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市场调查报告书
商品编码
1640790

半高级珠宝市场：全球产业分析、市场规模、占有率、成长、趋势和未来预测（2025-2032 年）

Demi-fine Jewelry Market: Global Industry Analysis, Size, Share, Growth, Trends, and Forecast, 2025 - 2032
出版日期: | 出版商: Persistence Market Research | 英文 188 Pages | 商品交期: 2-5个工作天内

价格
简介目录

Persistence Market Research 最近发布了对全球半高级珠宝市场的全面分析。该报告全面评估了市场推动因素、趋势、机会和课题等关键市场动态，并提供了有关市场结构的详细见解。该报告提供了独家数据和统计数据，概述了全球半高级珠宝市场（2025-2032 年）的预期成长轨迹。

重要见解

  • 半高级珠宝市场规模（2025 年）：21 亿美元
  • 市场规模预测（价值基础，2032 年）：26 亿美元
  • 全球市场成长率（CAGR，2025-2032）：3.3%

半高级珠宝市场：分析范围

半高级珠宝介于高级珠宝和时尚珠宝之间，融合了纯银、镀金和半宝石等高品质材料，价格更实惠。此类别之所以受欢迎，是因为它保留了高端的感觉，同时仍能为广大消费者所接受。该市场涵盖各种各样的产品，包括项炼、耳环、手镯和戒指，旨在满足人们对时尚、实惠的奢侈品日益增长的需求。半高级珠宝越来越受欢迎，这得益于消费者品味的变化、可支配收入的增加以及向简约优雅设计的转变。

市场成长动力：

半高级珠宝市场的成长归因于多种因素，其中包括消费者对价格实惠、外观类似高级珠宝的奢侈品的需求不断增加。消费者，尤其是千禧世代和 Z 世代，正在寻找适合其预算的多功能、高品质珠宝，这推动了半高级珠宝的兴起。此外，个人化和独特珠宝的趋势以及 Instagram 和 Pinterest 等社交媒体平台日益增长的影响力正在推动对此类产品的需求。可支配收入的增加，尤其是新兴市场的可支配收入的增加也促进了该市场的成长。

市场限制：

儘管有所成长，但半高级珠宝市场仍面临一些课题。主要的抑制因素之一是来自低端时尚珠宝和高端精美珠宝的潜在竞争。半高级珠宝代表了一种中间立场，一些消费者更喜欢时尚珠宝的实惠性和高级珠宝的声望。此外，半高级珠宝可能被认为价值较低，从而限制了其对某些消费群体的吸引力。此外，金、银等原物料价格的波动也会影响整体生产成本，使得品牌难以在保证品质的同时维持有竞争力的价格。

市场机会：

半高级珠宝市场提供了许多机会，尤其是随着永续性和道德消费主义的趋势日益增长。越来越多的消费者选择提供环保和道德材料的品牌，从而产生了对可持续生产的半高级珠宝的需求。线上零售平台的兴起和直接面向消费者模式的趋势为市场参与者提供了扩大影响力和挖掘新客户群的机会。此外，半高级珠宝品牌与流行影响者和时尚设计师的合作预计将提高品牌知名度并推动进一步成长。

本报告回答的关键问题

  • 推动全球半高级珠宝市场成长的关键因素有哪些？
  • 哪些消费族群正在推动对半高级珠宝的需求？
  • 社群媒体平台如何影响半高级珠宝领域的消费者购买决策？
  • 谁是半高级珠宝市场的主要参与者？他们采用什么策略来抢占市场占有率？
  • 全球半高级珠宝市场出现了哪些新兴趋势？

目录

第1章 执行摘要

第2章 市场概况

  • 市场范围和定义
  • 市场动态
    • 促进因素
    • 阻碍因素
    • 机会
    • 任务
    • 主要趋势
  • 宏观经济因素
    • 全球产业展望
    • 全球GDP增长展望
    • 其他宏观经济因素
  • COVID-19 影响分析
  • 预测因素：相关性和影响
  • 监管状况
  • 供应链分析
  • PESTLE分析
  • 波特五力分析

第3章 价格趋势分析（2019-2032）

  • 主要亮点
  • 影响产品价格的主要因素
  • 价格分析：依价格范围
  • 区域价格水准以及过去和未来的成长趋势

第 4 章全球半高级珠宝市场展望：历史（2019-2023 年）与预测（2025-2032 年）

  • 主要亮点
  • 市场规模分析及预测（价值（十亿美元））
    • 历史市场规模分析（价值（十亿美元），2019-2023 年）
    • 目前市场规模分析及预测（价值基础（十亿美元），2025-2032）
  • 全球半高级珠宝市场价格范围展望
    • 简介/主要发现
    • 按价格区间划分的历史市场规模分析（价值（十亿美元），2019-2023 年）
    • 目前市场规模分析及价格范围预测（价值（十亿美元），2025-2032）
      • 低于 150 美元
      • 151-300美元
      • 301-500美元
  • 市场吸引力分析：按价格范围
  • 全球半高级珠宝市场前景（按应用）
    • 简介/主要发现
    • 按应用划分的历史市场规模分析（价值（十亿美元），2019 年至 2023 年）
    • 目前市场规模分析及应用预测（价值（十亿美元），2025-2032）
      • 女士的
      • 男士的
  • 市场吸引力分析：依应用分类
  • 全球半高级珠宝市场按通路展望
    • 简介/主要发现
    • 按分销管道划分的历史市场规模分析（价值（十亿美元），2019-2023 年）
    • 按分销管道划分的当前市场规模分析和预测（价值（十亿美元），2025-2032 年）
      • 线下
      • 线上
  • 市场吸引力分析：按分销渠道

第5章 全球半高级珠宝市场按地区展望

  • 主要亮点
  • 按地区划分的历史市场规模分析（价值（十亿美元），2019 年至 2023 年）
  • 目前市场规模分析及各地区预测（价值（十亿美元），2025-2032）
    • 北美
    • 欧洲
    • 东亚
    • 南亚/大洋洲
    • 拉丁美洲
    • 中东/非洲
  • 市场吸引力分析：按地区

第6章 北美半高级珠宝市场展望：历史（2019-2023 年）与预测（2025-2032 年）

第7章 欧洲半高级珠宝市场展望：历史（2019-2023 年）与预测（2025-2032 年）

第 8 章东亚半高级珠宝市场展望：历史（2019-2023 年）与预测（2025-2032 年）

第9章 南亚和大洋洲半高级珠宝市场展望：历史（2019-2023 年）和预测（2025-2032 年）

第 10 章拉丁美洲半高级珠宝市场展望：历史（2019-2023 年）与预测（2025-2032 年）

第 11 章中东和非洲半高级珠宝市场展望：历史（2019-2023 年）与预测（2025-2032 年）

第12章 竞争格局

  • 市场占有率分析（2025 年）
  • 市场结构
    • 竞争加剧地图：按市场划分
    • 比赛仪表板
  • 公司简介（详细资料：概述、财务状况、策略、最新发展）
    • Otiumberg Limited
    • Missoma Limited
    • Edge of Ember
    • Catbird
    • Astley Clarke Limited
    • WWAKE, Inc.
    • Loren Stewart
    • Monica Vinader Ltd.
    • Natasha Schweitzer
    • Sarah &Sebastian Pty Ltd.

第13章 附录

  • 分析方法
  • 分析前提条件
  • 缩写
简介目录
Product Code: PMRREP35036

Persistence Market Research has recently unveiled a detailed report on the global demi-fine jewelry market. The publication offers an in-depth analysis of the market's key dynamics, including growth drivers, emerging trends, opportunities, and challenges, providing vital insights into the market structure. This research study highlights exclusive data and forecasts, shedding light on the expected growth trajectory of the global demi-fine jewelry market from 2025 to 2032.

Key Insights:

  • Demi-fine Jewelry Market Size (2025E): US$ 2.1 Bn
  • Projected Market Value (2032F): US$ 2.6 Bn
  • Global Market Growth Rate (CAGR 2025 to 2032): 3.3%

Demi-fine Jewelry Market - Report Scope:

Demi-fine jewelry sits between fine jewelry and fashion jewelry, offering a blend of high-quality materials, such as sterling silver, gold plating, and semi-precious stones, at more affordable price points. This segment has gained popularity due to its accessibility to a broader consumer base while still maintaining a luxury feel. The market includes a wide variety of products, such as necklaces, earrings, bracelets, and rings, designed to cater to the growing demand for stylish and affordable luxury. The increasing popularity of demi-fine jewelry is driven by changing consumer preferences, rising disposable incomes, and a shift toward minimalist yet elegant designs.

Market Growth Drivers:

The growth of the demi-fine jewelry market can be attributed to several factors, including the increasing consumer demand for affordable luxury items that offer the appearance of fine jewelry without the hefty price tag. Consumers, particularly millennials and Gen Z, are seeking versatile, high-quality jewelry that fits their budget, which is fueling the rise of demi-fine jewelry. Furthermore, the growing trend of personalized and unique jewelry pieces, as well as the increasing influence of social media platforms like Instagram and Pinterest, is driving the demand for these products. The rise in disposable income, especially in emerging markets, is also contributing to the growth of this market.

Market Restraints:

Despite its growth, the demi-fine jewelry market faces some challenges. One of the key restraints is the potential competition from both lower-priced fashion jewelry and high-end fine jewelry. While demi-fine jewelry offers a middle ground, some consumers may prefer either the affordability of fashion jewelry or the prestige associated with fine jewelry. Additionally, the perception of demi-fine jewelry as a less valuable alternative could limit its appeal to certain segments of consumers. The fluctuation in the prices of raw materials, such as gold and silver, can also affect the overall production costs, making it difficult for brands to maintain competitive pricing while ensuring quality.

Market Opportunities:

The demi-fine jewelry market presents several opportunities, particularly in the growing trend of sustainability and ethical consumerism. Consumers are increasingly opting for brands that offer eco-friendly and ethically sourced materials, creating a demand for sustainably produced demi-fine jewelry. The rise of online retail platforms and the growing trend of direct-to-consumer sales models provide opportunities for market players to expand their reach and tap into new customer bases. Additionally, collaborations between demi-fine jewelry brands and popular influencers or fashion designers are expected to enhance brand visibility and drive further growth.

Key Questions Answered in the Report:

  • What are the primary factors contributing to the growth of the demi-fine jewelry market globally?
  • Which consumer demographics are driving the demand for demi-fine jewelry?
  • How are social media platforms influencing the purchasing decisions of consumers in the demi-fine jewelry segment?
  • Who are the key players in the demi-fine jewelry market, and what strategies are they employing to capture market share?
  • What are the emerging trends in the global demi-fine jewelry market, and how are companies preparing for these changes?

Competitive Intelligence and Business Strategy:

Key players in the demi-fine jewelry market, such as Mejuri, Gorjana, and Missoma, focus on maintaining a strong online presence and offering exclusive, high-quality pieces that appeal to the modern, style-conscious consumer. These companies emphasize product innovation, personalization options, and sustainability in their offerings to differentiate themselves in the competitive market. Collaborations with influencers and celebrities are becoming a common strategy to increase brand visibility and consumer loyalty. As consumer preferences shift towards more personalized and meaningful jewelry, players in the demi-fine jewelry market are increasingly focusing on customization and unique design offerings to stay ahead of the competition.

Key Companies Profiled:

  • Otiumberg Limited
  • Missoma Limited
  • Edge of Ember
  • Catbird
  • Astley Clarke Limited
  • WWAKE, Inc.
  • Loren Stewart
  • Monica Vinader Ltd.
  • Natasha Schweitzer
  • Sarah & Sebastian Pty Ltd.

Market Segmentation

By Price Range

  • Below 150 USD
  • 151 to 300 USD
  • 301 to 500 USD

By Application

  • Women
  • Men

By Distribution Channel

  • Offline
  • Online

By Region

  • North America
  • Latin America
  • Europe
  • Asia Pacific
  • Oceania
  • The Middle East and Africa

Table of Contents

1. Executive Summary

  • 1.1. Global Demi-fine Jewelry Market Snapshot, 2025 - 2032
  • 1.2. Market Opportunity Assessment, 2025 - 2032, US$ Bn
  • 1.3. Key Market Trends
  • 1.4. Future Market Projections
  • 1.5. Premium Market Insights
  • 1.6. Industry Developments and Key Market Events
  • 1.7. PMR Analysis and Recommendations

2. Market Overview

  • 2.1. Market Scope and Definition
  • 2.2. Market Dynamics
    • 2.2.1. Drivers
    • 2.2.2. Restraints
    • 2.2.3. Opportunity
    • 2.2.4. Challenges
    • 2.2.5. Key Trends
  • 2.3. Macro-Economic Factors
    • 2.3.1. Global Sectorial Outlook
    • 2.3.2. Global GDP Growth Outlook
    • 2.3.3. Other Macro-economic Factors
  • 2.4. COVID-19 Impact Analysis
  • 2.5. Forecast Factors - Relevance and Impact
  • 2.6. Regulatory Landscape
  • 2.7. Supply Chain Analysis
  • 2.8. PESTLE Analysis
  • 2.9. Porter's Five Force Analysis

3. Price Trend Analysis, 2019 - 2032

  • 3.1. Key Highlights
  • 3.2. Key Factors Impacting Product Prices
  • 3.3. Pricing Analysis, By Price Range
  • 3.4. Regional Prices and Historical and Future Growth Trends

4. Global Demi-fine Jewelry Market Outlook: Historical (2019 - 2023) and Forecast (2025 - 2032)

  • 4.1. Key Highlights
  • 4.2. Market Size (US$ Bn ) Analysis and Forecast
    • 4.2.1. Historical Market Size (US$ Bn ) Analysis, 2019 - 2023
    • 4.2.2. Current Market Size (US$ Bn ) Analysis and Forecast, 2025 - 2032
  • 4.3. Global Demi-fine Jewelry Market Outlook: Price Range
    • 4.3.1. Introduction / Key Findings
    • 4.3.2. Historical Market Size (US$ Bn ) Analysis, By Price Range, 2019 - 2023
    • 4.3.3. Current Market Size (US$ Bn ) Analysis and Forecast, By Price Range, 2025 - 2032
      • 4.3.3.1. Below 150 USD
      • 4.3.3.2. 151-300 USD
      • 4.3.3.3. 301-500 USD
  • 4.4. Market Attractiveness Analysis: Price Range
  • 4.5. Global Demi-fine Jewelry Market Outlook: Application
    • 4.5.1. Introduction / Key Findings
    • 4.5.2. Historical Market Size (US$ Bn ) Analysis, By Application, 2019 - 2023
    • 4.5.3. Current Market Size (US$ Bn ) Analysis and Forecast, By Application, 2025 - 2032
      • 4.5.3.1. Women
      • 4.5.3.2. Men
  • 4.6. Market Attractiveness Analysis: Application
  • 4.7. Global Demi-fine Jewelry Market Outlook: Distribution Channel
    • 4.7.1. Introduction / Key Findings
    • 4.7.2. Historical Market Size (US$ Bn ) Analysis, By Distribution Channel, 2019 - 2023
    • 4.7.3. Current Market Size (US$ Bn ) Analysis and Forecast, By Distribution Channel, 2025 - 2032
      • 4.7.3.1. Offline
      • 4.7.3.2. Online
  • 4.8. Market Attractiveness Analysis: Distribution Channel

5. Global Demi-fine Jewelry Market Outlook: Region

  • 5.1. Key Highlights
  • 5.2. Historical Market Size (US$ Bn ) Analysis, By Region, 2019 - 2023
  • 5.3. Current Market Size (US$ Bn ) Analysis and Forecast, By Region, 2025 - 2032
    • 5.3.1. North America
    • 5.3.2. Europe
    • 5.3.3. East Asia
    • 5.3.4. South Asia and Oceania
    • 5.3.5. Latin America
    • 5.3.6. Middle East & Africa
  • 5.4. Market Attractiveness Analysis: Region

6. North America Demi-fine Jewelry Market Outlook: Historical (2019 - 2023) and Forecast (2025 - 2032)

  • 6.1. Key Highlights
  • 6.2. Pricing Analysis
  • 6.3. Historical Market Size (US$ Bn ) Analysis, By Market, 2019 - 2023
    • 6.3.1. By Country
    • 6.3.2. By Price Range
    • 6.3.3. By Application
    • 6.3.4. By Distribution Channel
  • 6.4. Current Market Size (US$ Bn ) Analysis and Forecast, By Country, 2025 - 2032
    • 6.4.1. U.S.
    • 6.4.2. Canada
  • 6.5. Current Market Size (US$ Bn ) Analysis and Forecast, By Price Range, 2025 - 2032
    • 6.5.1. Below 150 USD
    • 6.5.2. 151-300 USD
    • 6.5.3. 301-500 USD
  • 6.6. Current Market Size (US$ Bn ) Analysis and Forecast, By Application, 2025 - 2032
    • 6.6.1. Women
    • 6.6.2. Men
  • 6.7. Current Market Size (US$ Bn ) Analysis and Forecast, By Distribution Channel, 2025 - 2032
    • 6.7.1. Offline
    • 6.7.2. Online
  • 6.8. Market Attractiveness Analysis

7. Europe Demi-fine Jewelry Market Outlook: Historical (2019 - 2023) and Forecast (2025 - 2032)

  • 7.1. Key Highlights
  • 7.2. Pricing Analysis
  • 7.3. Historical Market Size (US$ Bn ) Analysis, By Market, 2019 - 2023
    • 7.3.1. By Country
    • 7.3.2. By Price Range
    • 7.3.3. By Application
    • 7.3.4. By Distribution Channel
  • 7.4. Current Market Size (US$ Bn ) Analysis and Forecast, By Country, 2025 - 2032
    • 7.4.1. Germany
    • 7.4.2. France
    • 7.4.3. U.K.
    • 7.4.4. Italy
    • 7.4.5. Spain
    • 7.4.6. Russia
    • 7.4.7. Turkey
    • 7.4.8. Rest of Europe
  • 7.5. Current Market Size (US$ Bn ) Analysis and Forecast, By Price Range, 2025 - 2032
    • 7.5.1. Below 150 USD
    • 7.5.2. 151-300 USD
    • 7.5.3. 301-500 USD
  • 7.6. Current Market Size (US$ Bn ) Analysis and Forecast, By Application, 2025 - 2032
    • 7.6.1. Women
    • 7.6.2. Men
  • 7.7. Current Market Size (US$ Bn ) Analysis and Forecast, By Distribution Channel, 2025 - 2032
    • 7.7.1. Offline
    • 7.7.2. Online
  • 7.8. Market Attractiveness Analysis

8. East Asia Demi-fine Jewelry Market Outlook: Historical (2019 - 2023) and Forecast (2025 - 2032)

  • 8.1. Key Highlights
  • 8.2. Pricing Analysis
  • 8.3. Historical Market Size (US$ Bn ) Analysis, By Market, 2019 - 2023
    • 8.3.1. By Country
    • 8.3.2. By Price Range
    • 8.3.3. By Application
    • 8.3.4. By Distribution Channel
  • 8.4. Current Market Size (US$ Bn ) Analysis and Forecast, By Country, 2025 - 2032
    • 8.4.1. China
    • 8.4.2. Japan
    • 8.4.3. South Korea
  • 8.5. Current Market Size (US$ Bn ) Analysis and Forecast, By Price Range, 2025 - 2032
    • 8.5.1. Below 150 USD
    • 8.5.2. 151-300 USD
    • 8.5.3. 301-500 USD
  • 8.6. Current Market Size (US$ Bn ) Analysis and Forecast, By Application, 2025 - 2032
    • 8.6.1. Women
    • 8.6.2. Men
  • 8.7. Current Market Size (US$ Bn ) Analysis and Forecast, By Distribution Channel, 2025 - 2032
    • 8.7.1. Offline
    • 8.7.2. Online
  • 8.8. Market Attractiveness Analysis

9. South Asia & Oceania Demi-fine Jewelry Market Outlook: Historical (2019 - 2023) and Forecast (2025 - 2032)

  • 9.1. Key Highlights
  • 9.2. Pricing Analysis
  • 9.3. Historical Market Size (US$ Bn ) Analysis, By Market, 2019 - 2023
    • 9.3.1. By Country
    • 9.3.2. By Price Range
    • 9.3.3. By Application
    • 9.3.4. By Distribution Channel
  • 9.4. Current Market Size (US$ Bn ) Analysis and Forecast, By Country, 2025 - 2032
    • 9.4.1. India
    • 9.4.2. Southeast Asia
    • 9.4.3. ANZ
    • 9.4.4. Rest of South Asia & Oceania
  • 9.5. Current Market Size (US$ Bn ) Analysis and Forecast, By Price Range, 2025 - 2032
    • 9.5.1. Below 150 USD
    • 9.5.2. 151-300 USD
    • 9.5.3. 301-500 USD
  • 9.6. Current Market Size (US$ Bn ) Analysis and Forecast, By Application, 2025 - 2032
    • 9.6.1. Women
    • 9.6.2. Men
  • 9.7. Current Market Size (US$ Bn ) Analysis and Forecast, By Distribution Channel, 2025 - 2032
    • 9.7.1. Offline
    • 9.7.2. Online
  • 9.8. Market Attractiveness Analysis

10. Latin America Demi-fine Jewelry Market Outlook: Historical (2019 - 2023) and Forecast (2025 - 2032)

  • 10.1. Key Highlights
  • 10.2. Pricing Analysis
  • 10.3. Historical Market Size (US$ Bn ) Analysis, By Market, 2019 - 2023
    • 10.3.1. By Country
    • 10.3.2. By Price Range
    • 10.3.3. By Application
    • 10.3.4. By Distribution Channel
  • 10.4. Current Market Size (US$ Bn ) Analysis and Forecast, By Country, 2025 - 2032
    • 10.4.1. Brazil
    • 10.4.2. Mexico
    • 10.4.3. Rest of Latin America
  • 10.5. Current Market Size (US$ Bn ) Analysis and Forecast, By Price Range, 2025 - 2032
    • 10.5.1. Below 150 USD
    • 10.5.2. 151-300 USD
    • 10.5.3. 301-500 USD
  • 10.6. Current Market Size (US$ Bn ) Analysis and Forecast, By Application, 2025 - 2032
    • 10.6.1. Women
    • 10.6.2. Men
  • 10.7. Current Market Size (US$ Bn ) Analysis and Forecast, By Distribution Channel, 2025 - 2032
    • 10.7.1. Offline
    • 10.7.2. Online
  • 10.8. Market Attractiveness Analysis

11. Middle East & Africa Demi-fine Jewelry Market Outlook: Historical (2019 - 2023) and Forecast (2025 - 2032)

  • 11.1. Key Highlights
  • 11.2. Pricing Analysis
  • 11.3. Historical Market Size (US$ Bn ) Analysis, By Market, 2019 - 2023
    • 11.3.1. By Country
    • 11.3.2. By Price Range
    • 11.3.3. By Application
    • 11.3.4. By Distribution Channel
  • 11.4. Current Market Size (US$ Bn ) Analysis and Forecast, By Country, 2025 - 2032
    • 11.4.1. GCC Countries
    • 11.4.2. Egypt
    • 11.4.3. South Africa
    • 11.4.4. Northern Africa
    • 11.4.5. Rest of the Middle East & Africa
  • 11.5. Current Market Size (US$ Bn ) Analysis and Forecast, By Price Range, 2025 - 2032
    • 11.5.1. Below 150 USD
    • 11.5.2. 151-300 USD
    • 11.5.3. 301-500 USD
  • 11.6. Current Market Size (US$ Bn ) Analysis and Forecast, By Application, 2025 - 2032
    • 11.6.1. Women
    • 11.6.2. Men
  • 11.7. Current Market Size (US$ Bn ) Analysis and Forecast, By Distribution Channel, 2025 - 2032
    • 11.7.1. Offline
    • 11.7.2. Online
  • 11.8. Market Attractiveness Analysis

12. Competition Landscape

  • 12.1. Market Share Analysis, 2025
  • 12.2. Market Structure
    • 12.2.1. Competition Intensity Mapping By Market
    • 12.2.2. Competition Dashboard
  • 12.3. Company Profiles (Details - Overview, Financials, Strategy, Recent Developments)
    • 12.3.1. Otiumberg Limited
      • 12.3.1.1. Overview
      • 12.3.1.2. Segments and Products
      • 12.3.1.3. Key Financials
      • 12.3.1.4. Market Developments
      • 12.3.1.5. Market Strategy
    • 12.3.2. Missoma Limited
    • 12.3.3. Edge of Ember
    • 12.3.4. Catbird
    • 12.3.5. Astley Clarke Limited
    • 12.3.6. WWAKE, Inc.
    • 12.3.7. Loren Stewart
    • 12.3.8. Monica Vinader Ltd.
    • 12.3.9. Natasha Schweitzer
    • 12.3.10. Sarah & Sebastian Pty Ltd.

13. Appendix

  • 13.1. Research Methodology
  • 13.2. Research Assumptions
  • 13.3. Acronyms and Abbreviations