Product Code: PM5110
The global embedded AI market size is expected to reach USD 29.26 billion by 2032, according to a new study by Polaris Market Research. The report "Embedded AI Market Size, Share, Trends, Industry Analysis Report: By Offering (Hardware, Software, and Services), Data Type, Industry Verticals, and Region (North America, Europe, Asia Pacific, Latin America, and Middle East & Africa) - Market Forecast, 2024-2032" gives a detailed insight into current market dynamics and provides analysis on future market growth.
Embedded AI is transforming technology by integrating artificial intelligence (AI) directly into devices and systems, allowing them to perform intelligent tasks without relying on external computing resources. This innovation enables smart and Io devices to process data locally, enhancing speed, efficiency, and privacy.
Increasing demand for intelligent systems drives the expansion of the embedded AI market as businesses and consumers seek more efficient and intuitive technologies. Companies are incorporating AI directly into devices, enabling them to process data locally and respond to user needs in real time. This trend enhances functionality and reduces reliance on cloud computing, addressing concerns related to latency, bandwidth, and data privacy.
Emerging trends such as edge computing would boost the growth of the embedded AI market in the coming years. Edge computing reduces latency and enhances the responsiveness of devices by integrating embedded AI. This shift aligns with the need for real-time analytics in sectors such as manufacturing, logistics, and retail. As businesses embrace these advancements, they unlock new opportunities for innovation and efficiency, positioning themselves to operate in a rapidly evolving technological environment.
The global embedded AI market is expected to grow during the forecast period due to the increasing use of connected IoT devices. Numerous IoT applications, including smart home systems and industrial sensors, need devices to function independently. Embedded AI enables these devices to gain knowledge from their surroundings and make autonomous decisions, thus driving up demand.
Embedded AI Market Report Highlights
By offering, the software segment is expected to experience a substantial growth rate during the forecast period due to the growing emphasis on data privacy and security along with increasing demand for advanced algorithms and machine learning capabilities.
The automotive segment, based on industry verticals, dominated the embedded AI market in 2023 owing to the push toward autonomous vehicles and the implementation of strict safety regulations that require advanced technologies to meet compliance.
In the global embedded AI market, North America held the largest revenue share in 2023 due to the rapid advancements in AI algorithms and hardware coupled with favorable regulations and government initiatives promoting AI research and development.
A few global key market players are Microsoft; Amazon Web Services, Inc.; NVIDIA Corporation; Intel Corporation; IBM; Qualcomm Technologies, Inc.; Hewlett Packard Enterprise Development LP; Siemens; Oracle; MediaTek Inc.; STMicroelectronics; Edge Impulse Inc.; LUIS Technology GmbH; Huawei Technologies Co., Ltd.; Eta Compute; SensiML Corporation; SiMa Technologies, Inc.; Salesforce; Safran Electronics & Defense; MIPS; Cognex Corporation; and Graphcore.
Polaris Market Research has segmented the embedded AI market report on the basis of offering, data type, industry verticals, and region:
By Offering Outlook (Revenue - USD Billion, 2019-2032)
- Hardware
- Software
- Services
By Data Type Outlook (Revenue - USD Billion, 2019-2032)
- Sensor Data
- Image and Video Data
- Numeric Data
- Categorial Data
- Other
By Industry Verticals Outlook (Revenue - USD Billion, 2019-2032)
- BFSI
- Energy & Utilities
- Government & Defense
- Healthcare & Life Sciences
- IT/ITeS
- Automotive
- Retail & eCommerce
- Telecommunications
- Others
By Regional Outlook (Revenue - USD Billion, 2019-2032)
- North America
- US
- Canada
- Europe
- Germany
- France
- UK
- Italy
- Spain
- Netherlands
- Russia
- Rest of Europe
- Asia Pacific
- China
- Japan
- India
- Malaysia
- South Korea
- Indonesia
- Australia
- Rest of Asia Pacific
- Middle East & Africa
- Saudi Arabia
- UAE
- Israel
- South Africa
- Rest of Middle East & Africa
- Latin America
- Mexico
- Brazil
- Argentina
- Rest of Latin America
Table of Contents
1. Introduction
- 1.1. Report Description
- 1.1.1. Objectives of the Study
- 1.1.2. Market Scope
- 1.1.3. Assumptions
- 1.2. Stakeholders
2. Executive Summary
3. Research Methodology
- 3.1. Overview
- 3.2. Data Sources
- 3.2.1. Primary Sources
- 3.2.2. Secondary Sources
4. Global Embedded AI Market Insights
- 4.1. Embedded AI Market - Market Snapshot
- 4.2. Embedded AI Market Dynamics
- 4.2.1. Drivers and Opportunities
- 4.2.1.1. Increasing number of data centers worldwide is driving the market.
- 4.2.1.2. Growing popularity of autonomous vehicles propels the market growth.
- 4.2.2. Restraints and Challenges
- 4.2.2.1. Concern related to data privacy and security is hindering the embedded AI market.
- 4.3. Porter's Five Forces Analysis
- 4.3.1. Bargaining Power of Suppliers (Moderate)
- 4.3.2. Threats of New Entrants: (Low)
- 4.3.3. Bargaining Power of Buyers (Moderate)
- 4.3.4. Threat of Substitute (Moderate)
- 4.3.5. Rivalry among existing firms (High)
- 4.4. PESTEL Analysis
- 4.5. Embedded AI Market Trends
- 4.6. Value Chain Analysis
- 4.7. COVID-19 Impact Analysis
5. Global Embedded AI Market, by Offering
- 5.1. Key Findings
- 5.2. Introduction
- 5.2.1. Global Embedded AI Market, by Offering, 2019-2032 (USD billion)
- 5.3. Hardware
- 5.3.1. Global Embedded AI Market, by Hardware, by Region, 2019-2032 (USD billion)
- 5.4. Software
- 5.4.1. Global Embedded AI Market, by Software, by Region, 2019-2032 (USD billion)
- 5.5. Services
- 5.5.1. Global Embedded AI Market, by Services, by Region, 2019-2032 (USD billion)
6. Global Embedded AI Market, by Data Type
- 6.1. Key Findings
- 6.2. Introduction
- 6.2.1. Global Embedded AI Market, by Data Type, 2019-2032 (USD billion)
- 6.3. Sensor Data
- 6.3.1. Global Embedded AI Market, by Sensor Data, by Region, 2019-2032 (USD billion)
- 6.4. Image and Video Data
- 6.4.1. Global Embedded AI Market, by Image and Video Data, by Region, 2019-2032 (USD billion)
- 6.5. Numeric Data
- 6.5.1. Global Embedded AI Market, by Numeric Data, by Region, 2019-2032 (USD billion)
- 6.6. Categorial Data
- 6.6.1. Global Embedded AI Market, by Categorial Data, by Region, 2019-2032 (USD billion)
- 6.7. Other
- 6.7.1. Global Embedded AI Market, by Other, by Region, 2019-2032 (USD billion)
7. Global Embedded AI Market, by Industry Vertical
- 7.1. Key Findings
- 7.2. Introduction
- 7.2.1. Global Embedded AI Market, by Industry Vertical, 2019-2032 (USD billion)
- 7.3. BFSI
- 7.3.1. Global Embedded AI Market, by BFSI, by Region, 2019-2032 (USD billion)
- 7.4. Energy & Utilities
- 7.4.1. Global Embedded AI Market, by Energy & Utilities, by Region, 2019-2032 (USD billion)
- 7.5. Government & Defence
- 7.5.1. Global Embedded AI Market, by Government & Defence, by Region, 2019-2032 (USD billion)
- 7.6. Healthcare & Life Sciences
- 7.6.1. Global Embedded AI Market, by Healthcare & Life Sciences, by Region, 2019-2032 (USD billion)
- 7.7. IT/ITeS
- 7.7.1. Global Embedded AI Market, by IT/ITeS, by Region, 2019-2032 (USD billion)
- 7.8. Automotive
- 7.8.1. Global Embedded AI Market, by Automotive, by Region, 2019-2032 (USD billion)
- 7.9. Retail & ecommerce
- 7.9.1. Global Embedded AI Market, by Retail & ecommerce, by Region, 2019-2032 (USD billion)
- 7.10. Telecommunication
- 7.10.1. Global Embedded AI Market, by Telecommunication, by Region, 2019-2032 (USD billion)
- 7.11. Other
- 7.11.1. Global Embedded AI Market, by Other, by Region, 2019-2032 (USD billion)
8. Global Embedded AI Market, by Geography
- 8.1. Key Findings
- 8.2. Introduction
- 8.2.1. Embedded AI Market Assessment, By Geography, 2019-2032 (USD billion)
- 8.3. Embedded AI Market - North America
- 8.3.1. North America: Embedded AI Market, by Offering, 2019-2032 (USD billion)
- 8.3.2. North America: Embedded AI Market, by Data Type, 2019-2032 (USD billion)
- 8.3.3. North America: Embedded AI Market, by Industry Vertical, 2019-2032 (USD billion)
- 8.3.4. Embedded AI Market - U.S.
- 8.3.4.1. US.: Embedded AI Market, by Offering, 2019-2032 (USD billion)
- 8.3.4.2. US.: Embedded AI Market, by Data Type, 2019-2032 (USD billion)
- 8.3.4.3. US.: Embedded AI Market, by Industry Vertical, 2019-2032 (USD billion)
- 8.3.5. Embedded AI Market - Canada
- 8.3.5.1. Canada: Embedded AI Market, by Offering, 2019-2032 (USD billion)
- 8.3.5.2. Canada: Embedded AI Market, by Data Type, 2019-2032 (USD billion)
- 8.3.5.3. Canada: Embedded AI Market, by Industry Vertical, 2019-2032 (USD billion)
- 8.4. Embedded AI Market - Europe
- 8.4.1. Europe: Embedded AI Market, by Offering, 2019-2032 (USD billion)
- 8.4.2. Europe: Embedded AI Market, by Data Type, 2019-2032 (USD billion)
- 8.4.3. Europe: Embedded AI Market, by Industry Vertical, 2019-2032 (USD billion)
- 8.4.4. Embedded AI Market - UK
- 8.4.4.1. UK: Embedded AI Market, by Offering, 2019-2032 (USD billion)
- 8.4.4.2. UK: Embedded AI Market, by Data Type, 2019-2032 (USD billion)
- 8.4.4.3. UK: Embedded AI Market, by Industry Vertical, 2019-2032 (USD billion)
- 8.4.5. Embedded AI Market - France
- 8.4.5.1. France: Embedded AI Market, by Offering, 2019-2032 (USD billion)
- 8.4.5.2. France: Embedded AI Market, by Data Type, 2019-2032 (USD billion)
- 8.4.5.3. France: Embedded AI Market, by Industry Vertical, 2019-2032 (USD billion)
- 8.4.6. Embedded AI Market - Germany
- 8.4.6.1. Germany: Embedded AI Market, by Offering, 2019-2032 (USD billion)
- 8.4.6.2. Germany: Embedded AI Market, by Data Type, 2019-2032 (USD billion)
- 8.4.6.3. Germany: Embedded AI Market, by Industry Vertical, 2019-2032 (USD billion)
- 8.4.7. Embedded AI Market - Italy
- 8.4.7.1. Italy: Embedded AI Market, by Offering, 2019-2032 (USD billion)
- 8.4.7.2. Italy: Embedded AI Market, by Data Type, 2019-2032 (USD billion)
- 8.4.7.3. Italy: Embedded AI Market, by Industry Vertical, 2019-2032 (USD billion)
- 8.4.8. Embedded AI Market - Spain
- 8.4.8.1. Spain: Embedded AI Market, by Offering, 2019-2032 (USD billion)
- 8.4.8.2. Spain: Embedded AI Market, by Data Type, 2019-2032 (USD billion)
- 8.4.8.3. Spain: Embedded AI Market, by Industry Vertical, 2019-2032 (USD billion)
- 8.4.9. Embedded AI Market - Netherlands
- 8.4.9.1. Netherlands: Embedded AI Market, by Offering, 2019-2032 (USD billion)
- 8.4.9.2. Netherlands: Embedded AI Market, by Data Type, 2019-2032 (USD billion)
- 8.4.9.3. Netherlands: Embedded AI Market, by Industry Vertical, 2019-2032 (USD billion)
- 8.4.10. Embedded AI Market - Russia
- 8.4.10.1. Russia: Embedded AI Market, by Offering, 2019-2032 (USD billion)
- 8.4.10.2. Russia: Embedded AI Market, by Data Type, 2019-2032 (USD billion)
- 8.4.10.3. Russia: Embedded AI Market, by Industry Vertical, 2019-2032 (USD billion)
- 8.4.11. Embedded AI Market - Rest of Europe
- 8.4.11.1. Rest of Europe: Embedded AI Market, by Offering, 2019-2032 (USD billion)
- 8.4.11.2. Rest of Europe: Embedded AI Market, by Data Type, 2019-2032 (USD billion)
- 8.4.11.3. Rest of Europe: Embedded AI Market, by Industry Vertical, 2019-2032 (USD billion)
- 8.5. Embedded AI Market - Asia Pacific
- 8.5.1. Asia Pacific: Embedded AI Market, by Offering, 2019-2032 (USD billion)
- 8.5.2. Asia Pacific: Embedded AI Market, by Data Type, 2019-2032 (USD billion)
- 8.5.3. Asia Pacific: Embedded AI Market, by Industry Vertical, 2019-2032 (USD billion)
- 8.5.4. Embedded AI Market - China
- 8.5.4.1. China: Embedded AI Market, by Offering, 2019-2032 (USD billion)
- 8.5.4.2. China: Embedded AI Market, by Data Type, 2019-2032 (USD billion)
- 8.5.4.3. China: Embedded AI Market, by Industry Vertical, 2019-2032 (USD billion)
- 8.5.5. Embedded AI Market - India
- 8.5.5.1. India: Embedded AI Market, by Offering, 2019-2032 (USD billion)
- 8.5.5.2. India: Embedded AI Market, by Data Type, 2019-2032 (USD billion)
- 8.5.5.3. India: Embedded AI Market, by Industry Vertical, 2019-2032 (USD billion)
- 8.5.6. Embedded AI Market - Malaysia
- 8.5.6.1. Malaysia: Embedded AI Market, by Offering, 2019-2032 (USD billion)
- 8.5.6.2. Malaysia: Embedded AI Market, by Data Type, 2019-2032 (USD billion)
- 8.5.6.3. Malaysia: Embedded AI Market, by Industry Vertical, 2019-2032 (USD billion)
- 8.5.7. Embedded AI Market - Japan
- 8.5.7.1. Japan: Embedded AI Market, by Offering, 2019-2032 (USD billion)
- 8.5.7.2. Japan: Embedded AI Market, by Data Type, 2019-2032 (USD billion)
- 8.5.7.3. Japan: Embedded AI Market, by Industry Vertical, 2019-2032 (USD billion)
- 8.5.8. Embedded AI Market - Indonesia
- 8.5.8.1. Indonesia: Embedded AI Market, by Offering, 2019-2032 (USD billion)
- 8.5.8.2. Indonesia: Embedded AI Market, by Data Type, 2019-2032 (USD billion)
- 8.5.8.3. Indonesia: Embedded AI Market, by Industry Vertical, 2019-2032 (USD billion)
- 8.5.9. Embedded AI Market - South Korea
- 8.5.9.1. South Korea: Embedded AI Market, by Offering, 2019-2032 (USD billion)
- 8.5.9.2. South Korea: Embedded AI Market, by Data Type, 2019-2032 (USD billion)
- 8.5.9.3. South Korea: Embedded AI Market, by Industry Vertical, 2019-2032 (USD billion)
- 8.5.10. Embedded AI Market - Australia
- 8.5.10.1. Australia: Embedded AI Market, by Offering, 2019-2032 (USD billion)
- 8.5.10.2. Australia: Embedded AI Market, by Data Type, 2019-2032 (USD billion)
- 8.5.10.3. Australia: Embedded AI Market, by Industry Vertical, 2019-2032 (USD billion)
- 8.5.11. Embedded AI Market - Rest of Asia Pacific
- 8.5.11.1. Rest of Asia Pacific: Embedded AI Market, by Offering, 2019-2032 (USD billion)
- 8.5.11.2. Rest of Asia Pacific: Embedded AI Market, by Data Type, 2019-2032 (USD billion)
- 8.5.11.3. Rest of Asia Pacific: Embedded AI Market, by Industry Vertical, 2019-2032 (USD billion)
- 8.6. Embedded AI Market - Middle East & Africa
- 8.6.1. Middle East & Africa: Embedded AI Market, by Offering, 2019-2032 (USD billion)
- 8.6.2. Middle East & Africa: Embedded AI Market, by Data Type, 2019-2032 (USD billion)
- 8.6.3. Middle East & Africa: Embedded AI Market, by Industry Vertical, 2019-2032 (USD billion)
- 8.6.4. Embedded AI Market - Saudi Arabia
- 8.6.4.1. Saudi Arabia: Embedded AI Market, by Offering, 2019-2032 (USD billion)
- 8.6.4.2. Saudi Arabia: Embedded AI Market, by Data Type, 2019-2032 (USD billion)
- 8.6.4.3. Saudi Arabia: Embedded AI Market, by Industry Vertical, 2019-2032 (USD billion)
- 8.6.5. Embedded AI Market - UAE
- 8.6.5.1. UAE: Embedded AI Market, by Offering, 2019-2032 (USD billion)
- 8.6.5.2. UAE: Embedded AI Market, by Data Type, 2019-2032 (USD billion)
- 8.6.5.3. UAE: Embedded AI Market, by Industry Vertical, 2019-2032 (USD billion)
- 8.6.6. Embedded AI Market - Israel
- 8.6.6.1. Israel: Embedded AI Market, by Offering, 2019-2032 (USD billion)
- 8.6.6.2. Israel: Embedded AI Market, by Data Type, 2019-2032 (USD billion)
- 8.6.6.3. Israel: Embedded AI Market, by Industry Vertical, 2019-2032 (USD billion)
- 8.6.7. Embedded AI Market - South Africa
- 8.6.7.1. South Africa: Embedded AI Market, by Offering, 2019-2032 (USD billion)
- 8.6.7.2. South Africa: Embedded AI Market, by Data Type, 2019-2032 (USD billion)
- 8.6.7.3. South Africa: Embedded AI Market, by Industry Vertical, 2019-2032 (USD billion)
- 8.6.8. Embedded AI Market - Rest of Middle East & Africa
- 8.6.8.1. Rest of Middle East & Africa: Embedded AI Market, by Offering, 2019-2032 (USD billion)
- 8.6.8.2. Rest of Middle East & Africa: Embedded AI Market, by Data Type, 2019-2032 (USD billion)
- 8.6.8.3. Rest of Middle East & Africa: Embedded AI Market, by Industry Vertical, 2019-2032 (USD billion)
- 8.7. Embedded AI Market - Latin America
- 8.7.1. Latin America: Embedded AI Market, by Offering, 2019-2032 (USD billion)
- 8.7.2. Latin America: Embedded AI Market, by Data Type, 2019-2032 (USD billion)
- 8.7.3. Latin America: Embedded AI Market, by Industry Vertical, 2019-2032 (USD billion)
- 8.7.4. Embedded AI Market - Mexico
- 8.7.4.1. Mexico: Embedded AI Market, by Offering, 2019-2032 (USD billion)
- 8.7.4.2. Mexico: Embedded AI Market, by Data Type, 2019-2032 (USD billion)
- 8.7.4.3. Mexico: Embedded AI Market, by Industry Vertical, 2019-2032 (USD billion)
- 8.7.5. Embedded AI Market - Brazil
- 8.7.5.1. Brazil: Embedded AI Market, by Offering, 2019-2032 (USD billion)
- 8.7.5.2. Brazil: Embedded AI Market, by Data Type, 2019-2032 (USD billion)
- 8.7.5.3. Brazil: Embedded AI Market, by Industry Vertical, 2019-2032 (USD billion)
- 8.7.6. Embedded AI Market - Argentina
- 8.7.6.1. Argentina: Embedded AI Market, by Offering, 2019-2032 (USD billion)
- 8.7.6.2. Argentina: Embedded AI Market, by Data Type, 2019-2032 (USD billion)
- 8.7.6.3. Argentina: Embedded AI Market, by Industry Vertical, 2019-2032 (USD billion)
- 8.7.7. Embedded AI Market - Rest of Latin America
- 8.7.7.1. Rest of Latin America: Embedded AI Market, by Offering, 2019-2032 (USD billion)
- 8.7.7.2. Rest of Latin America: Embedded AI Market, by Data Type, 2019-2032 (USD billion)
- 8.7.7.3. Rest of Latin America: Embedded AI Market, by Industry Vertical, 2019-2032 (USD billion)
9. Competitive Landscape
- 9.1. Expansion and Acquisition Analysis
- 9.1.1. Expansion
- 9.1.2. Acquisitions
- 9.2. Partnerships/Collaborations/Agreements/Exhibitions
10. Company Profiles
- 10.1. Microsoft
- 10.1.1. Company Overview
- 10.1.2. Financial Performance
- 10.1.3. Product Benchmarking
- 10.1.4. Recent Development
- 10.2. Amazon Web Services, Inc.
- 10.2.1. Company Overview
- 10.2.2. Financial Performance
- 10.2.3. Product Benchmarking
- 10.2.4. Recent Development
- 10.3. NVIDIA Corporation
- 10.3.1. Company Overview
- 10.3.2. Financial Performance
- 10.3.3. Product Benchmarking
- 10.3.4. Recent Development
- 10.4. Intel Corporation
- 10.4.1. Company Overview
- 10.4.2. Financial Performance
- 10.4.3. Product Benchmarking
- 10.4.4. Recent Development
- 10.5. IBM
- 10.5.1. Company Overview
- 10.5.2. Financial Performance
- 10.5.3. Product Benchmarking
- 10.5.4. Recent Development
- 10.6. Qualcomm Technologies, Inc.
- 10.6.1. Company Overview
- 10.6.2. Financial Performance
- 10.6.3. Product Benchmarking
- 10.6.4. Recent Development
- 10.7. Hewlett Packard Enterprise Development LP
- 10.7.1. Company Overview
- 10.7.2. Financial Performance
- 10.7.3. Product Benchmarking
- 10.7.4. Recent Development
- 10.8. Siemens
- 10.8.1. Company Overview
- 10.8.2. Financial Performance
- 10.8.3. Product Benchmarking
- 10.8.4. Recent Development
- 10.9. Oracle
- 10.9.1. Company Overview
- 10.9.2. Financial Performance
- 10.9.3. Product Benchmarking
- 10.9.4. Recent Development
- 10.10. MediaTek Inc.
- 10.10.1. Company Overview
- 10.10.2. Financial Performance
- 10.10.3. Product Benchmarking
- 10.10.4. Recent Development
- 10.11. STMicroelectronics
- 10.11.1. Company Overview
- 10.11.2. Financial Performance
- 10.11.3. Product Benchmarking
- 10.11.4. Recent Development
- 10.12. Edge Impulse Inc.
- 10.12.1. Company Overview
- 10.12.2. Financial Performance
- 10.12.3. Product Benchmarking
- 10.12.4. Recent Development
- 10.13. LUIS Technology GmbH
- 10.13.1. Company Overview
- 10.13.2. Financial Performance
- 10.13.3. Product Benchmarking
- 10.13.4. Recent Development
- 10.14. Huawei Technologies Co., Ltd.
- 10.14.1. Company Overview
- 10.14.2. Financial Performance
- 10.14.3. Product Benchmarking
- 10.14.4. Recent Development
- 10.15. Eta Compute
- 10.15.1. Company Overview
- 10.15.2. Financial Performance
- 10.15.3. Product Benchmarking
- 10.15.4. Recent Development
- 10.16. SensiML Corporation
- 10.16.1. Company Overview
- 10.16.2. Financial Performance
- 10.16.3. Product Benchmarking
- 10.16.4. Recent Development
- 10.17. SiMa Technologies, Inc.
- 10.17.1. Company Overview
- 10.17.2. Financial Performance
- 10.17.3. Product Benchmarking
- 10.17.4. Recent Development
- 10.18. Salesforce
- 10.18.1. Company Overview
- 10.18.2. Financial Performance
- 10.18.3. Product Benchmarking
- 10.18.4. Recent Development
- 10.19. Safran Electronics & Defense
- 10.19.1. Company Overview
- 10.19.2. Financial Performance
- 10.19.3. Product Benchmarking
- 10.19.4. Recent Development
- 10.20. MIPS
- 10.20.1. Company Overview
- 10.20.2. Financial Performance
- 10.20.3. Product Benchmarking
- 10.20.4. Recent Development
- 10.21. Cognex Corporation
- 10.21.1. Company Overview
- 10.21.2. Financial Performance
- 10.21.3. Product Benchmarking
- 10.21.4. Recent Development
- 10.22. Graphcore
- 10.22.1. Company Overview
- 10.22.2. Financial Performance
- 10.22.3. Product Benchmarking
- 10.22.4. Recent Development