封面
市场调查报告书
商品编码
1572962

碳化硅纤维市场:2024-2031年全球产业分析、规模、占有率、成长、趋势、预测

Silicon Carbide Fibers Market: Global Industry Analysis, Size, Share, Growth, Trends, and Forecast, 2024-2031

出版日期: | 出版商: Persistence Market Research | 英文 177 Pages | 商品交期: 2-5个工作天内

价格
简介目录

Persistence Market Research最近发布了一份关于全球碳化硅纤维市场的综合报告。本报告对关键市场动态进行了详细分析,包括成长动力、市场趋势、机会和挑战,为市场当前结构和未来潜力提供了宝贵的见解。

主要见解

  • 碳化硅纤维市场规模(2024年):8.67亿美元
  • 预测市场规模(2031年):51亿美元
  • 全球市场成长率(2024-2031年年复合成长率):28.9%

碳化硅纤维市场 - 研究范围:

碳化硅纤维市场包括碳化硅纤维的生产和应用,碳化硅纤维是一种以其高强度、热稳定性和耐腐蚀性而闻名的先进材料。这些纤维日益用于各种应用,包括航空航太、汽车、国防和能源领域。这些产业对轻量和高性能材料的需求不断成长,是推动碳化硅纤维市场成长的关键因素。市场范围包括各种类型的碳化硅纤维、其製造过程以及在不同领域的应用。

推动市场成长的因素:

有几个因素推动全球碳化硅纤维市场的发展。由于碳化硅纤维具有优异的热性能和机械性能,航空航太和国防工业对高性能材料的需求不断成长,推动了碳化硅纤维的采用。航空航太领域尤其需要能够承受极端温度并提高燃料效率的轻量材料。此外,汽车产业向电动车(EV)和混合动力技术的转变进一步推动了对用于需要高导热性和轻量特性的零件的碳化硅纤维的需求。

此外,化学气相沉积(CVD)和熔体纺丝等製造技术的进步提高了碳化硅纤维的生产效率和可扩展性。各个领域对永续性和能源效率的日益关注也推动了市场的发展,因为碳化硅纤维有助于减轻复合材料的整体重量并提高性能。

市场限制因素:

儘管碳化硅纤维市场前景广阔,但仍面临一定的挑战。碳化硅纤维的高製造成本可能会限制其在某些应用中的采用,特别是在价格敏感的市场中。此外,製造过程很复杂,需要专门的设备,这可能会阻碍生产的可扩展性。将碳化硅纤维整合到现有製造流程中也存在挑战,这可能需要大量投资和技术专业知识。

此外,与传统材料相比,人们对碳化硅纤维的优势认识有限,这可能会影响市场成长,特别是在替代材料较成熟的新兴经济体。另一个给製造商带来挑战的因素是原物料价格波动可能导致市场不稳定。

市场机会:

由于各行业的应用范围不断扩大,碳化硅纤维市场提供了巨大的成长机会。航空航太领域日益在引擎零件、热保护系统和结构应用中采用碳化硅纤维,这带来了巨大的市场机会。国防工业也具有成长潜力,需要能够承受恶劣环境并在军事应用中提供增强性能的先进材料。

在汽车领域,为了提高燃油效率和减少排放,人们转向轻量材料,碳化硅纤维尤其用于电动车。此外,目的是增强碳化硅纤维性能和製造流程的研究和开发进行中,这可能会带来再生能源技术和先进製造技术等创新应用。

碳化硅纤维市场的主要参与者也在寻求与研究机构和产业领导者的合作伙伴关係,以开发下一代材料并扩大市场。对永续和节能材料的日益关注进一步扩大了碳化硅纤维在各种应用中的机会。

报告中回答的主要问题

  • 推动全球碳化硅纤维市场成长的关键因素是什么?
  • 碳化硅纤维的采用如何改变航太和汽车等产业?
  • 扩大碳化硅纤维生产面临的主要挑战是什么?
  • 谁是碳化硅纤维市场的主要参与者?
  • 碳化硅纤维市场的新趋势和未来前景是什么?

目录

第1章 执行摘要

第2章 市场概述

  • 市场范围与定义
  • 市场动态
    • 促进因素
    • 抑制因素
    • 机会
    • 课题
    • 主要趋势
  • 宏观经济因素
    • 世界产业展望
    • 全球 GDP 成长前景
    • 全球清洁能源市场展望
  • 新冠肺炎(COVID-19)影响分析
  • 预测因子 - 相关性和影响

第3章 附加价值见解

  • 产品采用率分析
  • 表单评估
  • 监理状况
  • 价值链分析
    • 原料供应商名单
    • 製造商列表
    • 销售代理商名单
    • 最终用户列表
    • 获利能力分析
  • 主要交易和合併
  • PESTLE分析
  • 波特五力分析
  • 地缘政治紧张局势:对市场的影响

第4章 2019-2031年价格趋势分析

  • 主要亮点
  • 影响产品价格的主要因素
  • 价格分析:依产品分类
  • 依地区价格与产品偏好

第5章 全球碳化硅纤维市场展望:实绩(2019-2023年)与预测(2024-2031年)

  • 主要亮点
    • 市场数量(单位)预测
    • 市场规模(百万美元)和年成长率
    • 绝对数量的机会
  • 市场规模(百万美元)分析与预测
    • 过去的市场规模(百万美元)分析,2019-2023年
    • 2024-2031年当前市场规模(百万美元)分析与预测
  • 全球碳化硅纤维市场前景:形式
    • 简介/主要调查结果
    • 2019-2023年过去的市场规模(百万美元)分析,依形式
    • 2024-2031年当前市场规模(百万美元)预测,依形式
      • 连续
      • 编织
      • 其他
  • 市场吸引力分析:表格
  • 全球碳化硅纤维市场前景:应用
    • 简介/主要调查结果
    • 2019-2023年过去的市场规模(百万美元)分析,依应用
    • 2024-2031年当前市场规模(百万美元)分析与预测,依应用
      • 航空航太/国防
      • 能源/电力
      • 行业
      • 其他
  • 市场吸引力分析:应用

第6章 全球碳化硅纤维市场前景:地区

  • 主要亮点
  • 2019-2023年历史市场规模(百万美元)分析,依地区
  • 2024-2031年当前市场规模(百万美元)预测,依地区
    • 北美
    • 欧洲
    • 东亚
    • 南亚/大洋洲
    • 拉丁美洲
    • 中东、非洲
  • 市场吸引力分析:地区

第7章 北美碳化硅纤维市场展望:实绩(2019-2023年)与预测(2024-2031年)

第8章 欧洲碳化硅纤维市场展望:实绩(2019-2023年)与预测(2024-2031年)

第9章 东亚碳化硅纤维市场展望:实绩(2019-2023年)与预测(2024-2031年)

第10章 南亚/大洋洲碳化硅纤维市场展望:实绩(2019-2023年)与预测(2024-2031年)

第11章 拉丁美洲碳化硅纤维市场展望:实绩(2019-2023)与预测(2024-2031)

第12章 中东和非洲碳化硅纤维市场展望:实绩(2019-2023)和预测(2024-2031)

第13章 竞争态势

  • 2024年市场占有率分析
  • 市场结构
    • 竞争强度图:依市场划分
    • 竞争仪表板
  • 公司简介(详细资料 - 概述、财务状况、策略、近期发展)
    • NGS Advanced Fibers Co., Ltd.
    • Specialty Materials
    • UBE Corporation
    • American Elements
    • Nanoshel LLC
    • NINGXIA ANTELI CARBON MATERIAL CO. LTD
    • Suzhou Saifei Group Ltd.
    • Haydale Graphene Industries Plc
    • Matech
    • BJS Ceramics GmbH
    • SkySpring Nanomaterials, Inc.

第14章 附录

  • 调查方法
  • 调查的先决条件
  • 首字母缩写词和缩写词
简介目录
Product Code: PMRREP34851

Persistence Market Research has recently published a comprehensive report on the global Silicon Carbide Fibers Market. This report provides an in-depth analysis of key market dynamics, including growth drivers, market trends, opportunities, and challenges, offering valuable insights into the market's current structure and future potential.

Key Insights:

  • Silicon Carbide Fibers Market Size (2024E): US$ 0.867 Bn
  • Projected Market Value (2031F): US$ 5.1 Bn
  • Global Market Growth Rate (CAGR 2024 to 2031): 28.9%

Silicon Carbide Fibers Market - Report Scope:

The Silicon Carbide Fibers Market involves the production and application of silicon carbide fibers, which are advanced materials known for their high strength, thermal stability, and resistance to corrosion. These fibers are increasingly used in various applications, including aerospace, automotive, defense, and energy sectors. The rising demand for lightweight and high-performance materials in these industries is a key factor driving the growth of the silicon carbide fibers market. The scope of the market includes various types of silicon carbide fibers, their production processes, and applications across diverse sectors.

Market Growth Drivers:

Several factors are propelling the global Silicon Carbide Fibers Market. The increasing demand for high-performance materials in the aerospace and defense industries is driving the adoption of silicon carbide fibers due to their excellent thermal and mechanical properties. The aerospace sector, in particular, is looking for lightweight materials that can withstand extreme temperatures and provide enhanced fuel efficiency. Additionally, the automotive industry's shift towards electric vehicles (EVs) and hybrid technologies is further boosting the demand for silicon carbide fibers, which are used in components that require high thermal conductivity and lightweight characteristics.

Moreover, advancements in manufacturing techniques, such as chemical vapor deposition (CVD) and melt spinning, are improving the efficiency and scalability of silicon carbide fiber production. The growing focus on sustainability and energy efficiency across various sectors also drives the market, as silicon carbide fibers contribute to reducing the overall weight and enhancing the performance of composite materials.

Market Restraints:

Despite its promising outlook, the Silicon Carbide Fibers Market faces certain challenges. High production costs associated with silicon carbide fibers may limit their adoption in some applications, particularly in price-sensitive markets. Additionally, the complex manufacturing processes and the need for specialized equipment can hinder the scalability of production. There are also challenges related to the integration of silicon carbide fibers into existing manufacturing processes, which may require significant investments and technical expertise.

Furthermore, limited awareness regarding the benefits of silicon carbide fibers compared to traditional materials can affect market growth, especially in emerging economies where alternative materials are more established. The potential for market volatility due to fluctuations in raw material prices is another factor that may pose challenges for manufacturers.

Market Opportunities:

The Silicon Carbide Fibers Market presents significant growth opportunities driven by the expanding application scope across various industries. The increasing adoption of silicon carbide fibers in the aerospace sector for engine components, thermal protection systems, and structural applications offers a substantial market opportunity. The defense industry also presents growth potential, with demand for advanced materials that can withstand harsh environments and provide enhanced performance in military applications.

The automotive sector's shift towards lightweight materials to improve fuel efficiency and reduce emissions provides a fertile ground for silicon carbide fiber adoption, particularly in electric vehicles. Furthermore, ongoing research and development activities aimed at enhancing the properties and manufacturing processes of silicon carbide fibers are likely to lead to innovative applications, such as in renewable energy technologies and advanced manufacturing techniques.

Key players in the silicon carbide fibers market are also exploring partnerships and collaborations with research institutions and industry leaders to develop next-generation materials and expand their market reach. The growing emphasis on sustainability and energy-efficient materials further fuels opportunities for silicon carbide fibers in various applications.

Key Questions Answered in the Report:

  • What are the primary factors driving the growth of the Silicon Carbide Fibers Market globally?
  • How is the adoption of silicon carbide fibers transforming industries such as aerospace and automotive?
  • What are the key challenges in scaling the production of silicon carbide fibers?
  • Who are the major players in the silicon carbide fibers market, and what strategies are they employing to stay competitive?
  • What are the emerging trends and future prospects for the Silicon Carbide Fibers Market?

Competitive Intelligence and Business Strategy:

Leading companies in the global Silicon Carbide Fibers Market, including General Electric Company, NASA, and Ube Industries, Ltd., are focusing on technological advancements, product innovation, and strategic collaborations to gain a competitive advantage. These companies invest significantly in research and development to develop advanced silicon carbide fiber products that cater to various applications, from aerospace to automotive.

Collaborations with academic institutions and industry partners help to validate new technologies and expand market reach. Additionally, an emphasis on sustainability and the development of eco-friendly manufacturing processes is becoming increasingly important, as companies seek to enhance their environmental credentials and meet regulatory requirements.

Key Companies Profiled:

  • NGS Advanced Fibers Co., Ltd.
  • Specialty Materials
  • UBE Corporation
  • American Elements
  • Nanoshel LLC
  • Suzhou Saifei Group Ltd.
  • Haydale Graphene Industries Plc
  • Matech
  • BJS Ceramics GmbH
  • SkySpring Nanomaterials, Inc.

Silicon Carbide Fibers Market Industry Segmentation

By Form

  • Continuous
  • Woven
  • Others

By Application

  • Aerospace & Defense
  • Energy & Power
  • Industrial
  • Others

By Region

  • North America
  • Europe
  • Asia Pacific
  • Central & South America
  • Middle East & Africa

Table of Contents

1. Executive Summary

  • 1.1. Global Silicon Carbide Fibers Market Snapshot, 2024-2031
  • 1.2. Market Opportunity Assessment, 2024-2031, US$ Mn
  • 1.3. Key Market Trends
  • 1.4. Future Market Projections
  • 1.5. Premium Market Insights
  • 1.6. Industry Developments and Key Market Events
  • 1.7. PMR Analysis and Recommendations

2. Market Overview

  • 2.1. Market Scope and Definition
  • 2.2. Market Dynamics
    • 2.2.1. Drivers
    • 2.2.2. Restraints
    • 2.2.3. Opportunity
    • 2.2.4. Challenges
    • 2.2.5. Key Trends
  • 2.3. Macro-Economic Factors
    • 2.3.1. Global Sectorial Outlook
    • 2.3.2. Global GDP Growth Outlook
    • 2.3.3. Global Clean Energy Market Outlook
  • 2.4. COVID-19 Impact Analysis
  • 2.5. Forecast Factors - Relevance and Impact

3. Value Added Insights

  • 3.1. Product Adoption Analysis
  • 3.2. Form Assessment
  • 3.3. Regulatory Landscape
  • 3.4. Value Chain Analysis
    • 3.4.1 List of Raw Material Suppliers
    • 3.4.2 List of Manufacturers
    • 3.4.3 List of Distributors
    • 3.4.4 List of End Users
    • 3.4.5 Profitability Analysis
  • 3.5. Key Deals and Mergers
  • 3.6. PESTLE Analysis
  • 3.7. Porter's Five Force Analysis
  • 3.8. Geopolitical Tensions: Market Impact

4. Price Trend Analysis, 2019-2031

  • 4.1. Key Highlights
  • 4.2. Key Factors Impacting Product Prices
  • 4.3. Pricing Analysis, By Product
  • 4.4. Regional Prices and Product Preferences

5. Global Silicon Carbide Fibers Market Outlook: Historical (2019-2023) and Forecast (2024-2031)

  • 5.1. Key Highlights
    • 5.1.1. Market Volume (Units) Projections
    • 5.1.2. Market Size (US$ Mn) and Y-o-Y Growth
    • 5.1.3. Absolute $ Opportunity
  • 5.2. Market Size (US$ Mn) Analysis and Forecast
    • 5.2.1. Historical Market Size (US$ Mn) Analysis, 2019-2023
    • 5.2.2. Current Market Size (US$ Mn) Analysis and Forecast, 2024-2031
  • 5.3. Global Silicon Carbide Fibers Market Outlook: Form
    • 5.3.1. Introduction / Key Findings
    • 5.3.2. Historical Market Size (US$ Mn) Analysis, By Form, 2019-2023
    • 5.3.3. Current Market Size (US$ Mn) Forecast, By Form, 2024-2031
      • 5.3.3.1. Continuous
      • 5.3.3.2. Woven
      • 5.3.3.3. Others
  • 5.4. Market Attractiveness Analysis: Form
  • 5.5. Global Silicon Carbide Fibers Market Outlook: Application
    • 5.5.1. Introduction / Key Findings
    • 5.5.2. Historical Market Size (US$ Mn) Analysis, By Application, 2019-2023
    • 5.5.3. Current Market Size (US$ Mn) Analysis and Forecast, By Application, 2024-2031
      • 5.5.3.1. Aerospace & Defense
      • 5.5.3.2. Energy & Power
      • 5.5.3.3. Industrial
      • 5.5.3.4. Others
  • 5.6. Market Attractiveness Analysis: Application

6. Global Silicon Carbide Fibers Market Outlook: Region

  • 6.1. Key Highlights
  • 6.2. Historical Market Size (US$ Mn) Analysis, By Region, 2019-2023
  • 6.3. Current Market Size (US$ Mn) Forecast, By Region, 2024-2031
    • 6.3.1. North America
    • 6.3.2. Europe
    • 6.3.3. East Asia
    • 6.3.4. South Asia and Oceania
    • 6.3.5. Latin America
    • 6.3.6. Middle East & Africa
  • 6.4. Market Attractiveness Analysis: Region

7. North America Silicon Carbide Fibers Market Outlook: Historical (2019-2023) and Forecast (2024-2031)

  • 7.1. Key Highlights
  • 7.2. Pricing Analysis
  • 7.3. Historical Market Size (US$ Mn) Analysis, By Market, 2019-2023
    • 7.3.1. By Country
    • 7.3.2. By Form
    • 7.3.3. By Application
  • 7.4. Current Market Size (US$ Mn) Analysis and Forecast, By Country, 2024-2031
    • 7.4.1. U.S.
    • 7.4.2. Canada
  • 7.5. Current Market Size (US$ Mn) Analysis and Forecast, By Form, 2024-2031
    • 7.5.1. Continuous
    • 7.5.2. Woven
    • 7.5.3. Others
  • 7.6. Current Market Size (US$ Mn) Analysis and Forecast, By Application, 2024-2031
    • 7.6.1. Aerospace & Defense
    • 7.6.2. Energy & Power
    • 7.6.3. Industrial
    • 7.6.4. Others
  • 7.7. Market Attractiveness Analysis

8. Europe Silicon Carbide Fibers Market Outlook: Historical (2019-2023) and Forecast (2024-2031)

  • 8.1. Key Highlights
  • 8.2. Pricing Analysis
  • 8.3. Historical Market Size (US$ Mn) Analysis, By Market, 2019-2023
    • 8.3.1. By Country
    • 8.3.2. By Form
    • 8.3.3. By Application
  • 8.4. Current Market Size (US$ Mn) Analysis and Forecast, By Country, 2024-2031
    • 8.4.1. Germany
    • 8.4.2. France
    • 8.4.3. U.K.
    • 8.4.4. Italy
    • 8.4.5. Spain
    • 8.4.6. Russia
    • 8.4.7. Turkiye
    • 8.4.8. Rest of Europe
  • 8.5. Current Market Size (US$ Mn) Analysis and Forecast, By Form, 2024-2031
    • 8.5.1. Continuous
    • 8.5.2. Woven
    • 8.5.3. Others
  • 8.6. Current Market Size (US$ Mn) Analysis and Forecast, By Application, 2024-2031
    • 8.6.1. Aerospace & Defense
    • 8.6.2. Energy & Power
    • 8.6.3. Industrial
    • 8.6.4. Others
  • 8.7. Market Attractiveness Analysis

9. East Asia Silicon Carbide Fibers Market Outlook: Historical (2019-2023) and Forecast (2024-2031)

  • 9.1. Key Highlights
  • 9.2. Pricing Analysis
  • 9.3. Historical Market Size (US$ Mn) Analysis, By Market, 2019-2023
    • 9.3.1. By Country
    • 9.3.2. By Form
    • 9.3.3. By Application
  • 9.4. Current Market Size (US$ Mn) Analysis and Forecast, By Country, 2024-2031
    • 9.4.1. China
    • 9.4.2. Japan
    • 9.4.3. South Korea
  • 9.5. Current Market Size (US$ Mn) Analysis and Forecast, By Form, 2024-2031
    • 9.5.1. Continuous
    • 9.5.2. Woven
    • 9.5.3. Others
  • 9.6. Current Market Size (US$ Mn) Analysis and Forecast, By Application, 2024-2031
    • 9.6.1. Aerospace & Defense
    • 9.6.2. Energy & Power
    • 9.6.3. Industrial
    • 9.6.4. Others
  • 9.7. Market Attractiveness Analysis

10. South Asia & Oceania Silicon Carbide Fibers Market Outlook: Historical (2019-2023) and Forecast (2024-2031)

  • 10.1. Key Highlights
  • 10.2. Pricing Analysis
  • 10.3. Historical Market Size (US$ Mn) Analysis, By Market, 2019-2023
    • 10.3.1. By Country
    • 10.3.2. By Form
    • 10.3.3. By Application
  • 10.4. Current Market Size (US$ Mn) Analysis and Forecast, By Country, 2024-2031
    • 10.4.1. India
    • 10.4.2. Southeast Asia
    • 10.4.3. ANZ
    • 10.4.4. Rest of South Asia & Oceania
  • 10.5. Current Market Size (US$ Mn) Analysis and Forecast, By Form, 2024-2031
    • 10.5.1. Continuous
    • 10.5.2. Woven
    • 10.5.3. Others
  • 10.6. Current Market Size (US$ Mn) Analysis and Forecast, By Application, 2024-2031
    • 10.6.1. Aerospace & Defense
    • 10.6.2. Energy & Power
    • 10.6.3. Industrial
    • 10.6.4. Others
  • 10.7. Market Attractiveness Analysis

11. Latin America Silicon Carbide Fibers Market Outlook: Historical (2019-2023) and Forecast (2024-2031)

  • 11.1. Key Highlights
  • 11.2. Pricing Analysis
  • 11.3. Historical Market Size (US$ Mn) Analysis, By Market, 2019-2023
    • 11.3.1. By Country
    • 11.3.2. By Form
    • 11.3.3. By Application
  • 11.4. Current Market Size (US$ Mn) Analysis and Forecast, By Country, 2024-2031
    • 11.4.1. Brazil
    • 11.4.2. Mexico
    • 11.4.3. Rest of Latin America
  • 11.5. Current Market Size (US$ Mn) Analysis and Forecast, By Form, 2024-2031
    • 11.5.1. Continuous
    • 11.5.2. Woven
    • 11.5.3. Others
  • 11.6. Current Market Size (US$ Mn) Analysis and Forecast, By Application, 2024-2031
    • 11.6.1. Aerospace & Defense
    • 11.6.2. Energy & Power
    • 11.6.3. Industrial
    • 11.6.4. Others
  • 11.7. Market Attractiveness Analysis

12. Middle East & Africa Silicon Carbide Fibers Market Outlook: Historical (2019-2023) and Forecast (2024-2031)

  • 12.1. Key Highlights
  • 12.2. Pricing Analysis
  • 12.3. Historical Market Size (US$ Mn) Analysis, By Market, 2019-2023
    • 12.3.1. By Country
    • 12.3.2. By Form
    • 12.3.3. By Application
  • 12.4. Current Market Size (US$ Mn) Analysis and Forecast, By Country, 2024-2031
    • 12.4.1. GCC Countries
    • 12.4.2. Egypt
    • 12.4.3. South Africa
    • 12.4.4. Northern Africa
    • 12.4.5. Rest of Middle East & Africa
  • 12.5. Current Market Size (US$ Mn) Analysis and Forecast, By Form, 2024-2031
    • 12.5.1. Continuous
    • 12.5.2. Woven
    • 12.5.3. Others
  • 12.6. Current Market Size (US$ Mn) Analysis and Forecast, By Application, 2024-2031
    • 12.6.1. Aerospace & Defense
    • 12.6.2. Energy & Power
    • 12.6.3. Industrial
    • 12.6.4. Others
  • 12.7. Market Attractiveness Analysis

13. Competition Landscape

  • 13.1. Market Share Analysis, 2024
  • 13.2. Market Structure
    • 13.2.1. Competition Intensity Mapping By Market
    • 13.2.2. Competition Dashboard
  • 13.3. Company Profiles (Details - Overview, Financials, Strategy, Recent Developments)
    • 13.3.1. NGS Advanced Fibers Co., Ltd.
      • 13.3.1.1. Overview
      • 13.3.1.2. Segments and Products
      • 13.3.1.3. Key Financials
      • 13.3.1.4. Market Developments
      • 13.3.1.5. Market Strategy
    • 13.3.2. Specialty Materials
    • 13.3.3. UBE Corporation
    • 13.3.4. American Elements
    • 13.3.5. Nanoshel LLC
    • 13.3.6. NINGXIA ANTELI CARBON MATERIAL CO. LTD
    • 13.3.7. Suzhou Saifei Group Ltd.
    • 13.3.8. Haydale Graphene Industries Plc
    • 13.3.9. Matech
    • 13.3.10. BJS Ceramics GmbH
    • 13.3.11. SkySpring Nanomaterials, Inc.
    • 13.3.12. Other Players

14. Appendix

  • 14.1. Research Methodology
  • 14.2. Research Assumptions
  • 14.3. Acronyms and Abbreviations