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市场调查报告书
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1749282

一次性冰袋市场报告:2031 年趋势、预测与竞争分析

Disposable Ice Pack Market Report: Trends, Forecast and Competitive Analysis to 2031

出版日期: | 出版商: Lucintel | 英文 150 Pages | 商品交期: 3个工作天内

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简介目录

全球一次性冰袋市场前景光明,医疗、食品和个人护理市场都蕴藏着巨大的机会。预计2025年至2031年期间,全球一次性冰袋市场的复合年增长率将达到4.6%。该市场的主要驱动力包括:低温运输需求的不断增长、人们对便利性和便携性的偏好日益增长,以及对产品安全和新鲜度的日益重视。

  • Lucintel 预测,凝胶类产品是预测期内有望实现高成长的产品类型。
  • 在最终用途类别中,食品预计将实现最高成长。
  • 根据地区来看,预计亚太地区将在预测期内实现最高成长。

我们超过 150 页的综合报告提供宝贵见解,协助您的业务决策。以下是一些范例资料和见解:

一次性冰袋市场的新趋势

一次性冰袋产业受到许多关键趋势的影响,包括不断变化的消费者需求、技术创新以及对环境永续性的日益关注。这些趋势正在推动技术创新,并扩大即时冷却疗法的应用范围。

  • 开发生物分解性和永续材料:一个关键趋势是,人们越来越重视开发采用生物分解性或可回收外包装以及无毒环保的一次性冰袋。这是为了回应人们对一次性塑胶废弃物日益增长的担忧,也符合企业的永续性努力和消费者对更环保产品的偏好,从而减少一次性冰袋对环境的影响。
  • 提升冷却性能和耐用性:冷却凝胶配方和包装设计的进步,使得一次性冰袋能够提供更持久的冷却效果。这包括能够长时间维持较低温度的配方和更佳的隔热包装,从而改善治疗效果并提升使用者满意度。
  • 整合智慧功能和连接性:目前正在研究将新技术整合到一次性冰袋中,例如提供冰袋温度即时回馈的温度感测器,以及与行动应用程式的连接,以监控使用情况并提供建议。儘管这一趋势尚处于起步阶段,但它有可能改善用户体验并提供有用的数据。其效果是带来更具互动性和资讯量的冷疗体验。
  • 针对性应用和客製化设计:针对特定身体部位和用途订製的一次性冰袋日益普及。例如,用于肘部和膝盖的贴合型冰袋、儿童专用的小型冰袋,以及用于牙科和术后的专用冰袋。这些针对性设计可最大程度地提高舒适度和效率,从而更有效率、更便捷地缓解疼痛,满足您的特定需求。
  • 更佳的启动机制和易用性:各公司正在努力开发更可靠、更容易启动的一次性冰袋,包括那些启动力较小、不易洩漏的产品。改进的说明书和用户友好的包装也提高了可用性,为消费者带来了更大的便利,减少了使用上的挫折感。

所有这些趋势正在共同改变一次性冰袋市场,推动材料、性能、消费者体验的创新,并解决日益严重的环境问题。

一次性冰袋市场的最新趋势

一次性冰袋市场不断创新,以提高功能性、永续性和消费者便利性,最近的趋势强调材料科学和设计创新。

  • 推出先进的冷却凝胶配方:无毒冷却凝胶配方取得了显着进展,与传统的硝酸铵配方相比,其冷却能力更强,冷却时间更长。这些凝胶往往能够在更长时间内提供更低、更稳定的温度,进而提高治疗效率。结果是,疼痛缓解效果更佳,冷却体验更持久。
  • 更坚固、更防漏的外包装设计:我们的一次性冰袋外包装设计更坚固、更防漏。这得益于更坚固的多层包装膜和更先进的密封技术,可消除冷却凝胶破裂或洩漏的风险,从而提高用户安全性和产品完整性。最终,产品故障率更低,用户信心更高。
  • 将环保材料融入包装:一个新兴趋势是将更永续的材料融入一次性冰袋的外包装。这种包装采用再生塑胶、生物分解性聚合物和纸质包装解决方案,以应对环境问题并转向更永续的产品生命週期,从而减少一次性冰袋产品对环境的影响。
  • 设计创新带来更大的舒适度:最近的创新包括符合人体工学的设计,可以更舒适地贴合身体,更有针对性的冷热疗法,可以包裹在关节周围的柔性包,以及一些更薄以更贴近皮肤的包,从而为用户带来更大的舒适度并更有效地缓解疼痛。
  • 开发双效或多隔间冰袋:一些製造商正在推出具有多隔间或双效功能的一次性冰袋,可同时进行冷热疗法。这些创新设计提供了多功能性和便利性,可用于治疗不同类型的损伤或提供对比疗法。最终,它们构成了更通用、更全面的一次性治疗解决方案。

总的来说,这五项重大突破正在塑造更有效率、更易于使用和更环保的一次性冰袋市场,使其成为急救和医疗中越来越重要的辅助工具。

目录

第一章执行摘要

第二章全球一次性冰袋市场:市场动态

  • 简介、背景和分类
  • 供应链
  • 产业驱动力与挑战

第三章 2019年至2031年市场趋势及预测分析

  • 宏观经济趋势(2019-2024)及预测(2025-2031)
  • 全球一次性冰袋市场趋势(2019-2024)与预测(2025-2031)
  • 按产品
    • 凝胶基
    • 干冰基座
  • 尺寸
    • 小的
    • 中等的
    • 大的
  • 按最终用途
    • 药品
    • 食物
    • 个人护理
    • 其他的
  • 按分销管道
    • 商店型零售商
    • 无店零售商

第四章2019年至2031年区域市场趋势与预测分析

  • 按地区
  • 北美洲
  • 欧洲
  • 亚太地区
  • 其他地区

第五章 竞争分析

  • 产品系列分析
  • 营运整合
  • 波特五力分析

第六章 成长机会与策略分析

  • 成长机会分析
    • 按产品
    • 尺寸
    • 按最终用途
    • 按分销管道
    • 按地区
  • 全球一次性冰袋市场的新趋势
  • 战略分析
    • 新产品开发
    • 全球一次性冰袋市场产能扩张
    • 全球一次性冰袋市场的合併、收购和合资企业
    • 认证和许可

第七章主要企业简介

  • Techni Ice
  • Cryopak
  • Certified Safety Manufacturing
  • MedPride
  • Cold Chain Technologies
  • Deluxe Packaging
  • Dynarex Corporation
  • Medline Industries
  • Cardinal Health
  • 3M
简介目录

The future of the global disposable ice pack market looks promising with opportunities in the medical, food, and personal care markets. The global disposable ice pack market is expected to grow with a CAGR of 4.6% from 2025 to 2031. The major drivers for this market are the rising demand for cold chain logistics, the growing preference for convenience & portability, and the increasing awareness of product safety & freshness.

  • Lucintel forecasts that, within the product category, gel-based is expected to witness higher growth over the forecast period.
  • Within the end use category, food is expected to witness the highest growth.
  • In terms of region, APAC is expected to witness the highest growth over the forecast period.

Gain valuable insights for your business decisions with our comprehensive 150+ page report. Sample figures with some insights are shown below.

Emerging Trends in the Disposable Ice Pack Market

The disposable ice pack industry is being influenced by a number of major trends that mirror changing consumer demand, technological innovation, and increased attention to environmental sustainability. These trends are fueling innovation and broadening the uses for instant cold therapy.

  • Development of Biodegradable and Sustainable Materials: A significant trend is the increasing focus on developing disposable ice packs made with biodegradable or recyclable outer packaging and non-toxic, environmentally friendly cooling agents. This addresses growing concerns about single-use plastic waste and aligns with corporate sustainability initiatives and consumer preferences for greener products. The impact is a reduction in the environmental footprint of disposable ice packs.
  • Better Cooling Performance and Durability: Advances in cooling gel formulations and packaging designs are resulting in disposable ice packs with better and longer-lasting cooling relief. These include formulations that retain a lower temperature for a longer duration and packages that offer superior insulation. The effect is better therapeutic benefits and increased user satisfaction.
  • Integration of Smart Features and Connectivity: New technologies are being investigated for integration into disposable ice packs, including temperature sensors that give real-time feedback on the temperature of the pack and connectivity to mobile apps for monitoring use and offering advice. Although in its infancy, this trend has the potential to improve the user experience and offer useful data. The effect is a more interactive and informative cold therapy experience.
  • Targeted Application and Customization Designs: There is an increasing tendency towards disposable ice packs that are tailored to a particular body part or application. This ranges from contoured packs for elbows or knees, smaller packs for kids, and specialty packs for dental or post-operative use. This targeted design maximizes comfort and efficiency. The effect is more efficient and convenient pain relief for particular requirements.
  • Better Activation Mechanisms and Ease of Use: Companies are working on creating more dependable and simpler-to-activate disposable ice packs. These include products that need less force to activate and are less likely to leak. Better instructions and more user-friendly packaging are also improving user experience. The effect is increased convenience and less frustration for users.

These trends are all cumulatively transforming the disposable ice pack market by fueling innovation in materials, performance, and consumer experience, as well as meeting increasing environmental concerns.

Recent Developments in the Disposable Ice Pack Market

The disposable ice pack market is seeing ongoing innovation towards enhanced functionality, sustainability, and consumer convenience. Recent trends point to an emphasis on material science and design innovation.

  • Advanced Cooling Gel Formulations Introduction: There has been notable advancement in the formulations of non-toxic cooling gels that have higher cooling ability and longer-lasting cooling time as compared to their conventional ammonium nitrate-based counterparts. Such gels tend to provide a lower and more consistent temperature for an extended duration, thus increasing their therapeutic efficiency. The outcome is enhanced pain relief and a more consistent cooling experience.
  • Design of Stronger and Leak-Proof Outer Packaging: More durable and leak-proof outer packaging for disposable ice packs is being designed by manufacturers. This is achieved through stronger multi-layer packaging films and enhanced sealing methods that eliminate ruptures and leakage of the cooling gel, thus enhancing user safety and product integrity. The effect is fewer product failures and increased user confidence.
  • Eco-Friendly Material Integration into Packaging: More sustainable materials being integrated into disposable ice pack outer packaging is an emerging trend. This involves using recycled plastics, biodegradable polymers, and paper-based packaging solutions as a response to environmental issues and a shift toward more sustainable product lifecycles. The result is a reduced environmental impact on disposable ice pack products.
  • Design Innovations for Greater User Comfort: Some of the recent innovations include body-contouring ergonomic designs that are more comfortable, more targeted cold therapy, and flexible packs that can be wrapped around joints. The others are thinner profiles for skin contact. The effect is greater user comfort as well as more effective pain relief.
  • Development of Dual-Action or Multi-Compartment Packs: Some manufacturers are introducing disposable ice packs with multiple compartments or dual-action capabilities, such as the ability to provide both cold and heat therapy. These innovative designs offer versatility and convenience for treating different types of injuries or providing contrasting therapies. The impact is a more versatile and comprehensive single-use therapy solution.

These five major breakthroughs are collectively making a more efficient, user-friendly, and eco-friendly disposable ice pack market, and they are proving to be an ever more important aid for first aid and therapeutic use.

Strategic Growth Opportunities in the Disposable Ice Pack Market

The disposable ice pack market offers a number of strategic growth opportunities across various applications, fueled by the growing need for convenient and instant cold therapy solutions. Leveraging these application-specific requirements is essential for market growth.

  • Athletic Training and Sports Medicine: The athletic training and sports medicine industries present a high-growth market opportunity for disposable ice packs, which provide quick relief from sprains, strains, and other injuries suffered on the playing field or in rehabilitation. The market demand for quick, easy cold therapy applications is high across all segments. The effect is heightened use within athletic teams, training camps, and sporting events.
  • Emergency Preparedness and First Aid: Disposable ice packs are part of first aid kits for home, school, workplace, and emergency response. The demand for easily accessible and simple-to-use cold therapy for minor emergencies and injuries fuels constant demand in this market. The effect is extensive use in first aid purposes and improved safety procedures.
  • Healthcare and Pharmaceutical Logistics: Sustaining the temperature of sensitive biologic samples and pharmaceutical products in transit is vital. Disposable ice packs provide an easy and inexpensive method for temporary temperature control of shipping containers and coolers. Demand is driven by the expansion of the biotech and pharmaceutical industries. The effect is better product integrity and less spoilage in temperature-sensitive supply chains.
  • Food and Drink Delivery: Food and drink delivery services have increased in popularity lately, and there is a rising need for using disposable ice packs to keep perishing products refrigerated during their journey, avoiding food contamination as well as dissatisfying their customers. Opening up the marketplace for online delivery of food will be a vital growth opportunity. The effect includes improved food quality and safety when delivering food.
  • Personal Beauty and Care Applications: Single-use ice packs are gaining niche uses in the personal beauty and care sector, including alleviating puffy eyes, calming sunburn, or giving a cooling effect in some beauty treatments. Increasing interest in self-care and well-being is fueling demand in this market. The effect is new uses and higher consumer use for personal care.

Building upon these strategic opportunities for expansion in different applications will allow manufacturers of disposable ice packs to increase their market base and serve the varying demands of different industries and consumer bases.

Disposable Ice Pack Market Driver and Challenges

The market for disposable ice packs is driven by a dynamic interplay between convenience, healthcare trends, and environmental concerns. A number of major drivers are driving its expansion, while some challenges must be properly addressed for long-term market growth.

The factors responsible for driving the disposable ice pack market include:

1. Growing Need for Convenience and Portability: The most important driver of the disposable ice pack industry is the convenience and portability it presents. Traditional ice packs need to be frozen beforehand, but disposable ice packs offer instant cold therapy without any prior preparation, hence their popularity for usage on the go in sports, tourism, and emergency situations. Widespread use is driven by this convenience aspect.

2. Increased Awareness of First Aid and Sports Injury: There is increased awareness of the advantages of the instant use of cold treatment for mild injuries, sprains, and strains in home and sports applications, which is increasing demand. Increased availability of first aid information and educational campaigns supports increased usage of disposable ice packs.

3. Healthcare and Pharmaceutical Sector Expansion: Growth of the healthcare sector and the escalating demand for temperature-controlled transportation for pharmaceuticals are major driving forces. Disposable ice packs provide a cost-saving alternative for preserving the integrity of temperature-sensitive medical devices during shipment.

4. Increased Participation in Outdoor Recreation and Sport: Increased participation in outdoor recreation and sport results in a greater number of minor injuries, which increase the demand for convenient and easy-to-use cold therapy products such as disposable ice packs.

5. Aging Population and Growing Healthcare Needs: The larger elderly population tends to suffer from muscle soreness and joint pains, resulting in greater demand for easy pain relief therapies, such as disposable ice packs for targeted cold therapy.

Challenges in the disposable ice pack market are:

1. Environmental Issues Pertaining to Single-Use Products: One of the key challenges is the environmental factor of single-use disposable products. The use of plastic packaging and the chemical nature of certain cooling agents are issues of waste and possible environmental contamination. Redress of this is paramount through sustainable products and recycling measures.

2. Cost Competitiveness with Reusable Alternatives: Although convenient, disposable ice packs may prove costly in the long term as opposed to reusable gel packs or ice bags. Cost sensitivity in some consumer groups and budgetary limitations in some applications can restrict broad-based adoption.

3. Leakage and Rupture Potential: While manufacturers are making packaging more durable, there remains a risk of leakage or rupture, resulting in inconvenience and possible skin irritation based on the cooling agent involved. Product dependability and consumer safety are continually a challenge.

The market for disposable ice packs is growing with the mounting demand for cold therapy products and solutions that are convenient and portable, combined with expanding first aid awareness and the growth in healthcare and sporting activities. But despite these benefits, there are some challenges that must be met by the industry through innovation in materials, design, and sustainability practices to support market growth and acceptance in the future. These include environmental issues surrounding single-use products, cost competitiveness with reusable counterparts, and the possibility of leakage.

List of Disposable Ice Pack Companies

Companies in the market compete on the basis of product quality offered. Major players in this market focus on expanding their manufacturing facilities, R&D investments, infrastructural development, and leverage integration opportunities across the value chain. With these strategies disposable ice pack companies cater increasing demand, ensure competitive effectiveness, develop innovative products & technologies, reduce production costs, and expand their customer base. Some of the disposable ice pack companies profiled in this report include-

  • Techni Ice
  • Cryopak
  • Certified Safety Manufacturing
  • MedPride
  • Cold Chain Technologies
  • Deluxe Packaging
  • Dynarex Corporation
  • Medline Industries
  • Cardinal Health
  • 3M

Disposable Ice Pack Market by Segment

The study includes a forecast for the global disposable ice pack market by product, size, end use, distribution channel, and region.

Disposable Ice Pack Market by Product [Value from 2019 to 2031]:

  • Gel-Based
  • Dry Ice-Based

Disposable Ice Pack Market by Size [Value from 2019 to 2031]:

  • Small
  • Medium
  • Large

Disposable Ice Pack Market by Region [Value from 2019 to 2031]:

  • North America
  • Europe
  • Asia Pacific
  • The Rest of the World

Country Wise Outlook for the Disposable Ice Pack Market

The disposable ice pack industry is seeing steady development, spurred by convenience and instant cooling relief for injuries and temperature-sensitive products. The latest trends in major global markets show increasing focus on ease of use, increased cooling performance, and the incorporation of more eco-friendly materials. Innovations aim to enhance activation mechanisms, prolong cooling time, and reduce environmental footprint. Each of these major economies has unique market conditions and rates of adoption for disposable ice pack technologies.

  • United States: The United States market for disposable ice packs is marked by high demand in pharmaceutical logistics, first aid, and sports medicine. New trends have included the use of stronger and leak-proof designs and the incorporation of advanced cooling gels to sustain cold therapy over longer periods. There is also a growing emphasis on single-use instant cold packs made with more biodegradable or recyclable outer packaging to cover environmental issues. Additionally, integration with online shopping and direct-to-consumer segments is having an impact on packaging and distribution plans.
  • China: China's market for disposable ice packs is growing strongly, driven by rising healthcare awareness and an escalating sports and fitness culture. Recent trends involve the large-scale development of domestic manufacturing capacity to produce affordable instant cold packs. There is also a growing trend towards specialized ice packs for particular uses, including food cooling during delivery and cooling for traditional Chinese medicine treatments. Environmental regulations are starting to affect production and packaging materials.
  • Germany: Germany is a mature market for disposable ice packs, with a high degree of emphasis on quality and reliability, especially in medical and pharmaceutical use. Recent innovations involve creating ice packs with very precise temperature control for certain therapeutic applications. Ergonomic designs to be applied comfortably and the use of non-toxic cooling compounds are also priorities. Concerns around sustainability are driving efforts towards more environmentally sustainable packaging and cooling materials.
  • India: The Indian disposable ice pack market is in the growth stage, led by growing awareness of first aid practices and growth in the healthcare sector. Recent trends have seen the launch of more affordable and widely available instant cold packs. In addition, demand for ice packs is also growing in temperature-sensitive goods logistics, especially pharmaceuticals and food. Local production is on the rise, and there is a slow transition towards improved quality and packaging standards.
  • Japan: Japan's market for disposable ice packs is dominated by high-quality, compact, and convenient-to-use products. Recent trends involve the development of ultra-thin and flexible ice packs for localized pain relief. Safety and the use of non-toxic materials are also highly emphasized. In addition, Japanese manufacturers are renowned for their focus on detail in packaging, making it easy to use and easy to understand. Sustainability is also becoming a more critical factor.

Features of the Global Disposable Ice Pack Market

Market Size Estimates: Disposable ice pack market size estimation in terms of value ($B).

Trend and Forecast Analysis: Market trends (2019 to 2024) and forecast (2025 to 2031) by various segments and regions.

Segmentation Analysis: Disposable ice pack market size by various segments, such as by product, size, end use, distribution channel, and region in terms of value ($B).

Regional Analysis: Disposable ice pack market breakdown by North America, Europe, Asia Pacific, and Rest of the World.

Growth Opportunities: Analysis of growth opportunities in different product, size, end use, distribution channel, and regions for the disposable ice pack market.

Strategic Analysis: This includes M&A, new product development, and competitive landscape of the disposable ice pack market.

Analysis of competitive intensity of the industry based on Porter's Five Forces model.

This report answers following 11 key questions:

  • Q.1. What are some of the most promising, high-growth opportunities for the disposable ice pack market by product (gel-based and dry ice-based), size (small, medium, and large), end use (medical, food, personal care, and others), distribution channel (store based retailers and non-store retailers), and region (North America, Europe, Asia Pacific, and the Rest of the World)?
  • Q.2. Which segments will grow at a faster pace and why?
  • Q.3. Which region will grow at a faster pace and why?
  • Q.4. What are the key factors affecting market dynamics? What are the key challenges and business risks in this market?
  • Q.5. What are the business risks and competitive threats in this market?
  • Q.6. What are the emerging trends in this market and the reasons behind them?
  • Q.7. What are some of the changing demands of customers in the market?
  • Q.8. What are the new developments in the market? Which companies are leading these developments?
  • Q.9. Who are the major players in this market? What strategic initiatives are key players pursuing for business growth?
  • Q.10. What are some of the competing products in this market and how big of a threat do they pose for loss of market share by material or product substitution?
  • Q.11. What M&A activity has occurred in the last 5 years and what has its impact been on the industry?

Table of Contents

1. Executive Summary

2. Global Disposable Ice Pack Market : Market Dynamics

  • 2.1: Introduction, Background, and Classifications
  • 2.2: Supply Chain
  • 2.3: Industry Drivers and Challenges

3. Market Trends and Forecast Analysis from 2019 to 2031

  • 3.1. Macroeconomic Trends (2019-2024) and Forecast (2025-2031)
  • 3.2. Global Disposable Ice Pack Market Trends (2019-2024) and Forecast (2025-2031)
  • 3.3: Global Disposable Ice Pack Market by Product
    • 3.3.1: Gel-Based
    • 3.3.2: Dry Ice-Based
  • 3.4: Global Disposable Ice Pack Market by Size
    • 3.4.1: Small
    • 3.4.2: Medium
    • 3.4.3: Large
  • 3.5: Global Disposable Ice Pack Market by End Use
    • 3.5.1: Medical
    • 3.5.2: Food
    • 3.5.3: Personal Care
    • 3.5.4: Others
  • 3.6: Global Disposable Ice Pack Market by Distribution Channel
    • 3.6.1: Store Based Retailers
    • 3.6.2: Non-Store Retailers

4. Market Trends and Forecast Analysis by Region from 2019 to 2031

  • 4.1: Global Disposable Ice Pack Market by Region
  • 4.2: North American Disposable Ice Pack Market
    • 4.2.1: North American Market by Product: Gel-Based and Dry Ice-Based
    • 4.2.2: North American Market by End Use: Medical, Food, Personal Care, and Others
  • 4.3: European Disposable Ice Pack Market
    • 4.3.1: European Market by Product: Gel-Based and Dry Ice-Based
    • 4.3.2: European Market by End Use: Medical, Food, Personal Care, and Others
  • 4.4: APAC Disposable Ice Pack Market
    • 4.4.1: APAC Market by Product: Gel-Based and Dry Ice-Based
    • 4.4.2: APAC Market by End Use: Medical, Food, Personal Care, and Others
  • 4.5: ROW Disposable Ice Pack Market
    • 4.5.1: ROW Market by Product: Gel-Based and Dry Ice-Based
    • 4.5.2: ROW Market by End Use: Medical, Food, Personal Care, and Others

5. Competitor Analysis

  • 5.1: Product Portfolio Analysis
  • 5.2: Operational Integration
  • 5.3: Porter's Five Forces Analysis

6. Growth Opportunities and Strategic Analysis

  • 6.1: Growth Opportunity Analysis
    • 6.1.1: Growth Opportunities for the Global Disposable Ice Pack Market by Product
    • 6.1.2: Growth Opportunities for the Global Disposable Ice Pack Market by Size
    • 6.1.3: Growth Opportunities for the Global Disposable Ice Pack Market by End Use
    • 6.1.4: Growth Opportunities for the Global Disposable Ice Pack Market by Distribution Channel
    • 6.1.5: Growth Opportunities for the Global Disposable Ice Pack Market by Region
  • 6.2: Emerging Trends in the Global Disposable Ice Pack Market
  • 6.3: Strategic Analysis
    • 6.3.1: New Product Development
    • 6.3.2: Capacity Expansion of the Global Disposable Ice Pack Market
    • 6.3.3: Mergers, Acquisitions, and Joint Ventures in the Global Disposable Ice Pack Market
    • 6.3.4: Certification and Licensing

7. Company Profiles of Leading Players

  • 7.1: Techni Ice
  • 7.2: Cryopak
  • 7.3: Certified Safety Manufacturing
  • 7.4: MedPride
  • 7.5: Cold Chain Technologies
  • 7.6: Deluxe Packaging
  • 7.7: Dynarex Corporation
  • 7.8: Medline Industries
  • 7.9: Cardinal Health
  • 7.10: 3M