing commitment to improvement in technology and sustainability.

Strategic Growth Opportunities for the Refined Nickel Market

Industrial trends are driving strategic growth opportunities across applications such as stainless steel welding wires for repairing metals found in aircraft engines or any other industrial operating system where corrosion resistance is mandatory. Identifying these opportunities is fundamental for stakeholders willing to capitalize on market dynamics for higher returns.

• Expansion in Electric Vehicle Batteries: As global demand increases for electric vehicle batteries, the implications for the refined nickel production industry are significant. High-performance EV batteries cannot be developed without this important metal due to emerging battery technologies that consume more nickel per unit capacity than before. Companies investing in production specifications for electric vehicles powered by this type of battery will enjoy huge profits from increasing population sizes supporting eco-friendly automotive solutions.
• Growth in Stainless Steel Production: The growth potential in the stainless steel sector, which relies heavily on refined nickel, is noteworthy. Nickel is commonly used in construction, automobiles, and industrial applications. The demand for stainless steel has increased with infrastructure expansion and industrialization rates, providing a reliable market for refined nickel.
• Innovations in Nickel-Based Alloys: Advancements in aerospace technology, energy systems, and electronics present lucrative opportunities through new advanced alloys, which are mainly made from nickel due to their high resistance to heat. Therefore, specialized niches in zero-emission transportation systems can be better served by firms producing these alloys.
• Enhanced Recycling Programs: Another opportunity for growth lies in recycling initiatives aimed at products containing nickel, including batteries and stainless steel items. Increased efficiency in nickel recovery through improved recycling technology and infrastructure reduces dependence on primary sources while supporting sustainability targets within the circular economy trend. Companies may also choose to follow regulatory guidelines.
• Strategic Partnerships and Investments: Strategic alliances with global players or investments in new projects are other ways to create value within this industry, apart from mining itself, which provides little revenue even during times when metal prices rise sharply due to geopolitical unrest. This helps companies navigate uncertainty while taking advantage of emerging opportunities within their respective sectors, such as refining.

These strategic growth opportunities emerge from technological advancements, increases in demand across key applications, and sustainable practices throughout the supply chain, potentially resulting in more environmentally friendly production methods than previously available. Such moves by various stakeholders will enhance their positions and drive growth in the evolving landscape of the nickel industry.

Refined Nickel Market Driver and Challenges

There are multiple drivers and challenges that shape production, demand and overall market dynamics in refined nickel market. Technological advancement, economic condition and regulatory changes are few among the many such factors that are playing a major role in shaping the market.

The factors responsible for driving the refined nickel market include:

• Growing Demand for Electric Vehicles (EVs): The increasing adoption of electric vehicles is a major driver for the refined nickel market. High-powered batteries that are used in EVs rely on high amounts of nickel. Therefore, the rise in sales of EVs has led to increased demand for finished nickel, hence more production investment.
• Technological Advancements in Nickel Extraction: There have been improvements in extraction techniques such as better hydrometallurgical techniques or even pyrometallurgical processes which have improved efficiency making it possible to extract nickel sustainably from nature at lower prices. This reduces costs of production while conserving environment thereby making it a viable investment option.
• Rising Industrial and Infrastructure Activities: The increasing industrialization and infrastructure development particularly across emerging economies is driving demand for finished nickel. Nickels find application on stainless steel among other industrial materials hence any growth within construction sector plus manufacturing boosts this metal's consumption rate; thus ultimately consumption rates increase.
• Strategic Investments in Mining Projects: Strategic investments being made by governments and companies into mining projects have helped mitigate geopolitical risks while ensuring long-term supply stability of this metal. These investments lead to expansion of production capacities as well as improved marketing stability thereby guarantee constant supply of refined nickel towards meeting global requirements.
• Focus on Sustainable Production Practices: Emphasis on sustainable practices aiming at reducing environmental impacts has contributed to the adoption of cleaner production practices in the nickel industry. Companies are currently investing in technologies that reduce environmental impact and improve energy efficiency aligning with global sustainability goals and regulatory requirements.

Challenges in the refined nickel market are:

• Geopolitical and Trade Risks: Political conflicts, as well as trade policy issues, can disrupt the global supply chain of nickel which may affect its cost of production. Disputes arising due to export restrictions or even between trading nations can lead to shortage in supply hence prices become volatile thereby making it very hard for the market to plan ahead.
• Environmental and Regulatory Compliance: Tougher environmental laws and regulations have increased costs of operations for nickel miners. It is therefore necessary to comply with these standards by using clean technologies and processes but this may adversely affect profitability ratios as well as operational efficiencies.
• Market Volatility and Price Fluctuations: Factors like imbalances in demand vs. supply, economic variables, market speculation result into price volatility resulting into price fluctuations within refined nickel markets. This may negatively influence investment choices while undermining financial stability among players.

There are several factors that drive the dynamics of the refined nickel market. The growth in electric vehicles (EVs) and technological advancements are encouraging market expansion while geopolitical risks coupled with regulatory pressures pose significant challenges. Therefore, an understanding of these factors is important for stakeholders since it will help them navigate through them effectively so that they can seize opportunities when they present themselves.

List of Refined Nickel Companies

Companies in the market compete on the basis of product quality offered. Major players in this market focus on expanding their manufacturing facilities, R&D investments, infrastructural development, and leverage integration opportunities across the value chain. With these strategies refined nickel companies cater to increasing demand, ensure competitive effectiveness, develop innovative products & technologies, reduce production costs, and expand their customer base. Some of the refined nickel companies profiled in this report include-

• Norilsk Nickel
• Vale
• BHP
• Jinchuan
• Sumitomo Metal Mining
• Anglo American
• Ambatovy
• Sherritt International
• Minara Resources
• Glencore

Refined Nickel by Segment

The study includes a forecast for the global refined nickel market by application, end use, and region.

Refined Nickel Market by Application [Analysis by Value from 2019 to 2031]:

• Stainless Steel
• Nonferrous Alloy
• Plating
• Alloy Steel & Casting
• Battery
• Others

Refined Nickel Market by End Use [Analysis by Value from 2019 to 2031]:

• Metallurgy
• Industrial Machinery
• Electronics
• Automotive and Transportation
• Building & Construction
• Others

Refined Nickel Market by Region [Analysis by Value from 2019 to 2031]:

• North America
• Europe
• Asia Pacific
• The Rest of the World

Country Wise Outlook for the Refined Nickel Market

The refined nickel market has seen significant developments due to the changes in industrial demand, technical advancements and geopolitical factors. United States, China, Germany, India and Japan are shaping the global nickel landscape by playing key roles in these markets. These trends indicate a change in manufacturing priorities, regulatory changes and technological innovation affecting market dynamics as a whole.

• United States: The country is making efforts to have a sustainable supply chain by increasing its production of nickel. New facilities for processing nickel have been established and recycling technologies have advanced. The US government has made substantial investments into domestic production of nickel focusing on critical minerals with the aim of reducing dependence on foreign imports of electric vehicle batteries.
• China: It remains the top consumer of refined nickel globally with an interest in EVs and stainless steel industries. There have been expansions in refining capacities for nickel as well as strategic investment overseas to secure supply of such metal here. In addition, China quest for cleaner energy sources coupled with stringent environmental regulations has resulted in heightened attention towards sustainable processes for producing nickel.
• Germany: Germany is associated with automotive and renewable energy sectors when it comes to developments taking place within the refined-nickel trade. Some considerable investments have been made towards battery technologies that are based on nickel due to increasing demands for EVs as well as energy storage systems. Moreover, Germany is focused on enhancing its recycling capacity to meet strict environmental standards imposed by the EU while at the same time reducing dependence on imported nickel.
• India: Emerging infrastructural developments and a growing industrial base make India a crucial player within refined nickel markets. On this note, some new Nickel refining plants have been built recently while other international players were partnered with so that their production capabilities could be enhanced further locally. Government initiatives promoting e-mobility alongside infrastructure projects would also help increase the need for nickel in the future.
• Japan: In terms of battery technology advances plus recycle processes Japan still continues innovating in the sector of refined-nickel. The country has become the world's leader in niche applications following its focus on high-performance nickel alloys and efficient extraction processes. Moreover, Japan's partnerships with other countries for resource acquisition and technology exchange are worth mentioning.

Features of the Global Refined Nickel Market

Market Size Estimates: Refined nickel market size estimation in terms of value ($B).

Trend and Forecast Analysis: Market trends (2019 to 2024) and forecast (2025 to 2031) by various segments and regions.

Segmentation Analysis: Refined nickel market size by application, end use, and region in terms of value ($B).

Regional Analysis: Refined nickel market breakdown by North America, Europe, Asia Pacific, and Rest of the World.

Growth Opportunities: Analysis of growth opportunities in different applications, end uses, and regions for the refined nickel market.

Strategic Analysis: This includes M&A, new product development, and the competitive landscape of the refined nickel market.

Analysis of competitive intensity of the industry based on Porter's Five Forces model.

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This report answers the following 11 key questions:

• Q.1. What are some of the most promising, high-growth opportunities for the refined nickel market by application (stainless steel, nonferrous alloy, plating, alloy steel & casting, battery, and others), end use (metallurgy, industrial machinery, electronics, automotive and transportation, building & construction, and others), and region (North America, Europe, Asia Pacific, and the Rest of the World)?
• Q.2. Which segments will grow at a faster pace and why?
• Q.3. Which region will grow at a faster pace and why?
• Q.4. What are the key factors affecting market dynamics? What are the key challenges and business risks in this market?
• Q.5. What are the business risks and competitive threats in this market?
• Q.6. What are the emerging trends in this market and the reasons behind them?
• Q.7. What are some of the changing demands of customers in the market?
• Q.8. What are the new developments in the market? Which companies are leading these developments?
• Q.9. Who are the major players in this market? What strategic initiatives are key players pursuing for business growth?
• Q.10. What are some of the competing products in this market and how big of a threat do they pose for loss of market share by material or product substitution?
• Q.11. What M&A activity has occurred in the last 5 years and what has its impact been on the industry?

Table of Contents

1. Executive Summary

2. Global Refined Nickel Market : Market Dynamics

• 2.1: Introduction, Background, and Classifications
• 2.2: Supply Chain
• 2.3: Industry Drivers and Challenges

3. Market Trends and Forecast Analysis from 2019 to 2031

• 3.1. Macroeconomic Trends (2019-2024) and Forecast (2025-2031)
• 3.2. Global Refined Nickel Market Trends (2019-2024) and Forecast (2025-2031)
• 3.3: Global Refined Nickel Market by Application
  • 3.3.1: Stainless Steel
  • 3.3.2: Nonferrous Alloy
  • 3.3.3: Plating
  • 3.3.4: Alloy Steel & Casting
  • 3.3.5: Battery
  • 3.3.6: Others
• 3.4: Global Refined Nickel Market by End Use
  • 3.4.1: Metallurgy
  • 3.4.2: Industrial Machinery
  • 3.4.3: Electronics
  • 3.4.4: Automotive and Transportation
  • 3.4.5: Building & Construction
  • 3.4.6: Others

4. Market Trends and Forecast Analysis by Region from 2019 to 2031

• 4.1: Global Refined Nickel Market by Region
• 4.2: North American Refined Nickel Market
  • 4.2.1: North American Refined Nickel Market by Application: Stainless Steel, Nonferrous Alloy, Plating, Alloy Steel & Casting, Battery, and Others
  • 4.2.2: North American Refined Nickel Market by End Use: Metallurgy, Industrial Machinery, Electronics, Automotive and Transportation, Building & Construction, and Others
• 4.3: European Refined Nickel Market
  • 4.3.1: European Refined Nickel Market by Application: Stainless Steel, Nonferrous Alloy, Plating, Alloy Steel & Casting, Battery, and Others
  • 4.3.2: European Refined Nickel Market by End Use: Metallurgy, Industrial Machinery, Electronics, Automotive and Transportation, Building & Construction, and Others
• 4.4: APAC Refined Nickel Market
  • 4.4.1: APAC Refined Nickel Market by Application: Stainless Steel, Nonferrous Alloy, Plating, Alloy Steel & Casting, Battery, and Others
  • 4.4.2: APAC Refined Nickel Market by End Use: Metallurgy, Industrial Machinery, Electronics, Automotive and Transportation, Building & Construction, and Others
• 4.5: ROW Refined Nickel Market
  • 4.5.1: ROW Refined Nickel Market by Application: Stainless Steel, Nonferrous Alloy, Plating, Alloy Steel & Casting, Battery, and Others
  • 4.5.2: ROW Refined Nickel Market by End Use: Metallurgy, Industrial Machinery, Electronics, Automotive and Transportation, Building & Construction, and Others

5. Competitor Analysis

• 5.1: Product Portfolio Analysis
• 5.2: Operational Integration
• 5.3: Porter's Five Forces Analysis

6. Growth Opportunities and Strategic Analysis

• 6.1: Growth Opportunity Analysis
  • 6.1.1: Growth Opportunities for the Global Refined Nickel Market by Application
  • 6.1.2: Growth Opportunities for the Global Refined Nickel Market by End Use
  • 6.1.3: Growth Opportunities for the Global Refined Nickel Market by Region
• 6.2: Emerging Trends in the Global Refined Nickel Market
• 6.3: Strategic Analysis
  • 6.3.1: New Product Development
  • 6.3.2: Capacity Expansion of the Global Refined Nickel Market
  • 6.3.3: Mergers, Acquisitions, and Joint Ventures in the Global Refined Nickel Market
  • 6.3.4: Certification and Licensing

7. Company Profiles of Leading Players

• 7.1: Norilsk Nickel
• 7.2: Vale
• 7.3: BHP
• 7.4: Jinchuan
• 7.5: Sumitomo Metal Mining
• 7.6: Anglo American
• 7.7: Ambatovy
• 7.8: Sherritt International
• 7.9: Minara Resources
• 7.10: Glencore