Product Code: SE 9424
The global SCADA in renewable energy market is expected to grow from USD 1.96 billion in 2025 to USD 3.56 billion by 2030, registering a CAGR of 12.7% during the forecast period. SCADA systems are crucial in real-time monitoring, management, and optimization of renewable energy resources. These systems enable operators to monitor energy output, identify faults, and maintain effective integration with the grid. With the increasing proportion of variable renewable energy in worldwide power generation, the demand for advanced control systems has grown. SCADA solutions offer essential functionalities, such as predictive maintenance, remote diagnostics, and data-driven decision-making, which assist operators in minimizing downtime and enhancing asset performance. The market is further driven by escalating investments in smart grid technologies, government support for clean energy initiatives, and the shift toward decentralized energy systems.
Scope of the Report |
Years Considered for the Study | 2021-2030 |
Base Year | 2024 |
Forecast Period | 2025-2030 |
Units Considered | Value (USD Billion) |
Segments | By Hardware, Software, Services, Sector Type and Region |
Regions covered | North America, Europe, APAC, RoW |
"Services segment held significant share of SCADA in renewable energy market in 2024."
The services segment accounted for a significant share of the SCADA in renewable energy market in 2024. The increasing demand for system integration, maintenance, consulting, and support services across renewable energy projects primarily drove this growth. As utility-scale solar and wind farms become more complex and geographically distributed, service-based offerings are vital in ensuring reliable SCADA operations and minimal system downtime. The need for efficient monitoring, remote diagnostics, and predictive maintenance has made professional SCADA services essential to asset management strategies. Moreover, the shift toward cloud-based SCADA systems and smart grid frameworks drives the need for customization, cybersecurity solutions, and training initiatives. Service providers assist in optimizing current SCADA setups, incorporating them with new technologies, and improving long-term system performance. Both governments and private developers also focus on after-sales services and technical support to align with evolving grid compliance and energy efficiency regulations. With the rise in renewable energy use and the digital transformation of power systems, the services sector is projected to continue being a crucial factor for SCADA system reliability, scalability, and operational excellence in 2024.
"Wind energy segment is projected to record significant CAGR between 2025 and 2030."
Based on sector type, the wind energy segment is anticipated to grow at a significant CAGR in the SCADA in renewable energy market in 2024. This is fueled by the global development of onshore and offshore wind projects and the increasing demand for advanced monitoring and control systems to ensure efficient operations. As wind farms are often in remote or offshore environments, SCADA systems are critical for managing turbine performance, detecting faults, and reducing operational downtime. SCADA platforms allow operators to remotely monitor turbine health, track wind speed, and direction, and optimize power output in real time. Modern wind SCADA solutions incorporate advanced functionalities, such as condition-based monitoring, predictive maintenance, and AI-driven analytics, to improve reliability and cut costs. The rising installation of large-scale wind farms in regions such as Europe, Asia Pacific, and North America further drives the need for scalable and secure SCADA systems. As the grid integration of variable wind energy grows, SCADA systems become central in ensuring energy stability and compliance with regulatory standards. With rising investments in wind power and smart energy infrastructure, the wind segment is poised to maintain strong growth momentum over the coming years.
"Europe is likely to account for second-largest market share in 2030. "
Europe is expected to hold the second-largest share of the SCADA in renewable energy market by 2030, supported by the strong commitment to clean energy transition and advanced digital infrastructure. The European Union's climate goals and renewable energy targets have led to a significant increase in deploying wind, solar, and hydropower projects. The well-established power grid in Europe and substantial investments in smart grid technologies further boost the adoption of SCADA. Several countries upgrade their energy systems and incorporate digital solutions to enhance performance and reduce operational risks. Additionally, regulatory support and funding aimed at digital energy transformation facilitate the rollout of SCADA platforms. With a strong emphasis on innovation, cybersecurity, and energy efficiency, European stakeholders prioritize sophisticated SCADA solutions to effectively manage renewable energy assets. These elements collectively establish Europe as a significant player in the global SCADA in renewable energy market.
Extensive primary interviews were conducted with key industry experts in the SCADA in renewable energy market space to determine and verify the market size for various segments and subsegments gathered through secondary research. The breakdown of primary participants for the report is shown below.
The study contains insights from various industry experts, from component suppliers to Tier 1 companies and OEMs. The break-up of the primaries is as follows:
- By Company Type: Tier 1 - 45%, Tier 2 - 30%, and Tier 3 - 25%
- By Designation: C-level Executives - 35%, Directors - 45%, and Others - 20%
- By Region: Asia Pacific - 35%, Europe - 25%, North America - 30%, and RoW - 10%
The SCADA in renewable energy market is dominated by a few globally established players, such as Siemens (Germany), Schneider Electric (France), ABB (Switzerland), Emerson Electric Co. (US), and Rockwell Automation (US). The study includes an in-depth competitive analysis of these key players in the SCADA in renewable energy market, with their company profiles, recent developments, and key market strategies.
Research Coverage:
The report segments the SCADA in renewable energy market and forecasts its size by component (hardware, software, services), sector type (solar, wind, hydropower), and activity type (generation, transmission, distribution). It also discusses the market's drivers, restraints, opportunities, and challenges. It gives a detailed view of the market across four main regions (North America, Europe, Asia Pacific, and RoW). The report includes a supply chain analysis of the key players and their competitive analysis in the SCADA in renewable energy ecosystem.
Key Benefits of Buying the Report:
- Analysis of key drivers (Unprecedented scale of renewable deployment, distributed and remote nature of renewable energy sources, rising variable renewable energy penetration necessitating advanced grid integration and SCADA deployment), restraint (High initial investment costs for SCADA deployment, complexity and customization requirements of SCADA systems), opportunities (Rising popularity of floating solar SCADA solutions, increasing development of cloud-based SCADA systems, challenges (data latency and real-time communication limitations in SCADA systems, cybersecurity threats)
- Service Development/Innovation: Detailed insights on upcoming technologies, research and development activities, and new product launches in the SCADA in renewable energy market
- Market Development: Comprehensive information about lucrative markets-analysis of the SCADA in renewable energy market across varied regions
- Market Diversification: Exhaustive information about new products and services, untapped geographies, recent developments, and investments in the SCADA in renewable energy market
- Competitive Assessment: In-depth assessment of market shares, growth strategies, and service offerings of leading players, such as Siemens (Germany), Schneider Electric (France), ABB (Switzerland), Emerson Electric Co. (US), and Rockwell Automation (US)
TABLE OF CONTENTS
1 INTRODUCTION
- 1.1 STUDY OBJECTIVES
- 1.2 MARKET DEFINITION
- 1.3 STUDY SCOPE
- 1.3.1 MARKETS COVERED AND REGIONAL SCOPE
- 1.3.2 YEARS CONSIDERED
- 1.3.3 INCLUSIONS AND EXCLUSIONS
- 1.4 CURRENCY CONSIDERED
- 1.5 LIMITATIONS
- 1.6 STAKEHOLDERS
2 RESEARCH METHODOLOGY
- 2.1 RESEARCH DATA
- 2.1.1 SECONDARY AND PRIMARY RESEARCH
- 2.1.2 SECONDARY DATA
- 2.1.2.1 List of major secondary sources
- 2.1.2.2 Key data from secondary sources
- 2.1.3 PRIMARY DATA
- 2.1.3.1 Primary interviews with experts
- 2.1.3.2 Key primary interview participants
- 2.1.3.3 Key data from primary sources
- 2.1.3.4 Key industry insights
- 2.1.3.5 Breakdown of primaries
- 2.2 MARKET SIZE ESTIMATION
- 2.2.1 BOTTOM-UP APPROACH
- 2.2.1.1 Approach to derive market size using bottom-up analysis
- 2.2.2 TOP-DOWN APPROACH
- 2.2.2.1 Approach to derive market size using top-down analysis
- 2.3 MARKET BREAKDOWN AND DATA TRIANGULATION
- 2.4 RESEARCH ASSUMPTIONS
- 2.5 RESEARCH LIMITATIONS
- 2.6 RISK ANALYSIS
3 EXECUTIVE SUMMARY
4 PREMIUM INSIGHTS
- 4.1 ATTRACTIVE OPPORTUNITIES FOR PLAYERS IN SCADA IN RENEWABLE ENERGY MARKET
- 4.2 SCADA IN RENEWABLE ENERGY MARKET, BY COMPONENT
- 4.3 SCADA IN RENEWABLE ENERGY MARKET, BY SECTOR TYPE
- 4.4 SCADA IN RENEWABLE ENERGY MARKET IN ASIA PACIFIC, BY COMPONENT AND COUNTRY
- 4.5 SCADA IN RENEWABLE ENERGY MARKET, BY COUNTRY
5 MARKET OVERVIEW
- 5.1 INTRODUCTION
- 5.2 MARKET DYNAMICS
- 5.2.1 DRIVERS
- 5.2.1.1 Unprecedented scale of renewable energy deployment
- 5.2.1.2 Distributed and remote nature of renewable energy sources
- 5.2.1.3 Rising Variable Renewable Energy (VRE) penetration necessitates advanced grid integration and SCADA deployment
- 5.2.2 RESTRAINTS
- 5.2.2.1 High initial investment costs for SCADA deployment
- 5.2.2.2 Complexity and customization requirements of SCADA systems
- 5.2.3 OPPORTUNITIES
- 5.2.3.1 Rising opportunity in floating solar SCADA solutions
- 5.2.3.2 Development of cloud-based SCADA systems
- 5.2.4 CHALLENGES
- 5.2.4.1 Cybersecurity threats
- 5.2.4.2 Data latency and real-time communication limitations in SCADA systems
- 5.3 ECOSYSTEM ANALYSIS
- 5.4 INVESTMENT AND FUNDING SCENARIO
- 5.5 TRENDS/DISRUPTIONS IMPACTING CUSTOMER BUSINESS
- 5.6 PRICING ANALYSIS
- 5.6.1 INDICATIVE PRICING OF PLCS OFFERED BY KEY PLAYERS, 2024
- 5.6.2 AVERAGE SELLING PRICE OF RTUS, 2024
- 5.6.3 EXPECTED IMPACT OF MAJOR FACTORS ON SCADA SYSTEM PRICING TRENDS IN RENEWABLE ENERGY SECTOR
- 5.6.4 PRICING OF SCADA SOFTWARE OFFERED BY KEY PLAYERS, 2024
- 5.7 VALUE CHAIN ANALYSIS
- 5.8 PORTER'S FIVE FORCES ANALYSIS
- 5.9 KEY STAKEHOLDERS AND BUYING CRITERIA
- 5.9.1 KEY STAKEHOLDERS IN BUYING PROCESS
- 5.9.2 BUYING CRITERIA
- 5.10 TRADE ANALYSIS
- 5.10.1 IMPORT SCENARIO (HS CODE 903289)
- 5.10.2 EXPORT SCENARIO (HS CODE 903289)
- 5.11 PATENT ANALYSIS
- 5.12 CASE STUDY ANALYSIS
- 5.12.1 TACOMA POWER DEPLOYED VIRTUALIZATION PROJECT WITH GE VERNOVA'S PROFICY HMI TO ENHANCE RELIABILITY AND REDUCE COSTS
- 5.12.2 MOVICON SCADA STREAMLINED OPERATIONS AT 22 MW PHOTOVOLTAIC FACILITY IN AZERBAIJAN
- 5.12.3 DEPCOM POWER ENHANCED SOLAR OPERATIONS WITH IGNITION
- 5.12.4 ECOPLEXUS UNIFIED SOLAR OPERATIONS WITH SCADA PLATFORM INTEGRATION
- 5.13 IMPACT OF AI ON SCADA IN RENEWABLE ENERGY MARKET
- 5.13.1 INTRODUCTION
- 5.13.2 AI IMPACT ON MARKET UNDER STUDY
- 5.13.3 TOP AI USE CASES AND MARKET POTENTIAL
- 5.14 LATEST TECHNOLOGY TRENDS IN SCADA IN RENEWABLE ENERGY MARKET
- 5.14.1 INTELLIGENT ELECTRONIC DEVICES (IEDS)
- 5.14.2 VIRTUAL RTU
- 5.14.3 MICRO SCADA
- 5.14.4 IOT
- 5.15 KEY CONFERENCES AND EVENTS, 2025-2026
- 5.16 REGULATORY LANDSCAPE
- 5.16.1 NORTH AMERICA
- 5.16.1.1 US
- 5.16.1.2 Canada
- 5.16.2 EUROPE
- 5.16.2.1 European Union
- 5.16.2.2 Germany
- 5.16.2.3 Russia
- 5.16.3 ASIA PACIFIC
- 5.16.3.1 China
- 5.16.3.2 Japan
- 5.16.3.3 Australia
- 5.16.4 ROW
- 5.16.4.1 Brazil
- 5.16.4.2 Kenya
- 5.17 IMPACT OF US TARIFFS ON SCADA IN RENEWABLE ENERGY MARKET
- 5.17.1 INTRODUCTION
- 5.17.2 KEY TARIFF RATES
- 5.17.3 IMPACT ON RENEWABLE ENERGY SECTOR
- 5.17.4 IMPACT ON DIFFERENT COUNTRIES/REGIONS
6 TOP USE CASES/APPLICATIONS OF SCADA IN RENEWABLE ENERGY
- 6.1 INTRODUCTION
- 6.2 REAL-TIME MONITORING
- 6.3 REMOTE ACCESSIBILITY & CONTROL
- 6.4 GRID INTEGRATION
- 6.5 DATA ANALYSIS & OPTIMIZATION
- 6.6 FAULT DETECTION & PREDICTIVE MAINTENANCE
7 SCADA IN RENEWABLE ENERGY MARKET, BY COMPONENT
- 7.1 INTRODUCTION
- 7.2 HARDWARE
- 7.2.1 PRESSING NEED TO ENHANCE RENEWABLE ENERGY EFFICIENCY TO INCREASE ADOPTION OF SCADA HARDWARE
- 7.2.2 PROGRAMMABLE LOGIC CONTROLLERS (PLCS)
- 7.2.3 REMOTE TERMINAL UNITS (RTUS)
- 7.2.4 HUMAN-MACHINE INTERFACES (HMIS)
- 7.2.5 COMMUNICATION SYSTEMS
- 7.2.6 OTHER HARDWARE COMPONENTS
- 7.3 SOFTWARE
- 7.3.1 IMPROVING OPERATIONAL VISIBILITY AND DECISION-MAKING THROUGH ADVANCED SCADA PLATFORMS TO BOOST DEMAND
- 7.3.2 ON-PREMISES
- 7.3.3 CLOUD-BASED
- 7.4 SERVICES
- 7.4.1 INCREASING REQUIREMENTS FOR INSTALLATION, MAINTENANCE, CONFIGURATION, AND TRAINING SERVICES TO DRIVE MARKET
- 7.4.2 PROFESSIONAL SERVICES
- 7.4.3 MANAGED SERVICES
8 SCADA IN RENEWABLE ENERGY MARKET, BY SECTOR TYPE
- 8.1 INTRODUCTION
- 8.2 SOLAR
- 8.2.1 RISING DEMAND FOR REAL-TIME PLANT PERFORMANCE MONITORING TO CONTRIBUTE TO SEGMENTAL GROWTH
- 8.3 WIND
- 8.3.1 ABILITY OF SCADA TO EMPOWER INTEGRATED AND RESILIENT WIND ENERGY OPERATIONS TO FUEL SEGMENAL GROWTH
- 8.3.2 ONSHORE WIND
- 8.3.3 OFFSHORE WIND
- 8.4 HYDROPOWER
- 8.4.1 POTENTIAL TO TRANSFORM HYDROPOWER MANAGEMENT TO INCREASE SCADA PLATFORM ADOPTION
- 8.5 EMERGING ENERGY GENERATION AND STORAGE TECHNOLOGIES
- 8.5.1 HYDROGEN GENERATION
- 8.5.2 BATTERY ENERGY STORAGE SYSTEMS (BESS)
9 SCADA IN RENEWABLE ENERGY MARKET, BY ACTIVITY TYPE
- 9.1 INTRODUCTION
- 9.2 GENERATION
- 9.2.1 RISING RENEWABLE INTEGRATION AND OPERATIONAL OPTIMIZATION TO DRIVE GROWTH OF THE GENERATION SEGMENT
- 9.3 TRANSMISSION
- 9.3.1 INCREASING DEMAND FOR GRID STABILITY AND EFFICIENT LONG-DISTANCE POWER TRANSFER TO DRIVE THE GROWTH OF TRANSMISSION SEGMENT
- 9.4 DISTRIBUTION
- 9.4.1 GROWING DEMAND FOR RELIABLE AND FLEXIBLE POWER DELIVERY TO THE ADOPTION OF THIS SEGMENT
- 9.5 SCADA IN RENEWABLE ENERGY MARKET, BY ACTIVITY TYPE: COMPANY MAPPING
- 9.6 IMPACT OF KEY SCADA FUNCTIONS, BY ACTIVITY TYPE
10 SCADA IN RENEWABLE ENERGY MARKET, BY REGION
- 10.1 INTRODUCTION
- 10.2 NORTH AMERICA
- 10.2.1 MACROECONOMIC OUTLOOK IN NORTH AMERICA
- 10.2.2 US
- 10.2.2.1 Policy incentives and grid modernization initiatives to contribute to market growth
- 10.2.3 CANADA
- 10.2.3.1 Growing wind and solar energy demand to foster market expansion
- 10.2.4 MEXICO
- 10.2.4.1 Rising focus on increasing renewable energy capacity to spike demand
- 10.3 EUROPE
- 10.3.1 MACROECONOMIC OUTLOOK IN EUROPE
- 10.3.2 GERMANY
- 10.3.2.1 Wind power expansion projects to fuel market growth
- 10.3.3 UK
- 10.3.3.1 Government initiatives accelerating renewable adoption to support market growth
- 10.3.4 FRANCE
- 10.3.4.1 Government investments in renewable energy projects to create opportunities
- 10.3.5 SPAIN
- 10.3.5.1 Heavy investments in smart grid upgrades to drive market
- 10.3.6 NETHERLANDS
- 10.3.6.1 Elevating demand for decentralized grid management to propel market
- 10.3.7 POLAND
- 10.3.7.1 Urgent need for grid modernization to spike demand
- 10.3.8 REST OF EUROPE
- 10.4 ASIA PACIFIC
- 10.4.1 MACROECONOMIC OUTLOOK IN ASIA PACIFIC
- 10.4.2 CHINA
- 10.4.2.1 Focus on tripling renewable capacity by 2030 to accelerate market growth
- 10.4.3 JAPAN
- 10.4.3.1 Government investment in renewables to strengthen market growth
- 10.4.4 INDIA
- 10.4.4.1 Emphasis on expanding renewable energy capacity to drive market
- 10.4.5 SOUTH KOREA
- 10.4.5.1 Accelerating renewable energy investments to drive market
- 10.4.6 AUSTRALIA
- 10.4.6.1 Targets to achieve renewable energy generation goals to fuel market growth
- 10.4.7 REST OF ASIA PACIFIC
- 10.5 ROW
- 10.5.1 MACROECONOMIC OUTLOOK IN ROW
- 10.5.2 SOUTH AMERICA
- 10.5.2.1 Grid modernization and renewable integration to propel market
- 10.5.3 MIDDLE EAST
- 10.5.3.1 Government support for clean energy transition to contribute to market growth
- 10.5.4 AFRICA
- 10.5.4.1 Renewable energy investments to fuel market growth
11 COMPETITIVE LANDSCAPE
- 11.1 INTRODUCTION
- 11.2 KEY PLAYER STRATEGIES/RIGHT TO WIN, 2021-2024
- 11.3 REVENUE ANALYSIS, 2020-2024
- 11.4 MARKET SHARE ANALYSIS, 2024
- 11.5 COMPANY VALUATION AND FINANCIAL METRICS
- 11.6 COMPANY EVALUATION MATRIX: KEY PLAYERS, 2024
- 11.6.1 STARS
- 11.6.2 EMERGING LEADERS
- 11.6.3 PERVASIVE PLAYERS
- 11.6.4 PARTICIPANTS
- 11.6.5 COMPANY FOOTPRINT: KEY PLAYERS, 2024
- 11.6.5.1 Company footprint
- 11.6.5.2 Region footprint
- 11.6.5.3 Component footprint
- 11.6.5.4 Sector type footprint
- 11.7 COMPANY EVALUATION MATRIX: STARTUPS/SMES, 2024
- 11.7.1 PROGRESSIVE COMPANIES
- 11.7.2 RESPONSIVE COMPANIES
- 11.7.3 DYNAMIC COMPANIES
- 11.7.4 STARTING BLOCKS
- 11.8 COMPETITIVE SCENARIO
- 11.8.1 PRODUCT LAUNCHES/DEVELOPMENTS
- 11.8.2 DEALS
12 COMPANY PROFILES
- 12.1 KEY PLAYERS
- 12.1.1 SIEMENS
- 12.1.1.1 Business overview
- 12.1.1.2 Products/Solutions/Services offered
- 12.1.1.3 MnM view
- 12.1.1.3.1 Key strengths
- 12.1.1.3.2 Strategic choices
- 12.1.1.3.3 Weaknesses and competitive threats
- 12.1.2 SCHNEIDER ELECTRIC
- 12.1.2.1 Business overview
- 12.1.2.2 Products offered
- 12.1.2.3 Recent developments
- 12.1.2.3.1 Product launches/developments
- 12.1.2.3.2 Deals
- 12.1.2.4 MnM view
- 12.1.2.4.1 Key strengths
- 12.1.2.4.2 Strategic choices
- 12.1.2.4.3 Weaknesses and competitive threats
- 12.1.3 ABB
- 12.1.3.1 Business overview
- 12.1.3.2 Products/Solutions/Services offered
- 12.1.3.3 Recent developments
- 12.1.3.3.1 Product launches/developments
- 12.1.3.3.2 Deals
- 12.1.3.4 MnM view
- 12.1.3.4.1 Key strengths
- 12.1.3.4.2 Strategic choices
- 12.1.3.4.3 Weaknesses and competitive threats
- 12.1.4 EMERSON ELECTRIC CO.
- 12.1.4.1 Business overview
- 12.1.4.2 Products/Solutions/Services offered
- 12.1.4.3 Recent developments
- 12.1.4.3.1 Product launches/developments
- 12.1.4.3.2 Deals
- 12.1.4.4 MnM view
- 12.1.4.4.1 Key strengths
- 12.1.4.4.2 Strategic choices
- 12.1.4.4.3 Weaknesses and competitive threats
- 12.1.5 ROCKWELL AUTOMATION
- 12.1.5.1 Business overview
- 12.1.5.2 Products/Solutions/Services offered
- 12.1.5.3 Recent developments
- 12.1.5.3.1 Product launches/developments
- 12.1.5.3.2 Deals
- 12.1.5.4 MnM view
- 12.1.5.4.1 Key strengths
- 12.1.5.4.2 Strategic choices
- 12.1.5.4.3 Weaknesses and competitive threats
- 12.1.6 HONEYWELL INTERNATIONAL INC.
- 12.1.6.1 Business overview
- 12.1.6.2 Products/Solutions/Services offered
- 12.1.6.3 Recent developments
- 12.1.7 YOKOGAWA ELECTRIC CORPORATION
- 12.1.7.1 Business overview
- 12.1.7.2 Products/Solutions/Services offered
- 12.1.7.3 Recent developments
- 12.1.7.3.1 Product launches/developments
- 12.1.7.3.2 Deals
- 12.1.8 GE VERNOVA
- 12.1.8.1 Business overview
- 12.1.8.2 Products/Solutions/Services offered
- 12.1.8.3 Recent developments
- 12.1.8.3.1 Product launches/developments
- 12.1.9 OMRON CORPORATION
- 12.1.9.1 Business overview
- 12.1.9.2 Products/Solutions/Services offered
- 12.1.10 MITSUBISHI ELECTRIC CORPORATION
- 12.1.10.1 Business overview
- 12.1.10.2 Products/Solutions/Services offered
- 12.1.10.3 Recent developments
- 12.1.10.3.1 Product launches/developments
- 12.1.10.3.2 Deals
- 12.2 OTHER PLAYERS
- 12.2.1 ING. PUNZENBERGER COPA-DATA GMBH
- 12.2.2 POWER FACTORS
- 12.2.3 OPOURA
- 12.2.4 ISOTROL
- 12.2.5 INDUCTIVE AUTOMATION, LLC.
- 12.2.6 ELIPSE SOFTWARE
- 12.2.7 FLOWCHIEF GMBH
- 12.2.8 SURVALENT TECHNOLOGY CORPORATION
- 12.2.9 SPRECHER AUTOMATION GMBH
- 12.2.10 TRIHEDRAL ENGINEERING LIMITED
13 APPENDIX
- 13.1 DISCUSSION GUIDE
- 13.2 KNOWLEDGESTORE: MARKETSANDMARKETS' SUBSCRIPTION PORTAL
- 13.3 CUSTOMIZATION OPTIONS
- 13.4 RELATED REPORTS
- 13.5 AUTHOR DETAILS