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市场调查报告书
商品编码
1555666

电子健康记录市场:全球产业分析，规模，占有率，成长，趋势，预测，2024年～2031年

Electronic Health Records Market: Global Industry Analysis, Size, Share, Growth, Trends, and Forecast, 2024-2031
出版日期: | 出版商: Persistence Market Research | 英文 156 Pages | 商品交期: 2-5个工作天内

价格
简介目录

Persistence Market Research最近发布了一份关于全球电子健康记录 (EHR) 市场的综合报告。该报告全面评估了主要市场动态，包括推动因素、趋势、机会和课题，并提供了有关市场结构的详细见解。

主要的洞察

  • EHR 市场规模（2024 年）：311 亿美元
  • 预测市场价值（2031 年）：483 亿美元
  • 全球市场成长率（2024-2031 年复合年增长率）：6.7%

EHR 市场：研究范围

电子健康记录 (EHR) 透过提供病患纸本病历的数位版本，在医疗保健系统现代化方面发挥着重要作用。 EHR 包含全面的患者资料集合，包括病史、诊断、药物、治疗计划和测试结果。 EHR 用于各种医疗保健环境，包括医院、诊所和门诊护理中心，以帮助改善患者护理、简化工作流程并提高数据准确性和可访问性。由于对改善医疗服务、技术进步以及促进采用数位健康解决方案的监管激励措施的需求不断增加，EHR 市场正在扩大。

推动市场成长的因素：

全球 EHR 市场由几个关键因素推动，包括对医疗保健效率和患者护理品质不断提高的需求不断增长。 HITECH（经济和临床健康健康资讯科技法案）等政府措施和激励措施的实施正在鼓励医疗保健提供者实施 EHR 系统。基于云端的 EHR 解决方案和互通性功能等技术进步促进了医疗保健网路之间的无缝资料共享和整合。此外，慢性病的增加和改善数据管理的需求正在推动市场扩张。向基于价值的护理模式的转变以及对以患者为中心的方法的日益关注进一步促进了电子病历市场的成长。

市场阻碍因素：

儘管 EHR 市场成长前景广阔，但仍面临实施成本高、资料安全问题和互通性问题等课题。 EHR 系统所需的初始投资（包括硬体、软体和培训成本）可能会很大，特别是对于小型医疗机构而言。与储存和共享敏感患者资讯相关的资料隐私和安全问题会带来风险，需要采取强而有力的网路安全措施。此外，实现不同 EHR 系统之间的互通性并确保无缝资料交换仍然是一个课题，影响 EHR 解决方案的效率和有效性。

市场机会：

由于技术创新、人口趋势和不断发展的医疗保健服务模式，EHR 市场提供了巨大的成长机会。将人工智慧 (AI) 和机器学习整合到 EHR 系统中可提供先进的分析功能、预测性见解和个人化护理解决方案。远距医疗和远距患者监护的扩展为 EHR 整合创造了新途径，并增强了患者参与度。策略合作伙伴关係、研发投资以及实施易于使用且具有成本效益的 EHR 解决方案对于利用新的商机并在动态的 EHR 领域保持市场领先地位至关重要。

本报告解决的关键问题

  • 推动全球 EHR 市场成长的关键因素有哪些？
  • 人工智慧和云端运算等技术进步如何重塑 EHR 市场？
  • 医疗保健提供者在采用 EHR 系统时面临哪些主要课题？
  • 谁是 EHR 市场的主要参与者？ 他们采取了哪些策略来维持市场影响力？
  • 全球EHR市场的新趋势和未来前景是什么？

目录

第1章 摘要整理

第2章 市场概要

  • 市场范围和定义
  • 市场动态
    • 促进因素
    • 阻碍因素
    • 机会
    • 课题
    • 主要的趋势
  • 宏观经济要素
    • 全球各部门展望
    • 全球GDP成长展望
    • 全球医疗保健支出展望
  • COVID-19影响分析
  • 预测要素 - 相关性及影响

第3章 附加价值的洞察

  • 产品招聘分析
  • 与流行病学 - 听障听力降低
  • 技术评估
  • 法规情形
  • 价值链分析
  • 主要的交易与合併
  • 大环境分析
  • 波特的五力分析

第4章 全球电子健康记录市场展望:实际成果(2019年～2023年)与预测(2024年～2031年)

  • 主要的亮点
    • 市场数量预测
    • 市场规模(10亿美元)和与前一年同期比较成长率
    • 绝对额的机会
  • 市场规模(10亿美元)的分析与预测
    • 过去的市场规模(10亿美元)的分析，2019年～2023年
    • 目前市场规模(10亿美元)的分析与预测，2023年～2031年
  • 全球电子健康记录市场展望:产品
    • 简介/主要调查结果
    • 过去的市场规模(10亿美元)的分析，各产品，2019年～2023年
    • 目前市场规模(10亿美元)的分析与预测，各产品，2024年～2031年
      • 网站为基础的
      • 内部部署
  • 市场魅力分析:产品
  • 全球电子健康记录市场展望:类型
    • 简介/主要调查结果
    • 过去的市场规模(10亿美元)的分析，各类型，2019年～2023年
    • 目前市场规模(10亿美元)的分析与预测，各类型，2024年～2031年
      • 急性
      • 急性期后
      • 门诊病人
  • 市场魅力分析:类型
  • 全球电子健康记录市场展望:用途
    • 简介/主要调查结果
    • 过去的市场规模(10亿美元)的分析，各用途，2019年～2023年
    • 目前市场规模(10亿美元)的分析与预测，各用途，2024年～2031年
      • 心臟病
      • 神经学
      • 放射线科
      • 肿瘤学
      • 其他
  • 市场魅力分析:用途

第5章 全球电子健康记录市场展望:地区

  • 主要的亮点
  • 过去的市场规模(10亿美元)的分析，各地区，2019年～2023年
  • 目前市场规模(10亿美元)的分析与预测，各地区，2024年～2031年
    • 北美
    • 欧洲
    • 东亚
    • 南亚·大洋洲
    • 南美
    • 中东·非洲
  • 市场魅力分析:地区

第6章 北美的电子健康记录市场展望:实际成果(2019年～2023年)与预测(2024年～2031年)

第7章 欧洲的电子健康记录市场展望:实际成果(2019年～2023年)与预测(2024年～2031年)

第8章 东亚的电子健康记录市场展望:实际成果(2019年～2023年)与预测(2024年～2031年)

第9章 南亚·大洋洲的电子健康记录市场展望:实际成果(2019年～2023年)与预测(2024年～2031年)

第10章 南美的电子健康记录市场展望:实际成果(2019年～2023年)与预测(2024年～2031年)

第11章 中东·非洲的电子健康记录市场展望:实际成果(2019年～2023年)与预测(2024年～2031年)

第12章 竞争情形

  • 市场占有率分析，2023年
  • 市场结构
    • 竞争激烈化地图:各市场
    • 竞争仪表板
  • 企业简介(详细内容 - 概要，财务，策略，最近的趋势)
    • Veradigm LLC(Allscripts Healthcare, LLC)
    • Cerner Corporation(Oracle)
    • GE Healthcare
    • eClinicalWorks
    • Epic Systems Corporation
    • Greenway Health, LLC
    • NextGen Healthcare, Inc.
    • Health Information Management Systems
    • AdvancedMD, Inc.
    • CPSI
    • Medical Information Technology, Inc.(Meditech)
    • CureMD Healthcare
    • McKesson Corporation
    • Leidos

第13章 附录

  • 调查手法
  • 调查的前提条件
  • 缩写和简称
简介目录
Product Code: PMRREP34681

Persistence Market Research has recently released a comprehensive report on the worldwide market for Electronic Health Records (EHRs). The report offers a thorough assessment of crucial market dynamics, including drivers, trends, opportunities, and challenges, providing detailed insights into the market structure.

Key Insights:

  • EHR Market Size (2024E): US$31.1 Bn
  • Projected Market Value (2031F): US$48.3 Bn
  • Global Market Growth Rate (CAGR 2024 to 2031):6.7%

EHR Market - Report Scope:

Electronic Health Records (EHRs) play a crucial role in modernizing healthcare systems by providing a digital version of patients' paper charts. They include a comprehensive collection of patient data, including medical history, diagnoses, medications, treatment plans, and test results. EHRs are utilized across various healthcare settings, including hospitals, clinics, and outpatient care centers, to improve patient care, streamline workflows, and enhance data accuracy and accessibility. The market for EHRs is expanding due to increasing demand for improved healthcare delivery, advancements in technology, and regulatory incentives promoting the adoption of digital health solutions.

Market Growth Drivers:

The global EHR market is propelled by several key factors, including the growing need for improved healthcare efficiency and patient care quality. The implementation of government initiatives and incentives, such as the Health Information Technology for Economic and Clinical Health (HITECH) Act, encourages healthcare providers to adopt EHR systems. Technological advancements, such as cloud-based EHR solutions and interoperability features, facilitate seamless data sharing and integration across healthcare networks. Additionally, the rising prevalence of chronic diseases and the need for better data management drive market expansion. The shift towards value-based care models and increased focus on patient-centric approaches further contribute to the growth of the EHR market.

Market Restraints:

Despite promising growth prospects, the EHR market faces challenges related to high implementation costs, data security concerns, and interoperability issues. The initial investment required for EHR systems, including hardware, software, and training expenses, can be significant, particularly for smaller healthcare practices. Data privacy and security concerns related to the storage and sharing of sensitive patient information pose risks and require robust cybersecurity measures. Additionally, achieving interoperability between different EHR systems and ensuring seamless data exchange remains a challenge, impacting the efficiency and effectiveness of EHR solutions.

Market Opportunities:

The EHR market presents significant growth opportunities driven by technological innovations, demographic trends, and evolving healthcare delivery models. The integration of artificial intelligence (AI) and machine learning into EHR systems offers advanced analytics capabilities, predictive insights, and personalized care solutions. The expansion of telemedicine and remote patient monitoring creates new avenues for EHR integration and enhances patient engagement. Strategic partnerships, investment in research and development, and the introduction of user-friendly, cost-effective EHR solutions are essential to capitalize on emerging opportunities and sustain market leadership in the dynamic EHR landscape.

Key Questions Answered in the Report:

  • What are the primary factors driving the growth of the EHR market globally?
  • How are technological advancements, such as AI and cloud computing, reshaping the EHR market?
  • What are the key challenges faced by healthcare providers in adopting EHR systems?
  • Who are the major players contributing to the EHR market, and what strategies are they employing to maintain market relevance?
  • What are the emerging trends and future prospects in the global EHR market?

Competitive Intelligence and Business Strategy:

Leading players in the global EHR market, including Epic Systems Corporation, Cerner Corporation, and Allscripts Healthcare Solutions, focus on innovation, product differentiation, and strategic partnerships to gain a competitive edge. These companies invest in R&D to develop advanced EHR solutions with enhanced features, including AI integration, cloud-based systems, and interoperability capabilities. Collaborations with healthcare providers, technology firms, and regulatory agencies facilitate market access and promote technology adoption. Emphasis on patient-centric solutions, data security, and regulatory compliance fosters market growth and improves healthcare delivery in the rapidly evolving EHR landscape.

Key Companies Profiled:

  • Epic Systems Corporation
  • Cerner Corporation
  • Allscripts Healthcare Solutions
  • MEDITECH
  • NextGen Healthcare
  • McKesson Corporation
  • GE Healthcare
  • Athenahealth, Inc.
  • eClinicalWorks
  • Practice Fusion

EHR Market Segmentation

By Product

  • Web-based
  • On-premise

By Type

  • Acute
  • Post-Acute
  • Ambulatory

By Application

  • Cardiology
  • Neurology
  • Radiology
  • Oncology

By Region

  • North America
  • Europe
  • Asia-Pacific
  • the Middle East and Africa
  • Latin America

Table of Contents

1. Executive Summary

  • 1.1. Global Electronic Health Records Market Snapshot, 2024-2031
  • 1.2. Market Opportunity Assessment, 2024-2031, US$ Bn
  • 1.3. Key Market Trends
  • 1.4. Future Market Projections
  • 1.5. Premium Market Insights
  • 1.6. Industry Developments and Key Market Events
  • 1.7. PMR Analysis and Recommendations

2. Market Overview

  • 2.1. Market Scope and Definition
  • 2.2. Market Dynamics
    • 2.2.1. Drivers
    • 2.2.2. Restraints
    • 2.2.3. Opportunity
    • 2.2.4. Challenges
    • 2.2.5. Key Trends
  • 2.3. Macro-Economic Factors
    • 2.3.1. Global Sectorial Outlook
    • 2.3.2. Global GDP Growth Outlook
    • 2.3.3. Global Healthcare Spending Outlook
  • 2.4. COVID-19 Impact Analysis
  • 2.5. Forecast Factors - Relevance and Impact

3. Value Added Insights

  • 3.1. Product Adoption Analysis
  • 3.2. Epidemiology - Deafness and Hearing Loss
  • 3.3. Technology Assessment
  • 3.4. Regulatory Landscape
  • 3.5. Value Chain Analysis
  • 3.6. Key Deals and Mergers
  • 3.7. PESTLE Analysis
  • 3.8. Porter's Five Force Analysis

4. Global Electronic Health Records Market Outlook: Historical (2019-2023) and Forecast (2024-2031)

  • 4.1. Key Highlights
    • 4.1.1. Market Volume Projections
    • 4.1.2. Market Size (US$ Bn) and Y-o-Y Growth
    • 4.1.3. Absolute $ Opportunity
  • 4.2. Market Size (US$ Bn) Analysis and Forecast
    • 4.2.1. Historical Market Size (US$ Bn) Analysis, 2019-2023
    • 4.2.2. Current Market Size (US$ Bn) Analysis and Forecast, 2023-2031
  • 4.3. Global Electronic Health Records Market Outlook: Product
    • 4.3.1. Introduction / Key Findings
    • 4.3.2. Historical Market Size (US$ Bn) Analysis, By Product, 2019-2023
    • 4.3.3. Current Market Size (US$ Bn) Analysis and Forecast, By Product, 2024-2031
      • 4.3.3.1. Web-based
      • 4.3.3.2. On-premise
  • 4.4. Market Attractiveness Analysis: Product
  • 4.5. Global Electronic Health Records Market Outlook: Type
    • 4.5.1. Introduction / Key Findings
    • 4.5.2. Historical Market Size (US$ Bn) Analysis, By Type, 2019-2023
    • 4.5.3. Current Market Size (US$ Bn) Analysis and Forecast, By Type, 2024-2031
      • 4.5.3.1. Acute
      • 4.5.3.2. Post-Acute
      • 4.5.3.3. Ambulatory
  • 4.6. Market Attractiveness Analysis: Type
  • 4.7. Global Electronic Health Records Market Outlook: Application
    • 4.7.1. Introduction / Key Findings
    • 4.7.2. Historical Market Size (US$ Bn) Analysis, By Application, 2019-2023
    • 4.7.3. Current Market Size (US$ Bn) Analysis and Forecast, By Application, 2024-2031
      • 4.7.3.1. Cardiology
      • 4.7.3.2. Neurology
      • 4.7.3.3. Radiology
      • 4.7.3.4. Oncology
      • 4.7.3.5. Others
  • 4.8. Market Attractiveness Analysis: Application

5. Global Electronic Health Records Market Outlook: Region

  • 5.1. Key Highlights
  • 5.2. Historical Market Size (US$ Bn) Analysis, By Region, 2019-2023
  • 5.3. Current Market Size (US$ Bn) Analysis and Forecast, By Region, 2024-2031
    • 5.3.1. North America
    • 5.3.2. Europe
    • 5.3.3. East Asia
    • 5.3.4. South Asia and Oceania
    • 5.3.5. Latin America
    • 5.3.6. Middle East & Africa
  • 5.4. Market Attractiveness Analysis: Region

6. North America Electronic Health Records Market Outlook: Historical (2019-2023) and Forecast (2024-2031)

  • 6.1. Key Highlights
  • 6.2. Pricing Analysis
  • 6.3. Historical Market Size (US$ Bn) Analysis, By Market, 2019-2023
    • 6.3.1. By Country
    • 6.3.2. By Product
    • 6.3.3. By Type
    • 6.3.4. By Application
  • 6.4. Current Market Size (US$ Bn) Analysis and Forecast, By Country, 2024-2031
    • 6.4.1. U.S.
    • 6.4.2. Canada
  • 6.5. Current Market Size (US$ Bn) Analysis and Forecast, By Product, 2024-2031
    • 6.5.1. Web-based
    • 6.5.2. On-premise
  • 6.6. Current Market Size (US$ Bn) Analysis and Forecast, By Type, 2024-2031
    • 6.6.1. Acute
    • 6.6.2. Post-Acute
    • 6.6.3. Ambulatory
  • 6.7. Current Market Size (US$ Bn) Analysis and Forecast, By Application, 2024-2031
    • 6.7.1. Cardiology
    • 6.7.2. Neurology
    • 6.7.3. Radiology
    • 6.7.4. Oncology
    • 6.7.5. Others
  • 6.8. Market Attractiveness Analysis

7. Europe Electronic Health Records Market Outlook: Historical (2019-2023) and Forecast (2024-2031)

  • 7.1. Key Highlights
  • 7.2. Pricing Analysis
  • 7.3. Historical Market Size (US$ Bn) Analysis, By Market, 2019-2023
    • 7.3.1. By Country
    • 7.3.2. By Product
    • 7.3.3. By Type
    • 7.3.4. By Application
  • 7.4. Current Market Size (US$ Bn) Analysis and Forecast, By Country, 2024-2031
    • 7.4.1. Germany
    • 7.4.2. France
    • 7.4.3. U.K.
    • 7.4.4. Italy
    • 7.4.5. Spain
    • 7.4.6. Russia
    • 7.4.7. Turkey
    • 7.4.8. Rest of Europe
  • 7.5. Current Market Size (US$ Bn) Analysis and Forecast, By Product, 2024-2031
    • 7.5.1. Web-based
    • 7.5.2. On-premise
  • 7.6. Current Market Size (US$ Bn) Analysis and Forecast, By Type, 2024-2031
    • 7.6.1. Acute
    • 7.6.2. Post-Acute
    • 7.6.3. Ambulatory
  • 7.7. Current Market Size (US$ Bn) Analysis and Forecast, By Application, 2024-2031
    • 7.7.1. Cardiology
    • 7.7.2. Neurology
    • 7.7.3. Radiology
    • 7.7.4. Oncology
    • 7.7.5. Others
  • 7.8. Market Attractiveness Analysis

8. East Asia Electronic Health Records Market Outlook: Historical (2019-2023) and Forecast (2024-2031)

  • 8.1. Key Highlights
  • 8.2. Pricing Analysis
  • 8.3. Historical Market Size (US$ Bn) Analysis, By Market, 2019-2023
    • 8.3.1. By Country
    • 8.3.2. By Product
    • 8.3.3. By Type
    • 8.3.4. By Application
  • 8.4. Current Market Size (US$ Bn) Analysis and Forecast, By Country, 2024-2031
    • 8.4.1. China
    • 8.4.2. Japan
    • 8.4.3. South Korea
  • 8.5. Current Market Size (US$ Bn) Analysis and Forecast, By Product, 2024-2031
    • 8.5.1. Web-based
    • 8.5.2. On-premise
  • 8.6. Current Market Size (US$ Bn) Analysis and Forecast, By Type, 2024-2031
    • 8.6.1. Acute
    • 8.6.2. Post-Acute
    • 8.6.3. Ambulatory
  • 8.7. Current Market Size (US$ Bn) Analysis and Forecast, By Application, 2024-2031
    • 8.7.1. Cardiology
    • 8.7.2. Neurology
    • 8.7.3. Radiology
    • 8.7.4. Oncology
    • 8.7.5. Others
  • 8.8. Market Attractiveness Analysis

9. South Asia & Oceania Electronic Health Records Market Outlook: Historical (2019-2023) and Forecast (2024-2031)

  • 9.1. Key Highlights
  • 9.2. Pricing Analysis
  • 9.3. Historical Market Size (US$ Bn) Analysis, By Market, 2019-2023
    • 9.3.1. By Country
    • 9.3.2. By Product
    • 9.3.3. By Type
    • 9.3.4. By Application
  • 9.4. Current Market Size (US$ Bn) Analysis and Forecast, By Country, 2024-2031
    • 9.4.1. India
    • 9.4.2. Southeast Asia
    • 9.4.3. ANZ
    • 9.4.4. Rest of South Asia & Oceania
  • 9.5. Current Market Size (US$ Bn) Analysis and Forecast, By Product, 2024-2031
    • 9.5.1. Web-based
    • 9.5.2. On-premise
  • 9.6. Current Market Size (US$ Bn) Analysis and Forecast, By Type, 2024-2031
    • 9.6.1. Acute
    • 9.6.2. Post-Acute
    • 9.6.3. Ambulatory
  • 9.7. Current Market Size (US$ Bn) Analysis and Forecast, By Application, 2024-2031
    • 9.7.1. Cardiology
    • 9.7.2. Neurology
    • 9.7.3. Radiology
    • 9.7.4. Oncology
    • 9.7.5. Others
  • 9.8. Market Attractiveness Analysis

10. Latin America Electronic Health Records Market Outlook: Historical (2019-2023) and Forecast (2024-2031)

  • 10.1. Key Highlights
  • 10.2. Pricing Analysis
  • 10.3. Historical Market Size (US$ Bn) Analysis, By Market, 2019-2023
    • 10.3.1. By Country
    • 10.3.2. By Product
    • 10.3.3. By Type
    • 10.3.4. By Application
  • 10.4. Current Market Size (US$ Bn) Analysis and Forecast, By Product, 2024-2031
    • 10.4.1. Web-based
    • 10.4.2. On-premise
  • 10.5. Current Market Size (US$ Bn) Analysis and Forecast, By Type, 2024-2031
    • 10.5.1. Acute
    • 10.5.2. Post-Acute
    • 10.5.3. Ambulatory
  • 10.6. Current Market Size (US$ Bn) Analysis and Forecast, By Application, 2024-2031
    • 10.6.1. Cardiology
    • 10.6.2. Neurology
    • 10.6.3. Radiology
    • 10.6.4. Oncology
    • 10.6.5. Others
  • 10.7. Market Attractiveness Analysis

11. Middle East & Africa Electronic Health Records Market Outlook: Historical (2019-2023) and Forecast (2024-2031)

  • 11.1. Key Highlights
  • 11.2. Pricing Analysis
  • 11.3. Historical Market Size (US$ Bn) Analysis, By Market, 2019-2023
    • 11.3.1. By Country
    • 11.3.2. By Product
    • 11.3.3. By Type
    • 11.3.4. By Application
  • 11.4. Current Market Size (US$ Bn) Analysis and Forecast, By Country, 2024-2031
    • 11.4.1. GCC Countries
    • 11.4.2. Egypt
    • 11.4.3. South Africa
    • 11.4.4. Northern Africa
    • 11.4.5. Rest of Middle East & Africa
  • 11.5. Current Market Size (US$ Bn) Analysis and Forecast, By Product, 2024-2031
    • 11.5.1. Web-based
    • 11.5.2. On-premise
  • 11.6. Current Market Size (US$ Bn) Analysis and Forecast, By Type, 2024-2031
    • 11.6.1. Acute
    • 11.6.2. Post-Acute
    • 11.6.3. Ambulatory
  • 11.7. Current Market Size (US$ Bn) Analysis and Forecast, By Application, 2024-2031
    • 11.7.1. Cardiology
    • 11.7.2. Neurology
    • 11.7.3. Radiology
    • 11.7.4. Oncology
    • 11.7.5. Others
  • 11.8. Market Attractiveness Analysis

12. Competition Landscape

  • 12.1. Market Share Analysis, 2023
  • 12.2. Market Structure
    • 12.2.1. Competition Intensity Mapping By Market
    • 12.2.2. Competition Dashboard
  • 12.3. Company Profiles (Details - Overview, Financials, Strategy, Recent Developments)
    • 12.3.1. Veradigm LLC (Allscripts Healthcare, LLC)
      • 12.3.1.1. Overview
      • 12.3.1.2. Segments and Products
      • 12.3.1.3. Key Financials
      • 12.3.1.4. Market Developments
      • 12.3.1.5. Market Strategy
    • 12.3.2. Cerner Corporation (Oracle)
    • 12.3.3. GE Healthcare
    • 12.3.4. eClinicalWorks
    • 12.3.5. Epic Systems Corporation
    • 12.3.6. Greenway Health, LLC
    • 12.3.7. NextGen Healthcare, Inc.
    • 12.3.8. Health Information Management Systems
    • 12.3.9. AdvancedMD, Inc.
    • 12.3.10. CPSI
    • 12.3.11. Medical Information Technology, Inc. (Meditech)
    • 12.3.12. CureMD Healthcare
    • 12.3.13. McKesson Corporation
    • 12.3.14. Leidos

13. Appendix

  • 13.1. Research Methodology
  • 13.2. Research Assumptions
  • 13.3. Acronyms and Abbreviations