封面
市场调查报告书
商品编码
1640786

全球固定式电动车充电枪市场:产业分析、规模、占有率、成长、趋势与预测,2025-2032年

Stationary Electric Vehicle Charging Gun Market: Global Industry Analysis, Size, Share, Growth, Trends, and Forecast, 2025 - 2032

出版日期: | 出版商: Persistence Market Research | 英文 193 Pages | 商品交期: 2-5个工作天内

价格
简介目录

Persistence Market Research 发布了一份关于固定式电动车(EV)充电枪市场的详细报告,深入洞察了驱动因素、趋势、机会和挑战等关键市场动态。本报告对全球市场结构进行了全面的分析,并预测了2025-2032年市场的预期成长轨迹。

关键见解

  • 固定式电动车充电枪市场规模(2025年):4.4亿美元
  • 预测市值(2032年):29.1亿美元
  • 全球市场成长率(CAGR,2025-2032):30.6%

固定式电动车充电枪市场:研究范围:

随着电动车在全球普及速度加快,电动车固定充电枪市场预计将大幅成长。这些充电枪是电动车基础设施的重要组成部分,为电动车高效、安全、快速充电提供了可靠的解决方案。电动车销量的增加、政府推广清洁能源的举措以及电动车充电网路的扩张推动了固定式电动车充电枪的需求。因此,预计固定充电枪市场将在2025-2032年间实现强劲成长率。

本报告探讨了对绿色交通解决方案的日益重视、电动车销量的增加以及充电创新的采用等趋势。随着越来越多的国家实施支持绿色能源解决方案的政策,固定式电动车充电枪变得越来越普遍,并促进了电动车基础设施的成长。

市场成长动力:

固定式电动车充电枪市场主要受到电动车销售激增的推动,同时受到政府激励措施、环境法规和消费者对气候变迁意识的不断增强的推动。为了满足道路上日益增多的电动车的需求,对充电基础设施的需求也日益成长,这是固定充电枪需求的主要驱动力。

此外,充电技术的进步,如高功率充电站的开发和改进的安全功能,也在推动市场成长。向永续能源解决方案的转变鼓励汽车製造商、公用事业公司和其他利益相关者投资扩大电动车充电网路,导致固定式电动车充电站的采用率增加。

市场限制:

儘管成长前景看好,但固定式电动车充电枪市场仍面临多重挑战。与充电基础设施相关的高昂安装和维护成本可能会阻碍其广泛采用,尤其是在发展中地区。此外,不同电动车型号之间充电介面缺乏标准化也可能限制市场的成长。

此外,部分地区电动车充电基础设施扩张缓慢以及快速充电解决方案有限也可能对市场成长构成挑战。

市场机会:

固定式电动车充电枪市场提供了巨大的机会,尤其是在电动车和清洁能源持续发展的背景下。随着超快速充电站需求的不断增加,公共和私人充电网路的扩张是一个重要机会。

随着科技的进步,有机会开发更有效率、更用户友善的充电枪。此外,随着卡车和巴士等电动商用车的兴起,对用于支援更高功率需求的专用充电枪的需求也在增加。

本报告探讨的关键问题

  • 推动固定式电动车充电枪市场成长的关键因素有哪些?
  • 哪些地区拥有最多的固定式电动车充电枪?
  • 哪些技术创新塑造市场?
  • 固定式电动车充电枪市场的主要参与者是谁,他们采用了什么策略?
  • 全球固定式电动车充电枪市场有哪些新趋势?

目录

第1章 执行摘要

第2章 市场概览

  • 市场范围与定义
  • 市场动态
    • 促进因素
    • 抑制因素
    • 机会
    • 挑战
    • 主要趋势
  • 宏观经济因素
    • 全球产业展望
    • 全球 GDP 成长前景
    • 其他宏观经济因素
  • COVID-19 影响分析
  • 预测因子 - 相关性和影响力
  • 法规状态
  • 价值链分析
    • 原料供应商名单
    • 产品製造商列表
    • 产品零售商列表
    • 最终用户列表
  • PESTLE 分析
  • 波特五力分析

第3章 2019年至2032年价格趋势分析

  • 主要亮点
  • 影响产品价格的主要因素
  • 价格分析:依类型
  • 区域价格以及过去与未来的成长趋势

第4章 全球固定式电动车充电枪市场展望:实绩(2019-2024)及预测(2025-2032)

  • 主要亮点
    • 市场数量(单位)预测
    • 市场规模(十亿美元)及年成长率
    • 绝对的机会
  • 市场规模(十亿美元)及数量(单位)分析及预测
    • 2019年至2024年历史市场规模(十亿美元)和数量(单位)分析
    • 目前市场规模(十亿美元)及数量(单位)分析及预测,2025-2032年
  • 全球固定式电动车充电枪市场展望:类型
    • 简介/主要调查结果
    • 2019年至2024年依类型划分的历史市场规模(十亿美元)和数量(单位)分析
    • 目前市场规模(十亿美元)和数量(单位)分析及预测(依类型),2025-2032年
      • 直流充电枪
      • 交流电充电枪
  • 市场吸引力分析:类型
  • 全球固定式电动车充电枪市场展望:应用
    • 简介/主要调查结果
    • 2019年至2024年依应用划分的历史市场规模(十亿美元)和数量(单位)分析
    • 目前市场规模(十亿美元)和数量(单位)分析及预测(依应用划分),2025-2032年
      • 商用车
      • 客车
  • 市场吸引力分析:应用

第5章 全球固定式电动车充电枪市场区域展望

  • 主要亮点
  • 2019年至2024年各地区历史市场规模(十亿美元)及数量(单位)分析
  • 2025-2032年各地区当前市场规模(十亿美元)及数量(单位)分析及预测
    • 北美洲
    • 欧洲
    • 东亚
    • 南亚和大洋洲
    • 拉丁美洲
    • 中东和非洲
  • 市场吸引力分析:地区

第6章 北美固定式电动车充电枪市场展望:实绩(2019-2024)及预测(2025-2032)

第7章 欧洲固定式电动车充电枪市场展望:实绩(2019-2024年)与预测(2025-2032年)

第8章 东亚固定式电动车充电枪市场展望:实绩(2019-2024年)与预测(2025-2032年)

第9章 南亚与大洋洲固定式电动车充电枪市场展望:实绩(2019-2024年)与预测(2025-2032年)

第10章 拉丁美洲固定式电动车充电枪市场展望:实绩(2019-2024年)及预测(2025-2032年)

第11章 中东与非洲固定式电动车充电枪市场展望:实绩(2019-2024年)与预测(2025-2032年)

第12章 竞争格局

  • 2023年市场占有率分析
  • 市场结构
    • 竞争强度图:依类型
    • 竞争资讯中心
  • 公司简介(详情 - 概述、财务状况、策略、最新发展)
    • Zhejiang Yonggui Electric Equipment Co., Ltd.
    • AVIC Jonhon Optronic Technology
    • Shenzhen Woer Heat-Shrinkable Material Co., Ltd
    • Phoenix Contact
    • Suzhou Recodeal Interconnect System
    • Shenglan Technology
    • Ebusbar
    • Nanjing Kangni Mechanical &Electrical Co Ltd
    • Shenzhen Lilutong Electronic Technology Co., Ltd.
    • Weihai Honglin Electronic Co., Ltd
    • AG Electrical Technology Co., Ltd
    • Fisher Electronic Technology Co., Ltd.
    • 其他公司

第13章 附录

  • 研究方法
  • 研究的先决条件
  • 首字母和缩写
简介目录
Product Code: PMRREP35051

Persistence Market Research has released an extensive report on the stationary electric vehicle (EV) charging gun market, offering a deep dive into key market dynamics such as drivers, trends, opportunities, and challenges. This report presents a comprehensive analysis of the global market structure and forecasts the market's anticipated growth trajectory from 2025 to 2032.

Key Insights:

  • Stationary Electric Vehicle Charging Gun Market Size (2025E): US$ 0.44 Bn
  • Projected Market Value (2032F): US$ 2.91 Bn
  • Global Market Growth Rate (CAGR 2025 to 2032): 30.6%

Stationary Electric Vehicle Charging Gun Market - Report Scope:

The stationary EV charging gun market is poised for significant growth as electric vehicle adoption accelerates globally. These charging guns are essential components in the EV infrastructure, providing a reliable solution for efficient, safe, and fast charging of electric vehicles. The demand for stationary EV charging guns is driven by the rise in electric vehicle sales, government initiatives to promote clean energy, and the expansion of EV charging networks. As a result, the stationary charging gun market is expected to witness a robust growth rate from 2025 to 2032.

The report explores trends including the growing emphasis on eco-friendly transportation solutions, the increase in EV sales, and the introduction of innovations in charging technology. With more countries implementing policies to support green energy solutions, stationary EV charging guns are gaining traction, contributing to the growth of the EV infrastructure.

Market Growth Drivers:

The stationary EV charging gun market is primarily fueled by the rapid rise in electric vehicle sales, supported by government incentives, environmental regulations, and increased consumer awareness of climate change. The growing need for charging infrastructure to support the expanding number of electric vehicles on the road is a significant driver of demand for stationary charging guns.

Additionally, advancements in charging technology, such as the development of high-power charging stations and improved safety features, are also propelling market growth. The shift toward sustainable energy solutions is pushing automakers, utilities, and other stakeholders to invest in expanding EV charging networks, leading to greater adoption of stationary EV charging guns.

Market Restraints:

Despite its promising growth prospects, the stationary EV charging gun market faces several challenges. High installation and maintenance costs associated with charging infrastructure, especially in developing regions, may hinder widespread adoption. The lack of standardized charging interfaces across different EV models could also limit the growth of the market.

Furthermore, the slow pace of expansion in EV charging infrastructure in some regions and the limited availability of fast-charging solutions may pose challenges for market growth.

Market Opportunities:

The market for stationary EV charging guns presents vast opportunities, particularly with the continued push for electric vehicles and clean energy. The expansion of public and private charging networks is a key opportunity, along with the increasing demand for ultra-fast charging stations.

As technology advances, there are opportunities for the development of more efficient and user-friendly charging guns. Additionally, with the rise in electric commercial vehicles, such as trucks and buses, there is an emerging demand for specialized charging guns designed to support higher power needs.

Key Questions Answered in the Report:

  • What are the primary drivers of the stationary EV charging gun market growth?
  • Which regions are witnessing the highest adoption of stationary EV charging guns, and why?
  • What are the technological innovations reshaping the market?
  • Who are the key players in the stationary EV charging gun market, and what strategies are they employing?
  • What are the emerging trends in the global stationary EV charging gun market?

Competitive Intelligence and Business Strategy:

Leading players in the stationary EV charging gun market, such as Siemens, ABB, Schneider Electric, and Tesla, are focusing on technological innovations, expanding charging infrastructure, and forming strategic partnerships to gain a competitive edge. These companies invest in R&D to develop more efficient and faster charging guns, with enhanced safety features and compatibility across various EV models. Partnerships with automakers, government agencies, and energy providers are also crucial in expanding the global reach of stationary EV charging guns.

Moreover, market players are focusing on expanding their product portfolios to cater to the evolving demands of consumers, such as the need for ultra-fast charging and compatibility with next-generation EV models. As the market continues to grow, these companies are poised to lead the charge in revolutionizing the EV charging infrastructure.

Key Companies Profiled:

  • Zhejiang Yonggui Electric Equipment Co., Ltd.
  • AVIC Jonhon Optronic Technology
  • Shenzhen Woer Heat - Shrinkable Material Co., Ltd
  • Phoenix Contact
  • Suzhou Recodeal Interconnect System
  • Shenglan Technology
  • Ebusbar
  • Nanjing Kangni Mechanical & Electrical Co Ltd
  • Shenzhen Lilutong Electronic Technology Co., Ltd.
  • Weihai Honglin Electronic Co., Ltd
  • AG Electrical Technology Co., Ltd
  • Fisher Electronic Technology Co., Ltd.

Stationary Electric Vehicle Charging Gun Market Segmentation

By Type

  • DC Charging Gun
  • AC Charging Gun

By Application

  • Passenger Cars
  • Commercial Vehicles

By Region

  • North America
  • Europe
  • East Asia
  • South Asia and Oceania
  • Latin America
  • The Middle East and Africa

Table of Contents

1. Executive Summary

  • 1.1. Global Stationary Electric Vehicle Charging Gun Market Snapshot, 2025 - 2032
  • 1.2. Market Opportunity Assessment, 2025 - 2032, US$ Bn
  • 1.3. Key Market Trends
  • 1.4. Future Market Projections
  • 1.5. Premium Market Insights
  • 1.6. Industry Developments and Key Market Events
  • 1.7. PMR Analysis and Recommendations

2. Market Overview

  • 2.1. Market Scope and Definition
  • 2.2. Market Dynamics
    • 2.2.1. Drivers
    • 2.2.2. Restraints
    • 2.2.3. Opportunity
    • 2.2.4. Challenges
    • 2.2.5. Key Trends
  • 2.3. Macro-Economic Factors
    • 2.3.1. Global Sectorial Outlook
    • 2.3.2. Global GDP Growth Outlook
    • 2.3.3. Other Macro-economic Factors
  • 2.4. COVID-19 Impact Analysis
  • 2.5. Forecast Factors - Relevance and Impact
  • 2.6. Regulatory Landscape
  • 2.7. Value Chain Analysis
    • 2.7.1. List of Raw Materials Suppliers
    • 2.7.2. List of Product Manufacturers
    • 2.7.3. List of Product Distributors
    • 2.7.4. List of End Users
  • 2.8. PESTLE Analysis
  • 2.9. Porter's Five Force Analysis

3. Price Trend Analysis, 2019 - 2032

  • 3.1. Key Highlights
  • 3.2. Key Factors Impacting Product Prices
  • 3.3. Pricing Analysis, By Type
  • 3.4. Regional Prices and Historical and Future Growth Trends

4. Global Stationary Electric Vehicle Charging Gun Market Outlook: Historical (2019 - 2024) and Forecast (2025 - 2032)

  • 4.1. Key Highlights
    • 4.1.1. Market Volume (Unit) Projections
    • 4.1.2. Market Size (US$ Bn ) and Y-o-Y Growth
    • 4.1.3. Absolute $ Opportunity
  • 4.2. Market Size (US$ Bn ) and Volume (Unit) Analysis and Forecast
    • 4.2.1. Historical Market Size (US$ Bn ) and Volume (Unit) Analysis, 2019 - 2024
    • 4.2.2. Current Market Size (US$ Bn ) and Volume (Unit) Analysis and Forecast, 2025 - 2032
  • 4.3. Global Stationary Electric Vehicle Charging Gun Market Outlook: Type
    • 4.3.1. Introduction / Key Findings
    • 4.3.2. Historical Market Size (US$ Bn ) and Volume (Unit) Analysis, By Type, 2019 - 2024
    • 4.3.3. Current Market Size (US$ Bn ) and Volume (Unit) Analysis and Forecast, By Type, 2025 - 2032
      • 4.3.3.1. DC Charging Gun
      • 4.3.3.2. AC Charging Gun
  • 4.4. Market Attractiveness Analysis: Type
  • 4.5. Global Stationary Electric Vehicle Charging Gun Market Outlook: Application
    • 4.5.1. Introduction / Key Findings
    • 4.5.2. Historical Market Size (US$ Bn ) and Volume (Unit) Analysis, By Application, 2019 - 2024
    • 4.5.3. Current Market Size (US$ Bn ) and Volume (Unit) Analysis and Forecast, By Application, 2025 - 2032
      • 4.5.3.1. Commercial Vehicles
      • 4.5.3.2. Passenger Vehicles
  • 4.6. Market Attractiveness Analysis: Application

5. Global Stationary Electric Vehicle Charging Gun Market Outlook: Region

  • 5.1. Key Highlights
  • 5.2. Historical Market Size (US$ Bn ) and Volume (Unit) Analysis, By Region, 2019 - 2024
  • 5.3. Current Market Size (US$ Bn ) and Volume (Unit) Analysis and Forecast, By Region, 2025 - 2032
    • 5.3.1. North America
    • 5.3.2. Europe
    • 5.3.3. East Asia
    • 5.3.4. South Asia and Oceania
    • 5.3.5. Latin America
    • 5.3.6. Middle East & Africa
  • 5.4. Market Attractiveness Analysis: Region

6. North America Stationary Electric Vehicle Charging Gun Market Outlook: Historical (2019 - 2024) and Forecast (2025 - 2032)

  • 6.1. Key Highlights
  • 6.2. Pricing Analysis
  • 6.3. Historical Market Size (US$ Bn ) and Volume (Unit) Analysis, By Market, 2019 - 2024
    • 6.3.1. By Country
    • 6.3.2. By Type
    • 6.3.3. By Application
  • 6.4. Current Market Size (US$ Bn ) and Volume (Unit) Analysis and Forecast, By Country, 2025 - 2032
    • 6.4.1. U.S.
    • 6.4.2. Canada
  • 6.5. Current Market Size (US$ Bn ) and Volume (Unit) Analysis and Forecast, By Type, 2025 - 2032
    • 6.5.1. DC Charging Gun
    • 6.5.2. AC Charging Gun
  • 6.6. Current Market Size (US$ Bn ) and Volume (Unit) Analysis and Forecast, By Application, 2025 - 2032
    • 6.6.1. Commercial Vehicles
    • 6.6.2. Passenger Vehicles
  • 6.7. Market Attractiveness Analysis

7. Europe Stationary Electric Vehicle Charging Gun Market Outlook: Historical (2019 - 2024) and Forecast (2025 - 2032)

  • 7.1. Key Highlights
  • 7.2. Pricing Analysis
  • 7.3. Historical Market Size (US$ Bn ) and Volume (Unit) Analysis, By Market, 2019 - 2024
    • 7.3.1. By Country
    • 7.3.2. By Type
    • 7.3.3. By Application
  • 7.4. Current Market Size (US$ Bn ) and Volume (Unit) Analysis and Forecast, By Country, 2025 - 2032
    • 7.4.1. Germany
    • 7.4.2. France
    • 7.4.3. U.K.
    • 7.4.4. Italy
    • 7.4.5. Spain
    • 7.4.6. Russia
    • 7.4.7. Turkey
    • 7.4.8. Rest of Europe
  • 7.5. Current Market Size (US$ Bn ) and Volume (Unit) Analysis and Forecast, By Type, 2025 - 2032
    • 7.5.1. DC Charging Gun
    • 7.5.2. AC Charging Gun
  • 7.6. Current Market Size (US$ Bn ) and Volume (Unit) Analysis and Forecast, By Application, 2025 - 2032
    • 7.6.1. Commercial Vehicles
    • 7.6.2. Passenger Vehicles
  • 7.7. Market Attractiveness Analysis

8. East Asia Stationary Electric Vehicle Charging Gun Market Outlook: Historical (2019 - 2024) and Forecast (2025 - 2032)

  • 8.1. Key Highlights
  • 8.2. Pricing Analysis
  • 8.3. Historical Market Size (US$ Bn ) and Volume (Unit) Analysis, By Market, 2019 - 2024
    • 8.3.1. By Country
    • 8.3.2. By Type
    • 8.3.3. By Application
  • 8.4. Current Market Size (US$ Bn ) and Volume (Unit) Analysis and Forecast, By Country, 2025 - 2032
    • 8.4.1. China
    • 8.4.2. Japan
    • 8.4.3. South Korea
  • 8.5. Current Market Size (US$ Bn ) and Volume (Unit) Analysis and Forecast, By Type, 2025 - 2032
    • 8.5.1. DC Charging Gun
    • 8.5.2. AC Charging Gun
  • 8.6. Current Market Size (US$ Bn ) and Volume (Unit) Analysis and Forecast, By Application, 2025 - 2032
    • 8.6.1. Commercial Vehicles
    • 8.6.2. Passenger Vehicles
  • 8.7. Market Attractiveness Analysis

9. South Asia & Oceania Stationary Electric Vehicle Charging Gun Market Outlook: Historical (2019 - 2024) and Forecast (2025 - 2032)

  • 9.1. Key Highlights
  • 9.2. Pricing Analysis
  • 9.3. Historical Market Size (US$ Bn ) and Volume (Unit) Analysis, By Market, 2019 - 2024
    • 9.3.1. By Country
    • 9.3.2. By Type
    • 9.3.3. By Application
  • 9.4. Current Market Size (US$ Bn ) and Volume (Unit) Analysis and Forecast, By Country, 2025 - 2032
    • 9.4.1. India
    • 9.4.2. Southeast Asia
    • 9.4.3. ANZ
    • 9.4.4. Rest of South Asia & Oceania
  • 9.5. Current Market Size (US$ Bn ) and Volume (Unit) Analysis and Forecast, By Type, 2025 - 2032
    • 9.5.1. DC Charging Gun
    • 9.5.2. AC Charging Gun
  • 9.6. Current Market Size (US$ Bn ) and Volume (Unit) Analysis and Forecast, By Application, 2025 - 2032
    • 9.6.1. Commercial Vehicles
    • 9.6.2. Passenger Vehicles
  • 9.7. Market Attractiveness Analysis

10. Latin America Stationary Electric Vehicle Charging Gun Market Outlook: Historical (2019 - 2024) and Forecast (2025 - 2032)

  • 10.1. Key Highlights
  • 10.2. Pricing Analysis
  • 10.3. Historical Market Size (US$ Bn ) and Volume (Unit) Analysis, By Market, 2019 - 2024
    • 10.3.1. By Country
    • 10.3.2. By Type
    • 10.3.3. By Application
  • 10.4. Current Market Size (US$ Bn ) and Volume (Unit) Analysis and Forecast, By Country, 2025 - 2032
    • 10.4.1. Brazil
    • 10.4.2. Mexico
    • 10.4.3. Rest of Latin America
  • 10.5. Current Market Size (US$ Bn ) and Volume (Unit) Analysis and Forecast, By Type, 2025 - 2032
    • 10.5.1. DC Charging Gun
    • 10.5.2. AC Charging Gun
  • 10.6. Current Market Size (US$ Bn ) and Volume (Unit) Analysis and Forecast, By Application, 2025 - 2032
    • 10.6.1. Commercial Vehicles
    • 10.6.2. Passenger Vehicles
  • 10.7. Market Attractiveness Analysis

11. Middle East & Africa Stationary Electric Vehicle Charging Gun Market Outlook: Historical (2019 - 2024) and Forecast (2025 - 2032)

  • 11.1. Key Highlights
  • 11.2. Pricing Analysis
  • 11.3. Historical Market Size (US$ Bn ) and Volume (Unit) Analysis, By Market, 2019 - 2024
    • 11.3.1. By Country
    • 11.3.2. By Type
    • 11.3.3. By Application
  • 11.4. Current Market Size (US$ Bn ) and Volume (Unit) Analysis and Forecast, By Country, 2025 - 2032
    • 11.4.1. GCC Countries
    • 11.4.2. Egypt
    • 11.4.3. South Africa
    • 11.4.4. Northern Africa
    • 11.4.5. Rest of Middle East & Africa
  • 11.5. Current Market Size (US$ Bn ) and Volume (Unit) Analysis and Forecast, By Type, 2025 - 2032
    • 11.5.1. DC Charging Gun
    • 11.5.2. AC Charging Gun
  • 11.6. Current Market Size (US$ Bn ) and Volume (Unit) Analysis and Forecast, By Application, 2025 - 2032
    • 11.6.1. Commercial Vehicles
    • 11.6.2. Passenger Vehicles
  • 11.7. Market Attractiveness Analysis

12. Competition Landscape

  • 12.1. Market Share Analysis, 2023
  • 12.2. Market Structure
    • 12.2.1. Competition Intensity Mapping by Type
    • 12.2.2. Competition Dashboard
  • 12.3. Company Profiles (Details - Overview, Financials, Strategy, Recent Developments)
    • 12.3.1. Zhejiang Yonggui Electric Equipment Co., Ltd.
      • 12.3.1.1. Overview
      • 12.3.1.2. Segments and Products
      • 12.3.1.3. Key Financials
      • 12.3.1.4. Market Developments
      • 12.3.1.5. Market Strategy
    • 12.3.2. AVIC Jonhon Optronic Technology
    • 12.3.3. Shenzhen Woer Heat - Shrinkable Material Co., Ltd
    • 12.3.4. Phoenix Contact
    • 12.3.5. Suzhou Recodeal Interconnect System
    • 12.3.6. Shenglan Technology
    • 12.3.7. Ebusbar
    • 12.3.8. Nanjing Kangni Mechanical & Electrical Co Ltd
    • 12.3.9. Shenzhen Lilutong Electronic Technology Co., Ltd.
    • 12.3.10. Weihai Honglin Electronic Co., Ltd
    • 12.3.11. AG Electrical Technology Co., Ltd
    • 12.3.12. Fisher Electronic Technology Co., Ltd.
    • 12.3.13. Other Players

13. Appendix

  • 13.1. Research Methodology
  • 13.2. Research Assumptions
  • 13.3. Acronyms and Abbreviations