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市场调查报告书
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1748901

钠硫电池市场报告:2031 年趋势、预测与竞争分析

Sodium-Sulfur Battery Market Report: Trends, Forecast and Competitive Analysis to 2031

出版日期: | 出版商: Lucintel | 英文 150 Pages | 商品交期: 3个工作天内

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简介目录

全球钠硫电池市场前景光明,在配套服务、负载平衡和可再生能源稳定市场中蕴藏着巨大机会。预计2025年至2031年期间,全球钠硫电池市场的复合年增长率将达到29.6%。该市场的主要驱动力包括电网规模储能需求的不断增长、全球可再生能源併网的不断增加以及对能源效率解决方案的日益关注。

  • Lucintel 预测工业是预测期内成长最快的产品类型。
  • 从应用来看,可再生能源的稳定性预计将实现最大的成长。
  • 根据地区来看,预计亚太地区将在预测期内实现最高成长。

钠硫电池市场的新趋势

钠硫电池产业目前正经历变革时期,其影响因素包括技术进步、成本影响以及全球对永续能源系统的追求。虽然钠硫电池尚未像锂离子电池那样成为主流,但一些关键趋势正在塑造其发展及其在能源储存领域扩大应用的前景。

  • 重视电网规模能源储存:钠硫电池越来越多地被批准用于大规模能源储存系统。其较长的放电时间和高能量密度使其适用于电网稳定、太阳能和风能等再生能源来源的间歇性管理以及电力公司的备用电源。这源自于对稳定且高效的电网基础设施日益增长的需求,以支持能源转型。
  • 材料科学与设计领域的进展:研发正在推动材料领域的进步,旨在提高钠硫电池的性能、安全性和耐用性。电池设计和电解质材料的进步旨在最大限度地降低电池的劣化速度,提高热稳定性,并可能降低动作温度——这是该技术的最大挑战。
  • 在特殊应用中具有成本竞争力:虽然钠硫电池的初始资本支出可能较大,但其长寿命以及能够利用钠和硫等相对廉价且常见的材料的优势,使其在长期内具有成本效益,尤其适用于公用事业规模的多日储能。随着规模化生产和技术的成熟,钠硫电池在高度重视这些特性的特殊应用中,其成本竞争力将日益增强。
  • 与可再生计划整合:随着太阳能和风能装置容量的增加,对能源储存的需求也日益增长,以平衡供需矛盾。钠硫电池已成为与可再生能源计划整合的可行方案,可在确保电网稳定性的同时最大限度地利用清洁能源。政府鼓励可再生能源併网的激励措施和政策激励措施也是此类共置项目的另一个原因。
  • 探索混合电池系统:为了充分利用不同电池技术的相对优势,研究将钠硫电池与其他类型电池(例如锂离子电池和液流电池)整合的混合储能係统正日益成为趋势。透过这种方式,钠硫电池的高能量密度和长运行时间可以与其他技术的高功率和快速响应时间相结合,从而优化特定应用的性能。

总的来说,这些趋势表明,人们越来越意识到钠硫电池的独特优势,尤其是在大规模能源储存应用中。进一步降低成本和技术改进,可能会在决定这些电池如何融入更大的能源储存市场,以及它们是否能够与锂离子等现有技术共存方面发挥关键作用。

钠硫电池市场的最新趋势

儘管规模不如锂离子电池产业,但受固定式能源储存产品需求成长的推动,钠硫电池产业发展势头强劲。推动这项发展的因素包括技术创新、策略伙伴关係以及特定应用需求的不断增长。

  • 技术改进:近期研发工作重点在于提升钠硫电池的效能。这包括如何最大程度地降低电池单元的劣化速度、提高其能源效率以及延长其使用寿命。例如,材料科学领域的进步有助于设计更耐用的电池,并提高耐腐蚀性——这是电池寿命的关键因素。
  • 策略合作与伙伴关係:钠硫电池市场正在见证各种合作与伙伴关係的形成,通常是技术开发人员、製造商和能源公司之间的合作,共同开发技术、提高产量并在实际应用中部署钠硫电池,例如电网规模的储能计划和与可再生能源资源的整合。
  • 更重视提高安全性:由于钠硫电池的工作温度相对较高,安全性仍是亟待开发的领域。最新研究旨在加强温度控管系统,并引入先进的安全措施,以应对高温和钠的反应特性所带来的风险。
  • 电网规模储能应用日益广泛:推动钠硫电池产业近期发展的最重要应用是电网规模能源储存。钠硫电池放电时间长、能量密度高,对于稳定电网和整合间歇性可再生能源至关重要,因此越来越多电网营运商和公用事业公司选择使用钠硫电池。
  • 探索低温运行:最重要的研究领域之一是开发可在低温下运行的钠硫电池。降低动作温度可以提高安全性、提升能源效率并拓展此技术的用途。虽然该领域仍处于实验阶段,但其进展可能会对未来市场产生重大影响。

综合来看,这些进展表明,钠硫电池市场正朝着积极的方向发展,这主要得益于市场对经济高效的固定式能源储存的根本需求。儘管动作温度和前期成本等问题仍然存在,但持续的技术创新和策略性努力正在为钠硫电池在不断变化的能源世界中更广泛的应用奠定基础。

目录

第一章执行摘要

2. 全球钠硫电池市场:市场动态

  • 简介、背景和分类
  • 供应链
  • 产业驱动力与挑战

第三章 2019年至2031年市场趋势及预测分析

  • 宏观经济趋势(2019-2024)及预测(2025-2031)
  • 全球钠硫电池市场趋势(2019-2024)及预测(2025-2031)
  • 按产品
    • 私人可携式
    • 产业
  • 按用途
    • 附加服务
    • 负载平衡
    • 可再生能源的稳定
    • 其他的

第四章2019年至2031年区域市场趋势与预测分析

  • 钠硫电池市场(按地区)
  • 北美钠硫电池市场
  • 欧洲钠硫电池市场
  • 亚太钠硫电池市场
  • 世界其他地区的钠硫电池市场

第五章 竞争分析

  • 产品系列分析
  • 营运整合
  • 波特五力分析

第六章 成长机会与策略分析

  • 成长机会分析
    • 按产品
    • 按用途
    • 按地区
  • 全球钠硫电池市场的新趋势
  • 战略分析
    • 新产品开发
    • 全球钠硫电池市场产能扩张
    • 全球钠硫电池市场的併购与合资企业
    • 认证和许可

第七章主要企业简介

  • NGK INSULATORS
  • BASF
  • Tokyo Electric Power Company Holdings
  • EaglePicher Technologies
  • GE Energy
  • FIAMM Group
  • KEMET Corporation
简介目录

The future of the global sodium-sulfur battery market looks promising with opportunities in the ancillary service, load leveling, and renewable energy stabilization markets. The global sodium-sulfur battery market is expected to grow with a CAGR of 29.6% from 2025 to 2031. The major drivers for this market are the increasing demand for grid scale storage, the rising renewable energy integration globally, and the growing focus on energy efficiency solutions.

  • Lucintel forecasts that, within the product category, industrial is expected to witness higher growth over the forecast period.
  • Within the application category, renewable energy stabilization is expected to witness the highest growth.
  • In terms of region, APAC is expected to witness the highest growth over the forecast period.

Emerging Trends in the Sodium-Sulfur Battery Market

The sodium-sulfur battery industry is today going through a phase of transforming dynamics, shaped by technological evolution, cost implications, and the worldwide drive toward sustainable energy systems. Although yet to be mainstream in terms of lithium-ion, a few important trends are defining its development and prospects of greater use within the energy storage sector.

  • Emphasis on Grid-Scale Energy Storage: Sodium-sulfur batteries are being increasingly acknowledged for their use in large-scale energy storage systems. Their long discharge duration and high energy density capabilities make them well-suited for grid stabilization, renewable energy source intermittency management such as solar and wind, and utility backup power. This is influenced by the increased demand for stable and efficient grid infrastructure to accommodate the energy transition.
  • Advances in Material Science and Design: Research and development are resulting in advances in the materials utilized in sodium-sulfur batteries with the aim of increasing their performance, safety, and durability. Advances in cell design and electrolyte materials are aimed at minimizing degradation rates, enhancing thermal stability, and potentially reducing operating temperatures, which are among the biggest challenges for this technology.
  • Cost Competitiveness in Special Applications: Although the up-front capital expenditure of sodium-sulfur batteries may be steep, their high lifespan and exploitation of relatively cheap and common materials such as sodium and sulfur can make them cost-effective in the long run, particularly for utility-scale, multi-day storage. With increased mass production and maturity of technology, sodium-sulfur batteries can become increasingly cost-competitive for special applications where these characteristics are greatly prized.
  • Integration with Renewable Projects: Mounting installations of solar and wind-based power generation are giving a massive push for energy storage means to offset demand and supply. Sodium-sulfur batteries have come under the spotlight as one viable means for colocating along renewable projects and for maximizing clean energy use along with ensuring stability for the grid. Incentives by government, along with policy encouragement favoring renewable energy integration, is yet another cause of such co-location.
  • Hybrid Battery System Exploration: In order to take advantage of the relative strengths of various battery technologies, there is a growing trend to investigate hybrid energy storage systems which integrate sodium-sulfur batteries with other battery types, for example, lithium-ion or flow batteries. By doing this, the performance is optimized for certain applications by applying the high energy density and long duration of sodium-sulfur batteries in conjunction with the high power and quick response times of other technologies.

These trends as a whole point to increasing awareness of the distinct benefits associated with sodium-sulfur batteries, especially in large-scale energy storage applications. Further cost declines and technological improvements will play an instrumental role in shaping how much these batteries can become embedded in the larger energy storage market and coexist with incumbents such as lithium-ion.

Recent Developments in the Sodium-Sulfur Battery Market

The sodium-sulfur battery industry, though not as big as the lithium-ion industry, is seeing significant action fueled by growing demand for stationary energy storage products. These action areas range across technological innovations, strategic partnerships, and growing demand in certain applications.

  • Improvement in Technology: Battery Performance Recently, research and development have revolved around developing the performance of sodium-sulfur batteries. This involves ways to minimize battery cell degradation rate, increase the energy efficiency of cells, and increase their life cycle. As an example, improvement in the field of material science is driving more durable designs of cells as well as improving corrosion resistance, which is an important factor when it comes to battery life.
  • Strategic Collaborations and Alliances: Various collaborations and partnerships are being formed in the sodium-sulfur battery market. The collaborations tend to be between technology developers, manufacturers, and energy firms collaborating on developing the technology, increasing production, and implementing sodium-sulfur batteries in practical applications, like grid-scale storage projects and integration with renewable energy resources.
  • Growing Emphasis on Safety Upgrades: Owing to the operating temperatures of sodium-sulfur batteries, which are relatively high, safety continues to be an area of active development. Latest research aims to enhance thermal management systems and install sophisticated safety measures to address risks related to high temperatures as well as sodium's reactive characteristics.
  • Rising Adoption in Grid-Scale Storage: The most important application leading to recent advances in the sodium-sulfur battery industry is grid-scale energy storage. Grid operators and utilities are increasingly turning their attention towards sodium-sulfur batteries for their long discharge duration and high energy density capabilities, which are essential for the stabilization of power grids and successful integration of intermittent renewable energy sources.
  • Lower Temperature Operation Exploration: One of the most important research areas is creating sodium-sulfur batteries that can function at lower temperatures. Lowering the operating temperature may improve safety, increase energy efficiency, and potentially expand the use of this technology. Although still in the experimental stage, advances in this field could have a major impact on the future market.

These advances combined point to an encouraging direction for the sodium-sulfur battery market, fueled by the underlying necessity for affordable and effective stationary energy storage. Although there are issues of operating temperature and up-front expense that still persist, continued innovation and strategic efforts are setting the stage for greater adoption in the changing energy world.

Strategic Growth Opportunities in the Sodium-Sulfur Battery Market

The sodium-sulfur battery industry offers a number of strategic growth opportunities in different applications, taking advantage of its distinctive features including high energy density and long cycle life. Although historically centered on grid-scale applications, the need in other areas is providing new opportunities for growth.

  • Grid-Scale Energy Storage for Renewable Integration: One of the major growth opportunities is the use of sodium-sulfur batteries for grid-scale energy storage to enable enhanced penetration of renewable energy sources such as wind and solar. These batteries can serve to stabilize the grid by storing energy during peak generation and releasing it during low-generation hours or peak demand, enhancing renewable energy integration efficiency and reliability.
  • Industrial and Commercial Standby Power: Sodium-sulfur batteries provide a steady and long-duration standby power source for industrial and commercial buildings that need continuous power supply. Their high energy density and capacity to maintain power over a long period of time make them ideal for critical infrastructure, manufacturing units, and large commercial complexes and allow uninterrupted operation during power outages.
  • Microgrid and Off-Grid Applications: For isolated locations or islands with low grid connectivity, sodium-sulfur batteries have the potential to be a key enabler for microgrids based on renewable energy sources. Their capability to store large quantities of energy over long periods makes them suitable for delivering stable and reliable power to industries and communities in off-grid areas, lowering the reliance on fossil fuels.
  • Electric Vehicle Charging Infrastructure Support: With the penetration of electric vehicles increasing, the need for quick and efficient charging infrastructure will also grow. Sodium-sulfur batteries can be strategically installed at charging stations to enable energy buffering, taking pressure off the grid during periods of peak charging and enabling faster rates of charging.
  • Specialized Space and Defense Applications: The excellent energy density and rugged performance capabilities of sodium-sulfur batteries render them attractive for some specialized applications in space and defense markets. These may involve supplying power to satellites, remote military facilities, and special equipment that demands reliable and enduring energy storage capability in harsh conditions.

These market opportunities illustrate the adaptability of sodium-sulfur battery technology outside the confines of conventional grid-scale use. To capitalize on these markets, further innovation to overcome current barriers, decrease prices, and modify battery systems according to each sector's individual specifications will be needed. Effective incursion into these various markets will strongly influence growth in the market for sodium-sulfur batteries.

Sodium-Sulfur Battery Market Driver and Challenges

Sodium-sulfur battery market is driven by an intricate interaction of technological, economic, and policy factors that operate as drivers to growth and deterrents to large-scale adoption. These dynamics need to be well understood in order to make correct judgments on the future direction of the market.

The factors responsible for driving the sodium-sulfur battery market include:

1. Increasing Demand for Grid-Scale Energy Storage: The growing need for large-scale energy storage solutions to support the integration of intermittent renewable energy sources and enhance grid stability is a primary driver. Sodium-sulfur batteries, with their high energy density and long discharge duration, are well-suited for these applications, making them an attractive option for utilities and grid operators.

2. Cost-Effectiveness Owing to Plentiful Materials: Sodium and sulfur, the two major materials utilized in such batteries, are cheap and widely available in relation to other battery technologies' materials such as lithium-ion. Such natural cost benefit in input materials can directly contribute to more affordable prices in the long term, particularly with increased production.

3. Long Cycle Life and High Energy Efficiency: Sodium-sulfur batteries have a long cycle life and high charge-discharge efficiency, which makes them a long-lasting and economical option for long-term energy storage applications. This long life minimizes the need for replacement, leading to lower overall operating costs.

4. Government Incentives and Policies to Support Renewable Energy: Various governments around the globe are rolling out policies and incentives to encourage the use of renewable energy and storage technologies.1 Such supportive policies have the potential to fuel the use of sodium-sulfur batteries in grid and off-grid renewable energy schemes.

5. Increased Interest in Energy Security and Availability: The heightened recognition of the significance of energy security and the requirement of a reliable source of power, particularly for critical infrastructure and industrial use, is fueling interest in high-performance energy storage technologies such as sodium-sulfur batteries that can ensure extended backup power.

Challenges in the sodium-sulfur battery market are:

1. High Operating Temperature: Sodium-sulfur batteries have high operating temperatures (about 300-350°C) to keep the electrodes molten. The high operating temperature involves safety issues, necessitates intricate thermal management systems, and may contribute to increased operation energy usage, limiting their extensive use in some applications.

2. Corrosion Problems and Material Degradation: The extremely reactive state of molten sulfur and sodium at elevated temperatures can cause corrosion of battery materials and material degradation over time, impacting the battery's lifespan and performance. Resolution of these material science problems is essential to enhancing the reliability and longevity of sodium-sulfur batteries.

3. Limited Number of Well-Established Manufacturers: In contrast to the lithium-ion battery industry, the number of well-established commercial-scale manufacturers of sodium-sulfur batteries is relatively low. This limited production capacity and supply chain infrastructure can be challenging for fulfilling large-scale demand and attaining economies of scale to minimize costs.

Overall, the sodium-sulfur battery industry is driven by the basic demand for effective and economical stationary energy storage, specifically to facilitate renewable energy integration and grid reliability improvement. Though high raw material availability and long cycle life are important positives, challenges such as high operating temperatures, corrosion of materials, and restricted manufacturing capacity have to be tackled through continuous research and development so that the potential of this technology can be realized in the wider energy storage space.

List of Sodium-Sulfur Battery Companies

Companies in the market compete on the basis of product quality offered. Major players in this market focus on expanding their manufacturing facilities, R&D investments, infrastructural development, and leverage integration opportunities across the value chain. With these strategies sodium-sulfur battery companies cater increasing demand, ensure competitive effectiveness, develop innovative products & technologies, reduce production costs, and expand their customer base. Some of the sodium-sulfur battery companies profiled in this report include-

  • NGK INSULATORS
  • BASF
  • Tokyo Electric Power Company Holdings
  • EaglePicher Technologies
  • GE Energy
  • FIAMM Group
  • KEMET Corporation

Sodium-Sulfur Battery Market by Segment

The study includes a forecast for the global sodium-sulfur battery market by product, application, and region.

Sodium-Sulfur Battery Market by Product [Value from 2019 to 2031]:

  • Private Portable
  • Industrial

Sodium-Sulfur Battery Market by Application [Value from 2019 to 2031]:

  • Ancillary Services
  • Load Leveling
  • Renewable Energy Stabilization
  • Others

Sodium-Sulfur Battery Market by Region [Value from 2019 to 2031]:

  • North America
  • Europe
  • Asia Pacific
  • The Rest of the World

Country Wise Outlook for the Sodium-Sulfur Battery Market

Current trends within the sodium-sulfur battery industry show rising interest in alternative means of energy storage as grid-scale storage and renewable energy integration gain traction. Although dominated by lithium-ion, sodium-sulfur has benefits such as high energy density and employing economical materials. Current developments across major regions suggest a lively environment with research, development, and collaborative agreements that influence future market development.

  • United States: The US market is demonstrating growing interest in sodium-sulfur batteries, mainly for grid-scale energy storage to enable the integration of renewable energy sources and improve grid stability. Government policies encouraging energy storage solutions are likely to continue driving adoption. Firms are investigating the technology for its ability to offer dependable and long-duration energy storage.
  • China: China is expected to emerge as a leading player in the sodium-sulfur battery market, led by heavy investments in renewable energy infrastructure and government policies promoting domestic production. Large Chinese producers are heavily engaged in research and development, with the goal of increasing production and lowering costs for mass use in grid storage and possibly electric vehicles.
  • Germany: Germany is observing increasing interest in sodium-sulfur batteries, especially for stationary storage of energy. The technology is being explored as an important element in the country's energy transition, enabling the integration of intermittent renewable sources and grid stability. Collaborations and pilot schemes are in place to examine the suitability and advantages of large-scale adoption.
  • India: India offers a huge growth potential for the sodium-sulfur battery market, driven by the nation's aggressive renewable energy goals and the demand for stable energy storage products. Clean energy and grid modernization support by governments is anticipated to stimulate demand. Early market penetration will primarily target grid-scale and industrial energy storage.
  • Japan: Japan has been a leader in sodium-sulfur battery technology, with players such as NGK Insulators dominating the international market. Recent advancements have focused on improving battery performance, including decreasing degradation rates and better thermal management. Emphasis is still focused on utilizing these batteries for grid stabilization, renewable energy integration, and industrial backup power.

Features of the Global Sodium-Sulfur Battery Market

Market Size Estimates: Sodium-sulfur battery market size estimation in terms of value ($B).

Trend and Forecast Analysis: Market trends (2019 to 2024) and forecast (2025 to 2031) by various segments and regions.

Segmentation Analysis: Sodium-sulfur battery market size by product, application, and region in terms of value ($B).

Regional Analysis: Sodium-sulfur battery market breakdown by North America, Europe, Asia Pacific, and Rest of the World.

Growth Opportunities: Analysis of growth opportunities in different product, application, and regions for the sodium-sulfur battery market.

Strategic Analysis: This includes M&A, new product development, and competitive landscape of the sodium-sulfur battery market.

Analysis of competitive intensity of the industry based on Porter's Five Forces model.

This report answers following 11 key questions:

  • Q.1. What are some of the most promising, high-growth opportunities for the sodium-sulfur battery market by product (private portable and industrial), application (ancillary services, load leveling, renewable energy stabilization, and others), and region (North America, Europe, Asia Pacific, and the Rest of the World)?
  • Q.2. Which segments will grow at a faster pace and why?
  • Q.3. Which region will grow at a faster pace and why?
  • Q.4. What are the key factors affecting market dynamics? What are the key challenges and business risks in this market?
  • Q.5. What are the business risks and competitive threats in this market?
  • Q.6. What are the emerging trends in this market and the reasons behind them?
  • Q.7. What are some of the changing demands of customers in the market?
  • Q.8. What are the new developments in the market? Which companies are leading these developments?
  • Q.9. Who are the major players in this market? What strategic initiatives are key players pursuing for business growth?
  • Q.10. What are some of the competing products in this market and how big of a threat do they pose for loss of market share by material or product substitution?
  • Q.11. What M&A activity has occurred in the last 5 years and what has its impact been on the industry?

Table of Contents

1. Executive Summary

2. Global Sodium-Sulfur Battery Market : Market Dynamics

  • 2.1: Introduction, Background, and Classifications
  • 2.2: Supply Chain
  • 2.3: Industry Drivers and Challenges

3. Market Trends and Forecast Analysis from 2019 to 2031

  • 3.1. Macroeconomic Trends (2019-2024) and Forecast (2025-2031)
  • 3.2. Global Sodium-Sulfur Battery Market Trends (2019-2024) and Forecast (2025-2031)
  • 3.3: Global Sodium-Sulfur Battery Market by Product
    • 3.3.1: Private Portable
    • 3.3.2: Industrial
  • 3.4: Global Sodium-Sulfur Battery Market by Application
    • 3.4.1: Ancillary Services
    • 3.4.2: Load Leveling
    • 3.4.3: Renewable Energy Stabilization
    • 3.4.4: Others

4. Market Trends and Forecast Analysis by Region from 2019 to 2031

  • 4.1: Global Sodium-Sulfur Battery Market by Region
  • 4.2: North American Sodium-Sulfur Battery Market
    • 4.2.1: North American Market by Product: Private Portable and Industrial
    • 4.2.2: North American Market by Application: Ancillary Services, Load Leveling, Renewable Energy Stabilization, and Others
  • 4.3: European Sodium-Sulfur Battery Market
    • 4.3.1: European Market by Product: Private Portable and Industrial
    • 4.3.2: European Market by Application: Ancillary Services, Load Leveling, Renewable Energy Stabilization, and Others
  • 4.4: APAC Sodium-Sulfur Battery Market
    • 4.4.1: APAC Market by Product: Private Portable and Industrial
    • 4.4.2: APAC Market by Application: Ancillary Services, Load Leveling, Renewable Energy Stabilization, and Others
  • 4.5: ROW Sodium-Sulfur Battery Market
    • 4.5.1: ROW Market by Product: Private Portable and Industrial
    • 4.5.2: ROW Market by Application: Ancillary Services, Load Leveling, Renewable Energy Stabilization, and Others

5. Competitor Analysis

  • 5.1: Product Portfolio Analysis
  • 5.2: Operational Integration
  • 5.3: Porter's Five Forces Analysis

6. Growth Opportunities and Strategic Analysis

  • 6.1: Growth Opportunity Analysis
    • 6.1.1: Growth Opportunities for the Global Sodium-Sulfur Battery Market by Product
    • 6.1.2: Growth Opportunities for the Global Sodium-Sulfur Battery Market by Application
    • 6.1.3: Growth Opportunities for the Global Sodium-Sulfur Battery Market by Region
  • 6.2: Emerging Trends in the Global Sodium-Sulfur Battery Market
  • 6.3: Strategic Analysis
    • 6.3.1: New Product Development
    • 6.3.2: Capacity Expansion of the Global Sodium-Sulfur Battery Market
    • 6.3.3: Mergers, Acquisitions, and Joint Ventures in the Global Sodium-Sulfur Battery Market
    • 6.3.4: Certification and Licensing

7. Company Profiles of Leading Players

  • 7.1: NGK INSULATORS
  • 7.2: BASF
  • 7.3: Tokyo Electric Power Company Holdings
  • 7.4: EaglePicher Technologies
  • 7.5: GE Energy
  • 7.6: FIAMM Group
  • 7.7: KEMET Corporation