The global market for SMT AOI Inspection Equipment was estimated to be worth US$ 556 million in 2024 and is forecast to a readjusted size of US$ 808 million by 2031 with a CAGR of 5.2% during the forecast period 2025-2031.
This report provides a comprehensive assessment of recent tariff adjustments and international strategic countermeasures on SMT AOI Inspection Equipment cross-border industrial footprints, capital allocation patterns, regional economic interdependencies, and supply chain reconfigurations.
SMT AOI (Automated Optical Inspection) Inspection Equipment is a vision-based inspection system used in the Surface Mount Technology (SMT) manufacturing process to automatically inspect printed circuit boards (PCBs) for visual defects. In 2024, global SMT AOI Inspection Equipment sales reached approximately 8.9 K units, with an average global market price of around K US$ 62.6 per unit.
The SMT AOI inspection equipment market is growing rapidly, driven by the electronics industry's increasing need for precision, reliability, and automation. With PCBs becoming more complex and components smaller, traditional inspection methods are no longer sufficient. As manufacturers push toward zero-defect production, the adoption of AI-powered, high-speed, and integrated AOI systems will become standard in SMT lines. Future growth will be strongest in regions investing heavily in advanced manufacturing technologies.
Market Drivers
Several key factors are driving the demand for SMT AOI equipment: Increased Complexity of PCBs: High-density, fine-pitch, and multilayer boards require precise inspection tools. Demand for Quality and Reliability: Especially in mission-critical industries like automotive, medical, and aerospace. Miniaturization of Components: Smaller components make visual/manual inspection nearly impossible. Need for Cost Reduction through Early Defect Detection: AOI helps detect errors early in the production process, reducing rework and scrap. Rising SMT Line Automation and Industry 4.0 Adoption: AOI systems integrate well with MES and other automation platforms for real-time monitoring and data feedback.
Market Trends
Important trends shaping the SMT AOI inspection equipment market include: Transition from 2D to 3D AOI Systems: 3D AOI offers superior defect detection, especially for solder joints and hidden components. Integration of Artificial Intelligence (AI): AI-powered AOI systems improve defect classification accuracy and reduce false positives. Real-Time Inline Inspection Systems: Continuous, fast inspection without slowing down production lines. Smart Factory Integration: AOI systems are increasingly linked with MES, ERP, and SPC systems to enable process optimization and traceability. Regional Expansion in Asia-Pacific: Especially in China, Vietnam, and India, due to growing electronics and automotive manufacturing hubs.
This report aims to provide a comprehensive presentation of the global market for SMT AOI Inspection Equipment, focusing on the total sales volume, sales revenue, price, key companies market share and ranking, together with an analysis of SMT AOI Inspection Equipment by region & country, by Type, and by Application.
The SMT AOI Inspection Equipment market size, estimations, and forecasts are provided in terms of sales volume (Units) and sales revenue ($ millions), considering 2024 as the base year, with history and forecast data for the period from 2020 to 2031. With both quantitative and qualitative analysis, to help readers develop business/growth strategies, assess the market competitive situation, analyze their position in the current marketplace, and make informed business decisions regarding SMT AOI Inspection Equipment.
Market Segmentation
By Company
- Koh Young
- Viscom AG
- Mirtec
- Test Research (TRI)
- Parmi
- Saki Corporation
- Pemtron
- ViTrox
- Omron
- Yamaha
- Jutze Intelligence Tech
- Nordson
- Mycronic
- GOPEL Electronic
- Aleader
- Marantz Electronics
- Machine Vision Products(MVP)
- ZhenHuaXing Technology
- Shenzhen JT Automation Equipment
Segment by Type
Segment by Technology
Segment by Application
- Consumer Electronics
- Telecommunication
- Automotive
- Others
By Region
- North America
- Asia-Pacific
- China
- Japan
- South Korea
- Southeast Asia
- India
- Australia
- Rest of Asia-Pacific
- Europe
- Germany
- France
- U.K.
- Italy
- Netherlands
- Nordic Countries
- Rest of Europe
- Latin America
- Mexico
- Brazil
- Rest of Latin America
- Middle East & Africa
- Turkey
- Saudi Arabia
- UAE
- Rest of MEA
Chapter Outline
Chapter 1: Introduces the report scope of the report, global total market size (value, volume and price). This chapter also provides the market dynamics, latest developments of the market, the driving factors and restrictive factors of the market, the challenges and risks faced by manufacturers in the industry, and the analysis of relevant policies in the industry.
Chapter 2: Detailed analysis of SMT AOI Inspection Equipment manufacturers competitive landscape, price, sales and revenue market share, latest development plan, merger, and acquisition information, etc.
Chapter 3: Provides the analysis of various market segments by Type, covering the market size and development potential of each market segment, to help readers find the blue ocean market in different market segments.
Chapter 4: Provides the analysis of various market segments by Application, covering the market size and development potential of each market segment, to help readers find the blue ocean market in different downstream markets.
Chapter 5: Sales, revenue of SMT AOI Inspection Equipment in regional level. It provides a quantitative analysis of the market size and development potential of each region and introduces the market development, future development prospects, market space, and market size of each country in the world.
Chapter 6: Sales, revenue of SMT AOI Inspection Equipment in country level. It provides sigmate data by Type, and by Application for each country/region.
Chapter 7: Provides profiles of key players, introducing the basic situation of the main companies in the market in detail, including product sales, revenue, price, gross margin, product introduction, recent development, etc.
Chapter 8: Analysis of industrial chain, including the upstream and downstream of the industry.
Chapter 9: Conclusion.
Table of Contents
1 Market Overview
- 1.1 SMT AOI Inspection Equipment Product Introduction
- 1.2 Global SMT AOI Inspection Equipment Market Size Forecast
- 1.2.1 Global SMT AOI Inspection Equipment Sales Value (2020-2031)
- 1.2.2 Global SMT AOI Inspection Equipment Sales Volume (2020-2031)
- 1.2.3 Global SMT AOI Inspection Equipment Sales Price (2020-2031)
- 1.3 SMT AOI Inspection Equipment Market Trends & Drivers
- 1.3.1 SMT AOI Inspection Equipment Industry Trends
- 1.3.2 SMT AOI Inspection Equipment Market Drivers & Opportunity
- 1.3.3 SMT AOI Inspection Equipment Market Challenges
- 1.3.4 SMT AOI Inspection Equipment Market Restraints
- 1.4 Assumptions and Limitations
- 1.5 Study Objectives
- 1.6 Years Considered
2 Competitive Analysis by Company
- 2.1 Global SMT AOI Inspection Equipment Players Revenue Ranking (2024)
- 2.2 Global SMT AOI Inspection Equipment Revenue by Company (2020-2025)
- 2.3 Global SMT AOI Inspection Equipment Players Sales Volume Ranking (2024)
- 2.4 Global SMT AOI Inspection Equipment Sales Volume by Company Players (2020-2025)
- 2.5 Global SMT AOI Inspection Equipment Average Price by Company (2020-2025)
- 2.6 Key Manufacturers SMT AOI Inspection Equipment Manufacturing Base and Headquarters
- 2.7 Key Manufacturers SMT AOI Inspection Equipment Product Offered
- 2.8 Key Manufacturers Time to Begin Mass Production of SMT AOI Inspection Equipment
- 2.9 SMT AOI Inspection Equipment Market Competitive Analysis
- 2.9.1 SMT AOI Inspection Equipment Market Concentration Rate (2020-2025)
- 2.9.2 Global 5 and 10 Largest Manufacturers by SMT AOI Inspection Equipment Revenue in 2024
- 2.9.3 Global Top Manufacturers by Company Type (Tier 1, Tier 2, and Tier 3) & (based on the Revenue in SMT AOI Inspection Equipment as of 2024)
- 2.10 Mergers & Acquisitions, Expansion
3 Segmentation by Type
- 3.1 Introduction by Type
- 3.1.1 Inline
- 3.1.2 Offline
- 3.2 Global SMT AOI Inspection Equipment Sales Value by Type
- 3.2.1 Global SMT AOI Inspection Equipment Sales Value by Type (2020 VS 2024 VS 2031)
- 3.2.2 Global SMT AOI Inspection Equipment Sales Value, by Type (2020-2031)
- 3.2.3 Global SMT AOI Inspection Equipment Sales Value, by Type (%) (2020-2031)
- 3.3 Global SMT AOI Inspection Equipment Sales Volume by Type
- 3.3.1 Global SMT AOI Inspection Equipment Sales Volume by Type (2020 VS 2024 VS 2031)
- 3.3.2 Global SMT AOI Inspection Equipment Sales Volume, by Type (2020-2031)
- 3.3.3 Global SMT AOI Inspection Equipment Sales Volume, by Type (%) (2020-2031)
- 3.4 Global SMT AOI Inspection Equipment Average Price by Type (2020-2031)
4 Segmentation by Technology
- 4.1 Introduction by Technology
- 4.2 Global SMT AOI Inspection Equipment Sales Value by Technology
- 4.2.1 Global SMT AOI Inspection Equipment Sales Value by Technology (2020 VS 2024 VS 2031)
- 4.2.2 Global SMT AOI Inspection Equipment Sales Value, by Technology (2020-2031)
- 4.2.3 Global SMT AOI Inspection Equipment Sales Value, by Technology (%) (2020-2031)
- 4.3 Global SMT AOI Inspection Equipment Sales Volume by Technology
- 4.3.1 Global SMT AOI Inspection Equipment Sales Volume by Technology (2020 VS 2024 VS 2031)
- 4.3.2 Global SMT AOI Inspection Equipment Sales Volume, by Technology (2020-2031)
- 4.3.3 Global SMT AOI Inspection Equipment Sales Volume, by Technology (%) (2020-2031)
- 4.4 Global SMT AOI Inspection Equipment Average Price by Technology (2020-2031)
5 Segmentation by Application
- 5.1 Introduction by Application
- 5.1.1 Consumer Electronics
- 5.1.2 Telecommunication
- 5.1.3 Automotive
- 5.1.4 Others
- 5.2 Global SMT AOI Inspection Equipment Sales Value by Application
- 5.2.1 Global SMT AOI Inspection Equipment Sales Value by Application (2020 VS 2024 VS 2031)
- 5.2.2 Global SMT AOI Inspection Equipment Sales Value, by Application (2020-2031)
- 5.2.3 Global SMT AOI Inspection Equipment Sales Value, by Application (%) (2020-2031)
- 5.3 Global SMT AOI Inspection Equipment Sales Volume by Application
- 5.3.1 Global SMT AOI Inspection Equipment Sales Volume by Application (2020 VS 2024 VS 2031)
- 5.3.2 Global SMT AOI Inspection Equipment Sales Volume, by Application (2020-2031)
- 5.3.3 Global SMT AOI Inspection Equipment Sales Volume, by Application (%) (2020-2031)
- 5.4 Global SMT AOI Inspection Equipment Average Price by Application (2020-2031)
6 Segmentation by Region
- 6.1 Global SMT AOI Inspection Equipment Sales Value by Region
- 6.1.1 Global SMT AOI Inspection Equipment Sales Value by Region: 2020 VS 2024 VS 2031
- 6.1.2 Global SMT AOI Inspection Equipment Sales Value by Region (2020-2025)
- 6.1.3 Global SMT AOI Inspection Equipment Sales Value by Region (2026-2031)
- 6.1.4 Global SMT AOI Inspection Equipment Sales Value by Region (%), (2020-2031)
- 6.2 Global SMT AOI Inspection Equipment Sales Volume by Region
- 6.2.1 Global SMT AOI Inspection Equipment Sales Volume by Region: 2020 VS 2024 VS 2031
- 6.2.2 Global SMT AOI Inspection Equipment Sales Volume by Region (2020-2025)
- 6.2.3 Global SMT AOI Inspection Equipment Sales Volume by Region (2026-2031)
- 6.2.4 Global SMT AOI Inspection Equipment Sales Volume by Region (%), (2020-2031)
- 6.3 Global SMT AOI Inspection Equipment Average Price by Region (2020-2031)
- 6.4 North America
- 6.4.1 North America SMT AOI Inspection Equipment Sales Value, 2020-2031
- 6.4.2 North America SMT AOI Inspection Equipment Sales Value by Country (%), 2024 VS 2031
- 6.5 Europe
- 6.5.1 Europe SMT AOI Inspection Equipment Sales Value, 2020-2031
- 6.5.2 Europe SMT AOI Inspection Equipment Sales Value by Country (%), 2024 VS 2031
- 6.6 Asia Pacific
- 6.6.1 Asia Pacific SMT AOI Inspection Equipment Sales Value, 2020-2031
- 6.6.2 Asia Pacific SMT AOI Inspection Equipment Sales Value by Region (%), 2024 VS 2031
- 6.7 South America
- 6.7.1 South America SMT AOI Inspection Equipment Sales Value, 2020-2031
- 6.7.2 South America SMT AOI Inspection Equipment Sales Value by Country (%), 2024 VS 2031
- 6.8 Middle East & Africa
- 6.8.1 Middle East & Africa SMT AOI Inspection Equipment Sales Value, 2020-2031
- 6.8.2 Middle East & Africa SMT AOI Inspection Equipment Sales Value by Country (%), 2024 VS 2031
7 Segmentation by Key Countries/Regions
- 7.1 Key Countries/Regions SMT AOI Inspection Equipment Sales Value Growth Trends, 2020 VS 2024 VS 2031
- 7.2 Key Countries/Regions SMT AOI Inspection Equipment Sales Value and Sales Volume
- 7.2.1 Key Countries/Regions SMT AOI Inspection Equipment Sales Value, 2020-2031
- 7.2.2 Key Countries/Regions SMT AOI Inspection Equipment Sales Volume, 2020-2031
- 7.3 United States
- 7.3.1 United States SMT AOI Inspection Equipment Sales Value, 2020-2031
- 7.3.2 United States SMT AOI Inspection Equipment Sales Value by Type (%), 2024 VS 2031
- 7.3.3 United States SMT AOI Inspection Equipment Sales Value by Application, 2024 VS 2031
- 7.4 Europe
- 7.4.1 Europe SMT AOI Inspection Equipment Sales Value, 2020-2031
- 7.4.2 Europe SMT AOI Inspection Equipment Sales Value by Type (%), 2024 VS 2031
- 7.4.3 Europe SMT AOI Inspection Equipment Sales Value by Application, 2024 VS 2031
- 7.5 China
- 7.5.1 China SMT AOI Inspection Equipment Sales Value, 2020-2031
- 7.5.2 China SMT AOI Inspection Equipment Sales Value by Type (%), 2024 VS 2031
- 7.5.3 China SMT AOI Inspection Equipment Sales Value by Application, 2024 VS 2031
- 7.6 Japan
- 7.6.1 Japan SMT AOI Inspection Equipment Sales Value, 2020-2031
- 7.6.2 Japan SMT AOI Inspection Equipment Sales Value by Type (%), 2024 VS 2031
- 7.6.3 Japan SMT AOI Inspection Equipment Sales Value by Application, 2024 VS 2031
- 7.7 South Korea
- 7.7.1 South Korea SMT AOI Inspection Equipment Sales Value, 2020-2031
- 7.7.2 South Korea SMT AOI Inspection Equipment Sales Value by Type (%), 2024 VS 2031
- 7.7.3 South Korea SMT AOI Inspection Equipment Sales Value by Application, 2024 VS 2031
- 7.8 Southeast Asia
- 7.8.1 Southeast Asia SMT AOI Inspection Equipment Sales Value, 2020-2031
- 7.8.2 Southeast Asia SMT AOI Inspection Equipment Sales Value by Type (%), 2024 VS 2031
- 7.8.3 Southeast Asia SMT AOI Inspection Equipment Sales Value by Application, 2024 VS 2031
- 7.9 India
- 7.9.1 India SMT AOI Inspection Equipment Sales Value, 2020-2031
- 7.9.2 India SMT AOI Inspection Equipment Sales Value by Type (%), 2024 VS 2031
- 7.9.3 India SMT AOI Inspection Equipment Sales Value by Application, 2024 VS 2031
8 Company Profiles
- 8.1 Koh Young
- 8.1.1 Koh Young Company Information
- 8.1.2 Koh Young Introduction and Business Overview
- 8.1.3 Koh Young SMT AOI Inspection Equipment Sales, Revenue, Price and Gross Margin (2020-2025)
- 8.1.4 Koh Young SMT AOI Inspection Equipment Product Offerings
- 8.1.5 Koh Young Recent Development
- 8.2 Viscom AG
- 8.2.1 Viscom AG Company Information
- 8.2.2 Viscom AG Introduction and Business Overview
- 8.2.3 Viscom AG SMT AOI Inspection Equipment Sales, Revenue, Price and Gross Margin (2020-2025)
- 8.2.4 Viscom AG SMT AOI Inspection Equipment Product Offerings
- 8.2.5 Viscom AG Recent Development
- 8.3 Mirtec
- 8.3.1 Mirtec Company Information
- 8.3.2 Mirtec Introduction and Business Overview
- 8.3.3 Mirtec SMT AOI Inspection Equipment Sales, Revenue, Price and Gross Margin (2020-2025)
- 8.3.4 Mirtec SMT AOI Inspection Equipment Product Offerings
- 8.3.5 Mirtec Recent Development
- 8.4 Test Research (TRI)
- 8.4.1 Test Research (TRI) Company Information
- 8.4.2 Test Research (TRI) Introduction and Business Overview
- 8.4.3 Test Research (TRI) SMT AOI Inspection Equipment Sales, Revenue, Price and Gross Margin (2020-2025)
- 8.4.4 Test Research (TRI) SMT AOI Inspection Equipment Product Offerings
- 8.4.5 Test Research (TRI) Recent Development
- 8.5 Parmi
- 8.5.1 Parmi Company Information
- 8.5.2 Parmi Introduction and Business Overview
- 8.5.3 Parmi SMT AOI Inspection Equipment Sales, Revenue, Price and Gross Margin (2020-2025)
- 8.5.4 Parmi SMT AOI Inspection Equipment Product Offerings
- 8.5.5 Parmi Recent Development
- 8.6 Saki Corporation
- 8.6.1 Saki Corporation Company Information
- 8.6.2 Saki Corporation Introduction and Business Overview
- 8.6.3 Saki Corporation SMT AOI Inspection Equipment Sales, Revenue, Price and Gross Margin (2020-2025)
- 8.6.4 Saki Corporation SMT AOI Inspection Equipment Product Offerings
- 8.6.5 Saki Corporation Recent Development
- 8.7 Pemtron
- 8.7.1 Pemtron Company Information
- 8.7.2 Pemtron Introduction and Business Overview
- 8.7.3 Pemtron SMT AOI Inspection Equipment Sales, Revenue, Price and Gross Margin (2020-2025)
- 8.7.4 Pemtron SMT AOI Inspection Equipment Product Offerings
- 8.7.5 Pemtron Recent Development
- 8.8 ViTrox
- 8.8.1 ViTrox Company Information
- 8.8.2 ViTrox Introduction and Business Overview
- 8.8.3 ViTrox SMT AOI Inspection Equipment Sales, Revenue, Price and Gross Margin (2020-2025)
- 8.8.4 ViTrox SMT AOI Inspection Equipment Product Offerings
- 8.8.5 ViTrox Recent Development
- 8.9 Omron
- 8.9.1 Omron Company Information
- 8.9.2 Omron Introduction and Business Overview
- 8.9.3 Omron SMT AOI Inspection Equipment Sales, Revenue, Price and Gross Margin (2020-2025)
- 8.9.4 Omron SMT AOI Inspection Equipment Product Offerings
- 8.9.5 Omron Recent Development
- 8.10 Yamaha
- 8.10.1 Yamaha Company Information
- 8.10.2 Yamaha Introduction and Business Overview
- 8.10.3 Yamaha SMT AOI Inspection Equipment Sales, Revenue, Price and Gross Margin (2020-2025)
- 8.10.4 Yamaha SMT AOI Inspection Equipment Product Offerings
- 8.10.5 Yamaha Recent Development
- 8.11 Jutze Intelligence Tech
- 8.11.1 Jutze Intelligence Tech Company Information
- 8.11.2 Jutze Intelligence Tech Introduction and Business Overview
- 8.11.3 Jutze Intelligence Tech SMT AOI Inspection Equipment Sales, Revenue, Price and Gross Margin (2020-2025)
- 8.11.4 Jutze Intelligence Tech SMT AOI Inspection Equipment Product Offerings
- 8.11.5 Jutze Intelligence Tech Recent Development
- 8.12 Nordson
- 8.12.1 Nordson Company Information
- 8.12.2 Nordson Introduction and Business Overview
- 8.12.3 Nordson SMT AOI Inspection Equipment Sales, Revenue, Price and Gross Margin (2020-2025)
- 8.12.4 Nordson SMT AOI Inspection Equipment Product Offerings
- 8.12.5 Nordson Recent Development
- 8.13 Mycronic
- 8.13.1 Mycronic Company Information
- 8.13.2 Mycronic Introduction and Business Overview
- 8.13.3 Mycronic SMT AOI Inspection Equipment Sales, Revenue, Price and Gross Margin (2020-2025)
- 8.13.4 Mycronic SMT AOI Inspection Equipment Product Offerings
- 8.13.5 Mycronic Recent Development
- 8.14 GOPEL Electronic
- 8.14.1 GOPEL Electronic Company Information
- 8.14.2 GOPEL Electronic Introduction and Business Overview
- 8.14.3 GOPEL Electronic SMT AOI Inspection Equipment Sales, Revenue, Price and Gross Margin (2020-2025)
- 8.14.4 GOPEL Electronic SMT AOI Inspection Equipment Product Offerings
- 8.14.5 GOPEL Electronic Recent Development
- 8.15 Aleader
- 8.15.1 Aleader Company Information
- 8.15.2 Aleader Introduction and Business Overview
- 8.15.3 Aleader SMT AOI Inspection Equipment Sales, Revenue, Price and Gross Margin (2020-2025)
- 8.15.4 Aleader SMT AOI Inspection Equipment Product Offerings
- 8.15.5 Aleader Recent Development
- 8.16 Marantz Electronics
- 8.16.1 Marantz Electronics Company Information
- 8.16.2 Marantz Electronics Introduction and Business Overview
- 8.16.3 Marantz Electronics SMT AOI Inspection Equipment Sales, Revenue, Price and Gross Margin (2020-2025)
- 8.16.4 Marantz Electronics SMT AOI Inspection Equipment Product Offerings
- 8.16.5 Marantz Electronics Recent Development
- 8.17 Machine Vision Products(MVP)
- 8.17.1 Machine Vision Products(MVP) Company Information
- 8.17.2 Machine Vision Products(MVP) Introduction and Business Overview
- 8.17.3 Machine Vision Products(MVP) SMT AOI Inspection Equipment Sales, Revenue, Price and Gross Margin (2020-2025)
- 8.17.4 Machine Vision Products(MVP) SMT AOI Inspection Equipment Product Offerings
- 8.17.5 Machine Vision Products(MVP) Recent Development
- 8.18 ZhenHuaXing Technology
- 8.18.1 ZhenHuaXing Technology Company Information
- 8.18.2 ZhenHuaXing Technology Introduction and Business Overview
- 8.18.3 ZhenHuaXing Technology SMT AOI Inspection Equipment Sales, Revenue, Price and Gross Margin (2020-2025)
- 8.18.4 ZhenHuaXing Technology SMT AOI Inspection Equipment Product Offerings
- 8.18.5 ZhenHuaXing Technology Recent Development
- 8.19 Shenzhen JT Automation Equipment
- 8.19.1 Shenzhen JT Automation Equipment Company Information
- 8.19.2 Shenzhen JT Automation Equipment Introduction and Business Overview
- 8.19.3 Shenzhen JT Automation Equipment SMT AOI Inspection Equipment Sales, Revenue, Price and Gross Margin (2020-2025)
- 8.19.4 Shenzhen JT Automation Equipment SMT AOI Inspection Equipment Product Offerings
- 8.19.5 Shenzhen JT Automation Equipment Recent Development
9 Industry Chain Analysis
- 9.1 SMT AOI Inspection Equipment Industrial Chain
- 9.2 SMT AOI Inspection Equipment Upstream Analysis
- 9.2.1 Key Raw Materials
- 9.2.2 Raw Materials Key Suppliers
- 9.2.3 Manufacturing Cost Structure
- 9.3 Midstream Analysis
- 9.4 Downstream Analysis (Customers Analysis)
- 9.5 Sales Model and Sales Channels
- 9.5.1 SMT AOI Inspection Equipment Sales Model
- 9.5.2 Sales Channel
- 9.5.3 SMT AOI Inspection Equipment Distributors
10 Research Findings and Conclusion
11 Appendix
- 11.1 Research Methodology
- 11.1.1 Methodology/Research Approach
- 11.1.1.1 Research Programs/Design
- 11.1.1.2 Market Size Estimation
- 11.1.1.3 Market Breakdown and Data Triangulation
- 11.1.2 Data Source
- 11.1.2.1 Secondary Sources
- 11.1.2.2 Primary Sources
- 11.2 Author Details
- 11.3 Disclaimer