皮肤灌注压测试设备市场报告：趋势、预测和竞争分析（至 2031 年）

全球皮肤灌注压测试设备市场前景光明，医院和门诊手术中心市场充满机会。预计全球皮肤灌注压测试设备市场从 2025 年到 2031 年的复合年增长率将达到 10.4%。该市场的主要驱动因素是周边动脉疾病盛行率的不断上升、糖尿病发生率的上升以及血管诊断技术的持续进步。

• Lucintel 预测超音波将成为所有产品类型中成长最快的。
• 从最终用途来看，门诊手术中心预计将实现最高成长。
• 按地区划分，预计北美仍将是最大的地区。

皮肤灌注压测试设备市场的策略性成长机会

皮肤灌注压 (SPP) 测试设备市场提供了充足的策略性成长机会，这得益于技术进步、健康意识的提高以及患者人口结构的变化。随着医疗保健格局的不断发展，该领域的相关人员可以利用各种趋势来扩大其市场影响力并加强患者护理。以下是市场上五个主要的成长机会：

• 拓展新兴市场：新兴国家慢性病的盛行率不断上升，对有效的诊断工具的需求庞大。公司可以策略性地专注于进入这些市场，提供适合当地医疗需求且价格合理的SPP检测设备，从而获得更大的基本客群并培养品牌忠诚度。
• 智慧连网型设备的开发：对与数位健康平台整合的智慧互联SPP测试设备的需求日益增加。透过结合云端连接和行动应用程式相容性等功能，製造商可以实现即时监控和数据共用，提高患者参与度并鼓励主动进行血管健康管理。
• 与远端医疗提供者合作：与远端医疗平台合作提供了将 SPP 测试整合到远距患者照护的独特机会。透过与远端医疗提供者合作，公司可以促进远距离诊断和监控，以满足越来越多寻求便捷医疗解决方案的患者的需求，最终推动其设备的采用和销售。
• 专注于个人化医疗：随着医疗保健产业转向个人化医疗转变，SPP 设备製造商有机会开发满足个别患者需求的客製化解决方案。透过提供可自订的功能和特定的测量通讯协定，公司可以提高其设备的相关性和有效性，并将自己定位为个人化血管治疗的领导者。
• 投资研发：增加研发投资将带来创新的 SPP 测试技术和方法。透过优先考虑研发，公司可以提高设备的准确性、易用性和患者体验，在市场上建立竞争优势，并吸引寻求血管诊断最新进展的医疗保健提供者的注意。

皮肤灌注压测试设备市场提供了各种策略性成长机会，相关人员可以利用这些机会来加强其产品供应并扩大其影响力。专注于新兴市场、技术整合和个人化方法将使公司在这个充满活力的环境中取得成功。

皮肤灌注压测试设备市场驱动因素与挑战

皮肤灌注压 (SPP) 测试设备市场受到各种因素和挑战的影响，这些因素和挑战推动着市场的成长，也有可能阻碍市场的成长。了解这些因素对于寻求有效驾驭不断变化的情况的相关人员至关重要。以下是影响市场的五个关键驱动因素和三个挑战：

推动皮肤灌注压测试设备市场发展的因素如下：

• 慢性病盛行率上升：糖尿病、周边动脉疾病等慢性病的盛行率上升将大幅增加对皮肤灌注压测试设备的需求。这些疾病通常会导致血管併发症，因此医疗保健提供者寻求准确的诊断工具来监测和管理患者的血管健康，从而推动市场成长。
• 技术进步：医疗技术的不断进步正在推动SPP测试设备的创新。便携性、非侵入性测量技术以及与数位健康解决方案的整合等特点使这些设备对医疗专业人员更具吸引力，并鼓励它们在各种临床环境中广泛应用。
• 提高对血管健康的认识：患者和医疗保健专业人员对血管健康重要性的认识不断提高，这推动了对 SPP 测试的需求。强调早期诊断和预防的教育措施和宣传活动正在鼓励定期筛检，进一步推动市场扩张。
• 监管支援和核准：良好的法规环境和简化的创新 SPP 测试设备核准流程有助于製造商将新产品推向市场。这样的环境有利于创新，为医疗保健提供者提供更广泛的临床有效选择，并最终改善患者护理。
• 远端医疗的兴起：远端医疗的兴起为SPP测试设备创造了新的机会。医疗保健提供者越来越多地使用远端监控，以及将 SPP 设备整合到远端医疗平台，可以及时干预，从而推动对更多创新和互联设备的需求。

皮肤灌注压测试设备市场的挑战如下：

• 先进设备成本高：SPP 测试设备市场面临的主要挑战之一是先进诊断工具的高成本。许多医疗机构，尤其是新兴市场的医疗机构，无法负担这些技术，这可能会限制它们的采用并阻碍市场成长。
• 监管障碍：儘管监管支援不断增加，但应对复杂的监管环境对製造商来说仍然是一个挑战。满足严格的合规性要求既费时又昂贵，这可能会延迟产品发布并限制小型企业的市场准入。
• 竞争与市场饱和度：SPP 测试设备市场竞争激烈，许多公司进入该领域。这种饱和导致价格战和利润率下降，使公司难以区分其产品并维持永续的经营模式。

皮肤灌注压测试设备市场受到推动其成长的关键因素以及阻碍其扩张的挑战的影响。相关人员需要策略性地驾驭这些动态，以优化机会并解决不断变化的环境中的障碍。

目录

第一章执行摘要

第二章全球皮肤灌注压测试设备市场：市场动态

• 简介、背景和分类
• 供应链
• 产业驱动力与挑战

第三章市场趋势与预测分析（2019-2031）

• 宏观经济趋势（2019-2024）及预测（2025-2031）
• 全球皮肤灌注压测试设备市场趋势（2019-2024）及预测（2025-2031）
• 全球皮肤灌注压测试设备市场（依产品类型）
  • 超音波
  • 雷射多普勒
  • 血管脉动血流量记录
• 全球皮肤灌注压测试设备市场（按模式）
  • 车载设备
  • 可携式设备
• 全球皮肤灌注压测试设备市场（依最终用途）
  • 医院
  • 门诊手术中心
  • 其他的

第四章区域市场趋势与预测分析（2019-2031）

• 全球皮肤灌注压测试设备市场（按地区）
• 北美皮肤灌注压测试设备市场
• 欧洲皮肤灌注压测试设备市场
• 亚太皮肤灌注压测试设备市场
• 世界其他地区皮肤灌注压测试设备市场

第五章 竞争分析

• 产品系列分析
• 营运整合
• 波特五力分析

第六章 成长机会与策略分析

• 成长机会分析
  • 全球皮肤灌注压测试设备市场成长机会（依产品类型）
  • 全球皮肤灌注压测试设备市场成长机会（按模式）
  • 全球皮肤灌注压测试设备市场成长机会（以最终用途）
  • 全球皮肤灌注压测试设备市场按地区分類的成长机会
• 全球皮肤灌注压测试设备市场的新趋势
• 战略分析
  • 新产品开发
  • 全球皮肤灌注压测试设备市场产能扩张
  • 全球皮肤灌注压测试设备市场的企业合併
  • 认证和许可

第七章主要企业简介

• ADInstruments
• CorVascular Diagnostics
• Koven Technology
• Moor Instruments
• Perimed
• Promed
• Vasamed

The future of the global skin perfusion pressure testing device market looks promising, with opportunities in the hospital and ambulatory surgical center markets. The global skin perfusion pressure testing device market is expected to grow with a CAGR of 10.4% from 2025 to 2031. The major drivers for this market are the increasing incidence of peripheral artery disease, the rising occurrence of diabetes, and ongoing advancements in vascular diagnostics.

• Lucintel forecasts that, within the product type category, ultrasound is expected to witness the highest growth.
• Within the end-use category, ambulatory surgical center is expected to witness the highest growth.
• In terms of regions, North America is expected to witness remain the largest region.

Gain valuable insights for your business decisions with our comprehensive 150+ page report.

Emerging Trends in the Skin Perfusion Pressure Testing Device Market

The skin perfusion pressure (SPP) testing device market is evolving rapidly, influenced by technological advancements and changing healthcare needs. As awareness of vascular health increases and chronic diseases become more prevalent, several key trends are emerging in this sector. Here are five notable trends shaping the market landscape.

• Integration of Artificial Intelligence: The incorporation of artificial intelligence into SPP testing devices is transforming diagnostic capabilities. AI algorithms are being developed to analyze SPP data more accurately, helping healthcare professionals identify vascular issues earlier and personalize treatment plans, thereby enhancing patient outcomes.
• Miniaturization of Devices: There is a growing trend toward the miniaturization of SPP testing devices, making them more portable and user-friendly. Smaller handheld devices are being designed for ease of use in various settings, including outpatient clinics and home healthcare, increasing accessibility for patients who need regular monitoring.
• Telemedicine Integration: With the rise of telemedicine, SPP testing devices are increasingly being integrated into remote healthcare solutions. This trend allows healthcare providers to monitor patients' vascular health from a distance, facilitating timely interventions and reducing the need for in-person visits, thus improving overall care efficiency.
• Focus on Non-Invasive Technologies: The market is witnessing a shift toward non-invasive SPP testing methods, driven by patient comfort and preference. New technologies are being developed to provide accurate measurements without the need for invasive procedures, making it easier for patients to undergo regular assessments and leading to higher compliance rates.
• Increased Regulatory Approvals: The skin perfusion pressure testing device market is seeing a rise in regulatory approvals for innovative products. This trend is encouraging manufacturers to invest in research and development, leading to more advanced, clinically validated devices entering the market, which in turn boosts consumer confidence and adoption.

The skin perfusion pressure testing device market is on the cusp of significant transformation, driven by technological innovations and changing healthcare demands. As these trends continue to evolve, they promise to enhance diagnostic capabilities and improve patient care outcomes.

Recent Developments in the Skin Perfusion Pressure Testing Device Market

The skin perfusion pressure (SPP) testing device market is experiencing notable advancements driven by innovation and an increasing focus on vascular health. Recent developments in this sector highlight technological enhancements, regulatory changes, and collaborative efforts that aim to improve diagnostics and patient outcomes. Here are five significant recent developments shaping the market.

• Launch of Advanced Handheld Devices: Several companies have introduced advanced handheld SPP testing devices that utilize cutting-edge imaging technology. These portable devices offer real-time measurements and are designed for both clinical and home use, enhancing patient accessibility to vital vascular assessments and making monitoring more convenient.
• Integration of AI for Enhanced Diagnostics: New SPP devices are increasingly incorporating artificial intelligence algorithms that analyze data to provide more accurate diagnostics. These AI-enhanced tools can identify patterns in blood flow and pressure, enabling healthcare professionals to make quicker, informed decisions regarding patient treatment plans, thereby improving overall care.
• Regulatory Approvals for Innovative Technologies: Recent approvals from regulatory bodies like the FDA have paved the way for novel SPP testing devices that utilize non-invasive technologies. This development is encouraging manufacturers to innovate further, leading to a wider range of clinically validated options available to healthcare providers and boosting market growth.
• Collaborative Research Initiatives: Collaborative efforts between universities and medical technology companies are yielding promising advancements in SPP testing methodologies. These partnerships aim to enhance device accuracy and reliability, focusing on developing new protocols and technologies that improve the overall effectiveness of vascular assessments.
• Expansion of Telehealth Integration: The integration of SPP testing devices into telehealth platforms has gained traction recently. This development enables remote monitoring of patients' vascular health, allowing healthcare providers to conduct assessments without in-person visits. As telehealth continues to grow, this trend supports timely interventions and improves patient adherence to monitoring schedules.

The skin perfusion pressure testing device market is rapidly evolving, marked by innovative technologies and strategic collaborations. These recent developments are set to enhance diagnostic capabilities, improve patient care, and pave the way for a more efficient healthcare landscape.

Strategic Growth Opportunities for Skin Perfusion Pressure Testing Device Market

The skin perfusion pressure (SPP) testing device market presents a wealth of strategic growth opportunities driven by technological advancements, rising health awareness, and changing patient demographics. As the healthcare landscape continues to evolve, stakeholders in this sector can capitalize on various trends to expand their market presence and enhance patient care. Here are five key growth opportunities within the market.

• Expansion into Emerging Markets: Emerging economies are experiencing a growing prevalence of chronic diseases, which creates a significant demand for effective diagnostic tools. Companies can strategically focus on entering these markets by offering affordable SPP testing devices tailored to local healthcare needs, thereby capturing a larger customer base and fostering brand loyalty.
• Development of Smart, Connected Devices: There is a rising demand for smart, connected SPP testing devices that integrate with digital health platforms. By incorporating features such as cloud connectivity and mobile app compatibility, manufacturers can enable real-time monitoring and data sharing, enhancing patient engagement and fostering a proactive approach to vascular health management.
• Partnerships with Telehealth Providers: Collaborating with telehealth platforms offers a unique opportunity to integrate SPP testing into remote patient care. By partnering with telehealth providers, companies can facilitate remote diagnostics and monitoring, catering to the increasing number of patients seeking convenient healthcare solutions, ultimately driving device adoption and sales.
• Focus on Personalized Medicine: As the healthcare industry shifts toward personalized medicine, there is an opportunity for SPP device manufacturers to develop tailored solutions that address individual patient needs. By offering customizable features and specific measurement protocols, companies can enhance the relevance and effectiveness of their devices, positioning themselves as leaders in personalized vascular care.
• Investment in Research and Development: Increased investment in research and development can yield innovative SPP testing technologies and methodologies. By prioritizing R&D, companies can enhance device accuracy, usability, and patient experience, establishing a competitive edge in the market and attracting interest from healthcare providers looking for the latest advancements in vascular diagnostics.

The skin perfusion pressure testing device market offers a range of strategic growth opportunities that stakeholders can leverage to enhance their offerings and expand their reach. By focusing on emerging markets, technological integration, and personalized approaches, companies can position themselves for success in this dynamic landscape.

Skin Perfusion Pressure Testing Device Market Driver and Challenges

The skin perfusion pressure (SPP) testing device market is influenced by a variety of drivers that promote growth, as well as challenges that may impede progress. Understanding these factors is essential for stakeholders aiming to navigate this evolving landscape effectively. Here are five key drivers and three challenges impacting the market.

The factors responsible for driving the skin perfusion pressure testing device market include:

• Increasing Prevalence of Chronic Diseases: The rise in chronic conditions such as diabetes and peripheral artery disease significantly drives the demand for SPP testing devices. As these diseases often lead to vascular complications, healthcare providers are increasingly seeking accurate diagnostic tools to monitor and manage patients' vascular health, thereby boosting market growth.
• Technological Advancements: Continuous advancements in medical technology are fostering innovation in SPP testing devices. Features such as portability, non-invasive measurement techniques, and integration with digital health solutions are making these devices more appealing to healthcare professionals, encouraging broader adoption in various clinical settings.
• Growing Awareness of Vascular Health: Increased awareness about the importance of vascular health among patients and healthcare providers is driving demand for SPP testing. Educational initiatives and campaigns emphasizing early diagnosis and prevention are encouraging regular screenings, further supporting the market's expansion.
• Regulatory Support and Approvals: Favorable regulatory environments and streamlined approval processes for innovative SPP testing devices are encouraging manufacturers to bring new products to market. This supportive landscape fosters innovation, leading to a wider range of clinically validated options for healthcare providers, ultimately enhancing patient care.
• Rising Adoption of Telemedicine: The growing adoption of telemedicine is creating new opportunities for SPP testing devices. With healthcare providers increasingly utilizing remote monitoring, integrating SPP devices into telehealth platforms can facilitate timely interventions, thus driving demand for more innovative and connected devices.

Challenges in the skin perfusion pressure testing device market are:

• High Costs of Advanced Devices: One of the primary challenges facing the SPP testing device market is the high cost associated with advanced diagnostic tools. Many healthcare facilities, particularly in emerging markets, may struggle to afford these technologies, limiting their adoption and hindering market growth.
• Regulatory Hurdles: While regulatory support is growing, navigating the complex regulatory landscape remains a challenge for manufacturers. Meeting stringent compliance requirements can be time-consuming and costly, potentially delaying product launches and limiting market entry for smaller companies.
• Competition and Market Saturation: The market for SPP testing devices is becoming increasingly competitive, with numerous players entering the field. This saturation can lead to price wars and reduced profit margins, making it challenging for companies to differentiate their offerings and maintain a sustainable business model.

The skin perfusion pressure testing device market is shaped by key drivers that promote growth alongside challenges that present obstacles to expansion. Stakeholders must strategically navigate these dynamics to optimize opportunities and address the hurdles within this evolving landscape.

List of Skin Perfusion Pressure Testing Device Companies

Companies in the market compete based on product quality offered. Major players in this market focus on expanding their manufacturing facilities, R&D investments, infrastructural development, and leverage integration opportunities across the value chain. Through these strategies, skin perfusion pressure testing device companies cater to increasing demand, ensure competitive effectiveness, develop innovative products & technologies, reduce production costs, and expand their customer base. Some of the skin perfusion pressure testing device companies profiled in this report include-

• ADInstruments
• CorVascular Diagnostics
• Koven Technology
• Moor Instruments
• Perimed
• Promed
• Vasamed

Skin Perfusion Pressure Testing Device by Segment

The study includes a forecast for the global skin perfusion pressure testing device market by product type, mode, end use, and region.

Skin Perfusion Pressure Testing Device Market by Product Type [Analysis by Value from 2019 to 2031]:

• Ultrasound
• Laser Doppler
• Photoplethysmography

Skin Perfusion Pressure Testing Device Market by Mode [Analysis by Value from 2019 to 2031]:

• Cart-based Device
• Portable Device

Skin Perfusion Pressure Testing Device Market by End Use [Analysis by Value from 2019 to 2031]:

• Hospital
• Ambulatory Surgical Center
• Others

Skin Perfusion Pressure Testing Device Market by Region [Analysis by Value from 2019 to 2031]:

• North America
• Europe
• Asia Pacific
• The Rest of the World

Country Wise Outlook for the Skin Perfusion Pressure Testing Device Market

The skin perfusion pressure (SPP) testing device market has seen significant advancements in several key countries, driven by increasing awareness of vascular health and advancements in medical technology. Here is a snapshot of recent developments in the United States, Chinese, German, Indian, and Japanese markets.

• United States: The U.S. market is witnessing a surge in SPP device innovation, with companies focusing on integrating advanced imaging technologies and artificial intelligence to enhance diagnostic accuracy. Recent FDA approvals for next-generation devices are expected to broaden market access and improve patient outcomes.
• China: In China, the demand for non-invasive diagnostic tools is rising, leading to increased investments in research and development. Local manufacturers are collaborating with international firms to enhance the technological capabilities of SPP devices, catering to a growing healthcare market that emphasizes early disease detection.
• Germany: Germany remains a leader in medical technology innovation, with recent developments focusing on portable SPP testing devices. German companies are investing in miniaturization and user-friendly designs, which align with the country's emphasis on efficiency in healthcare delivery and patient-centered care.
• India: The Indian market is expanding due to a rising prevalence of diabetes and related complications. Local startups are developing affordable SPP devices tailored for rural healthcare settings, aiming to improve accessibility. Government initiatives promoting medical technology are further supporting this growth.
• Japan: The Japanese aging population drives the need for advanced diagnostic tools, including SPP testing devices. Companies are investing in high-precision devices that integrate seamlessly with telemedicine solutions, aligning with Japan's push for enhanced remote healthcare services and patient monitoring.

Features of the Global Skin Perfusion Pressure Testing Device Market

Market Size Estimates: Skin perfusion pressure testing device market size estimation in terms of value ($B).

Trend and Forecast Analysis: Market trends (2019 to 2024) and forecast (2025 to 2031) by various segments and regions.

Segmentation Analysis: Skin perfusion pressure testing device market size by product type, mode, end use, and region in terms of value ($B).

Regional Analysis: Skin perfusion pressure testing device market breakdown by North America, Europe, Asia Pacific, and Rest of the World.

Growth Opportunities: Analysis of growth opportunities in different product types, modes, end uses, and regions for the skin perfusion pressure testing device market.

Strategic Analysis: This includes M&A, new product development, and the competitive landscape of the skin perfusion pressure testing device market.

Analysis of competitive intensity of the industry based on Porter's Five Forces model.

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This report answers the following 11 key questions:

• Q.1. What are some of the most promising, high-growth opportunities for the skin perfusion pressure testing device market by product type (ultrasound, laser doppler, and photoplethysmography), mode (cart-based device and portable device), end use (hospital, ambulatory surgical center, and others), and region (North America, Europe, Asia Pacific, and the Rest of the World)?
• Q.2. Which segments will grow at a faster pace and why?
• Q.3. Which region will grow at a faster pace and why?
• Q.4. What are the key factors affecting market dynamics? What are the key challenges and business risks in this market?
• Q.5. What are the business risks and competitive threats in this market?
• Q.6. What are the emerging trends in this market and the reasons behind them?
• Q.7. What are some of the changing demands of customers in the market?
• Q.8. What are the new developments in the market? Which companies are leading these developments?
• Q.9. Who are the major players in this market? What strategic initiatives are key players pursuing for business growth?
• Q.10. What are some of the competing products in this market, and how big of a threat do they pose for loss of market share by material or product substitution?
• Q.11. What M&A activity has occurred in the last 5 years, and what has its impact been on the industry?

Table of Contents

1. Executive Summary

2. Global Skin Perfusion Pressure Testing Device Market : Market Dynamics

• 2.1: Introduction, Background, and Classifications
• 2.2: Supply Chain
• 2.3: Industry Drivers and Challenges

3. Market Trends and Forecast Analysis from 2019 to 2031

• 3.1. Macroeconomic Trends (2019-2024) and Forecast (2025-2031)
• 3.2. Global Skin Perfusion Pressure Testing Device Market Trends (2019-2024) and Forecast (2025-2031)
• 3.3: Global Skin Perfusion Pressure Testing Device Market by Product Type
  • 3.3.1: Ultrasound
  • 3.3.2: Laser Doppler
  • 3.3.3: Photoplethysmography
• 3.4: Global Skin Perfusion Pressure Testing Device Market by Mode
  • 3.4.1: Cart-based Device
  • 3.4.2: Portable Device
• 3.5: Global Skin Perfusion Pressure Testing Device Market by End Use
  • 3.5.1: Hospital
  • 3.5.2: Ambulatory Surgical Center
  • 3.5.3: Others

4. Market Trends and Forecast Analysis by Region from 2019 to 2031

• 4.1: Global Skin Perfusion Pressure Testing Device Market by Region
• 4.2: North American Skin Perfusion Pressure Testing Device Market
  • 4.2.1: North American Market by Product Type: Ultrasound, Laser Doppler, and Photoplethysmography
  • 4.2.2: North American Market by End Use: Hospital, Ambulatory Surgical Center, and Others
• 4.3: European Skin Perfusion Pressure Testing Device Market
  • 4.3.1: European Market by Product Type: Ultrasound, Laser Doppler, and Photoplethysmography
  • 4.3.2: European Market by End Use: Hospital, Ambulatory Surgical Center, and Others
• 4.4: APAC Skin Perfusion Pressure Testing Device Market
  • 4.4.1: APAC Market by Product Type: Ultrasound, Laser Doppler, and Photoplethysmography
  • 4.4.2: APAC Market by End Use: Hospital, Ambulatory Surgical Center, and Others
• 4.5: ROW Skin Perfusion Pressure Testing Device Market
  • 4.5.1: ROW Market by Product Type: Ultrasound, Laser Doppler, and Photoplethysmography
  • 4.5.2: ROW Market by End Use: Hospital, Ambulatory Surgical Center, and Others

5. Competitor Analysis

• 5.1: Product Portfolio Analysis
• 5.2: Operational Integration
• 5.3: Porter's Five Forces Analysis

6. Growth Opportunities and Strategic Analysis

• 6.1: Growth Opportunity Analysis
  • 6.1.1: Growth Opportunities for the Global Skin Perfusion Pressure Testing Device Market by Product Type
  • 6.1.2: Growth Opportunities for the Global Skin Perfusion Pressure Testing Device Market by Mode
  • 6.1.3: Growth Opportunities for the Global Skin Perfusion Pressure Testing Device Market by End Use
  • 6.1.4: Growth Opportunities for the Global Skin Perfusion Pressure Testing Device Market by Region
• 6.2: Emerging Trends in the Global Skin Perfusion Pressure Testing Device Market
• 6.3: Strategic Analysis
  • 6.3.1: New Product Development
  • 6.3.2: Capacity Expansion of the Global Skin Perfusion Pressure Testing Device Market
  • 6.3.3: Mergers, Acquisitions, and Joint Ventures in the Global Skin Perfusion Pressure Testing Device Market
  • 6.3.4: Certification and Licensing

7. Company Profiles of Leading Players

• 7.1: ADInstruments
• 7.2: CorVascular Diagnostics
• 7.3: Koven Technology
• 7.4: Moor Instruments
• 7.5: Perimed
• 7.6: Promed
• 7.7: Vasamed