The global market for Housed Direct Drive Rotary Motor was estimated to be worth US$ 641 million in 2024 and is forecast to a readjusted size of US$ 1066 million by 2031 with a CAGR of 7.8% during the forecast period 2025-2031.
This report provides a comprehensive assessment of recent tariff adjustments and international strategic countermeasures on Housed Direct Drive Rotary Motor cross-border industrial footprints, capital allocation patterns, regional economic interdependencies, and supply chain reconfigurations.
A Housed Direct Drive Rotary Motor is a fully integrated torque motor that delivers high torque directly to the load without mechanical transmission components. It combines a high-performance rotor-stator assembly with precision bearings, encoder, and protective housing, resulting in a ready-to-install, plug-and-play unit. This motor type offers high positional accuracy, smooth motion, and minimal maintenance, making it ideal for precision applications such as robotics, semiconductor equipment, and CNC rotary axes.
As manufacturing sectors-particularly robotics, semiconductors, and medical devices-demand increasingly precise motion control, housed direct drive rotary motors are favored for their backlash-free design, high repeatability, and instantaneous torque response. Their ability to directly couple with loads significantly improves positioning accuracy and system responsiveness.
The integration of encoders, sensors, and thermal protection inside the housing allows these motors to serve as modular mechatronic units. This reduces engineering overhead for OEMs and enables faster time-to-market for precision machinery.
In advanced semiconductor packaging and inspection systems, collaborative and modular robotics require compact actuators with precise force control. Housed DDR motors allow for direct integration into compact rotary actuators, enabling precision and cleanliness simultaneously.
This report aims to provide a comprehensive presentation of the global market for Housed Direct Drive Rotary Motor, focusing on the total sales volume, sales revenue, price, key companies market share and ranking, together with an analysis of Housed Direct Drive Rotary Motor by region & country, by Type, and by Application.
The Housed Direct Drive Rotary Motor market size, estimations, and forecasts are provided in terms of sales volume (K Units) and sales revenue ($ millions), considering 2024 as the base year, with history and forecast data for the period from 2020 to 2031. With both quantitative and qualitative analysis, to help readers develop business/growth strategies, assess the market competitive situation, analyze their position in the current marketplace, and make informed business decisions regarding Housed Direct Drive Rotary Motor.
Market Segmentation
By Company
- CKD
- Yaskawa Electric
- NSK
- Mitsubishi Electric
- Rockwell Automation
- Kollmorgen
- Hiwin
- Siemens
- Akribis
- Parker Hannifin
- Baumuller
- Shenzhen Han's Motor S&T Co
- SOLPOWER Machine Electronic Corp
- Shenzhen Servotop Technology
- LS ELECTRIC
- Motor Power Company
- Sinfonia Technology
- Aistec Intelligent Equipment
- PBA System
- Shenzhen Dynamikwell
Segment by Type
- Inner Rotor Motors
- Outer Rotor Motors
Segment by Application
- Semiconductor Manufacturing Equipment
- Machine Tools
- Robots
- Electronic Manufacturing Equipment
- Medical Devices
- Printing and Packaging Equipment
- Others
By Region
- North America
- Asia-Pacific
- China
- Japan
- South Korea
- Southeast Asia
- India
- Australia
- Rest of Asia-Pacific
- Europe
- Germany
- France
- U.K.
- Italy
- Netherlands
- Nordic Countries
- Rest of Europe
- Latin America
- Mexico
- Brazil
- Rest of Latin America
- Middle East & Africa
- Turkey
- Saudi Arabia
- UAE
- Rest of MEA
Chapter Outline
Chapter 1: Introduces the report scope of the report, global total market size (value, volume and price). This chapter also provides the market dynamics, latest developments of the market, the driving factors and restrictive factors of the market, the challenges and risks faced by manufacturers in the industry, and the analysis of relevant policies in the industry.
Chapter 2: Detailed analysis of Housed Direct Drive Rotary Motor manufacturers competitive landscape, price, sales and revenue market share, latest development plan, merger, and acquisition information, etc.
Chapter 3: Provides the analysis of various market segments by Type, covering the market size and development potential of each market segment, to help readers find the blue ocean market in different market segments.
Chapter 4: Provides the analysis of various market segments by Application, covering the market size and development potential of each market segment, to help readers find the blue ocean market in different downstream markets.
Chapter 5: Sales, revenue of Housed Direct Drive Rotary Motor in regional level. It provides a quantitative analysis of the market size and development potential of each region and introduces the market development, future development prospects, market space, and market size of each country in the world.
Chapter 6: Sales, revenue of Housed Direct Drive Rotary Motor in country level. It provides sigmate data by Type, and by Application for each country/region.
Chapter 7: Provides profiles of key players, introducing the basic situation of the main companies in the market in detail, including product sales, revenue, price, gross margin, product introduction, recent development, etc.
Chapter 8: Analysis of industrial chain, including the upstream and downstream of the industry.
Chapter 9: Conclusion.
Table of Contents
1 Market Overview
- 1.1 Housed Direct Drive Rotary Motor Product Introduction
- 1.2 Global Housed Direct Drive Rotary Motor Market Size Forecast
- 1.2.1 Global Housed Direct Drive Rotary Motor Sales Value (2020-2031)
- 1.2.2 Global Housed Direct Drive Rotary Motor Sales Volume (2020-2031)
- 1.2.3 Global Housed Direct Drive Rotary Motor Sales Price (2020-2031)
- 1.3 Housed Direct Drive Rotary Motor Market Trends & Drivers
- 1.3.1 Housed Direct Drive Rotary Motor Industry Trends
- 1.3.2 Housed Direct Drive Rotary Motor Market Drivers & Opportunity
- 1.3.3 Housed Direct Drive Rotary Motor Market Challenges
- 1.3.4 Housed Direct Drive Rotary Motor Market Restraints
- 1.4 Assumptions and Limitations
- 1.5 Study Objectives
- 1.6 Years Considered
2 Competitive Analysis by Company
- 2.1 Global Housed Direct Drive Rotary Motor Players Revenue Ranking (2024)
- 2.2 Global Housed Direct Drive Rotary Motor Revenue by Company (2020-2025)
- 2.3 Global Housed Direct Drive Rotary Motor Players Sales Volume Ranking (2024)
- 2.4 Global Housed Direct Drive Rotary Motor Sales Volume by Company Players (2020-2025)
- 2.5 Global Housed Direct Drive Rotary Motor Average Price by Company (2020-2025)
- 2.6 Key Manufacturers Housed Direct Drive Rotary Motor Manufacturing Base and Headquarters
- 2.7 Key Manufacturers Housed Direct Drive Rotary Motor Product Offered
- 2.8 Key Manufacturers Time to Begin Mass Production of Housed Direct Drive Rotary Motor
- 2.9 Housed Direct Drive Rotary Motor Market Competitive Analysis
- 2.9.1 Housed Direct Drive Rotary Motor Market Concentration Rate (2020-2025)
- 2.9.2 Global 5 and 10 Largest Manufacturers by Housed Direct Drive Rotary Motor Revenue in 2024
- 2.9.3 Global Top Manufacturers by Company Type (Tier 1, Tier 2, and Tier 3) & (based on the Revenue in Housed Direct Drive Rotary Motor as of 2024)
- 2.10 Mergers & Acquisitions, Expansion
3 Segmentation by Type
- 3.1 Introduction by Type
- 3.1.1 Inner Rotor Motors
- 3.1.2 Outer Rotor Motors
- 3.2 Global Housed Direct Drive Rotary Motor Sales Value by Type
- 3.2.1 Global Housed Direct Drive Rotary Motor Sales Value by Type (2020 VS 2024 VS 2031)
- 3.2.2 Global Housed Direct Drive Rotary Motor Sales Value, by Type (2020-2031)
- 3.2.3 Global Housed Direct Drive Rotary Motor Sales Value, by Type (%) (2020-2031)
- 3.3 Global Housed Direct Drive Rotary Motor Sales Volume by Type
- 3.3.1 Global Housed Direct Drive Rotary Motor Sales Volume by Type (2020 VS 2024 VS 2031)
- 3.3.2 Global Housed Direct Drive Rotary Motor Sales Volume, by Type (2020-2031)
- 3.3.3 Global Housed Direct Drive Rotary Motor Sales Volume, by Type (%) (2020-2031)
- 3.4 Global Housed Direct Drive Rotary Motor Average Price by Type (2020-2031)
4 Segmentation by Application
- 4.1 Introduction by Application
- 4.1.1 Semiconductor Manufacturing Equipment
- 4.1.2 Machine Tools
- 4.1.3 Robots
- 4.1.4 Electronic Manufacturing Equipment
- 4.1.5 Medical Devices
- 4.1.6 Printing and Packaging Equipment
- 4.1.7 Others
- 4.2 Global Housed Direct Drive Rotary Motor Sales Value by Application
- 4.2.1 Global Housed Direct Drive Rotary Motor Sales Value by Application (2020 VS 2024 VS 2031)
- 4.2.2 Global Housed Direct Drive Rotary Motor Sales Value, by Application (2020-2031)
- 4.2.3 Global Housed Direct Drive Rotary Motor Sales Value, by Application (%) (2020-2031)
- 4.3 Global Housed Direct Drive Rotary Motor Sales Volume by Application
- 4.3.1 Global Housed Direct Drive Rotary Motor Sales Volume by Application (2020 VS 2024 VS 2031)
- 4.3.2 Global Housed Direct Drive Rotary Motor Sales Volume, by Application (2020-2031)
- 4.3.3 Global Housed Direct Drive Rotary Motor Sales Volume, by Application (%) (2020-2031)
- 4.4 Global Housed Direct Drive Rotary Motor Average Price by Application (2020-2031)
5 Segmentation by Region
- 5.1 Global Housed Direct Drive Rotary Motor Sales Value by Region
- 5.1.1 Global Housed Direct Drive Rotary Motor Sales Value by Region: 2020 VS 2024 VS 2031
- 5.1.2 Global Housed Direct Drive Rotary Motor Sales Value by Region (2020-2025)
- 5.1.3 Global Housed Direct Drive Rotary Motor Sales Value by Region (2026-2031)
- 5.1.4 Global Housed Direct Drive Rotary Motor Sales Value by Region (%), (2020-2031)
- 5.2 Global Housed Direct Drive Rotary Motor Sales Volume by Region
- 5.2.1 Global Housed Direct Drive Rotary Motor Sales Volume by Region: 2020 VS 2024 VS 2031
- 5.2.2 Global Housed Direct Drive Rotary Motor Sales Volume by Region (2020-2025)
- 5.2.3 Global Housed Direct Drive Rotary Motor Sales Volume by Region (2026-2031)
- 5.2.4 Global Housed Direct Drive Rotary Motor Sales Volume by Region (%), (2020-2031)
- 5.3 Global Housed Direct Drive Rotary Motor Average Price by Region (2020-2031)
- 5.4 North America
- 5.4.1 North America Housed Direct Drive Rotary Motor Sales Value, 2020-2031
- 5.4.2 North America Housed Direct Drive Rotary Motor Sales Value by Country (%), 2024 VS 2031
- 5.5 Europe
- 5.5.1 Europe Housed Direct Drive Rotary Motor Sales Value, 2020-2031
- 5.5.2 Europe Housed Direct Drive Rotary Motor Sales Value by Country (%), 2024 VS 2031
- 5.6 Asia Pacific
- 5.6.1 Asia Pacific Housed Direct Drive Rotary Motor Sales Value, 2020-2031
- 5.6.2 Asia Pacific Housed Direct Drive Rotary Motor Sales Value by Region (%), 2024 VS 2031
- 5.7 South America
- 5.7.1 South America Housed Direct Drive Rotary Motor Sales Value, 2020-2031
- 5.7.2 South America Housed Direct Drive Rotary Motor Sales Value by Country (%), 2024 VS 2031
- 5.8 Middle East & Africa
- 5.8.1 Middle East & Africa Housed Direct Drive Rotary Motor Sales Value, 2020-2031
- 5.8.2 Middle East & Africa Housed Direct Drive Rotary Motor Sales Value by Country (%), 2024 VS 2031
6 Segmentation by Key Countries/Regions
- 6.1 Key Countries/Regions Housed Direct Drive Rotary Motor Sales Value Growth Trends, 2020 VS 2024 VS 2031
- 6.2 Key Countries/Regions Housed Direct Drive Rotary Motor Sales Value and Sales Volume
- 6.2.1 Key Countries/Regions Housed Direct Drive Rotary Motor Sales Value, 2020-2031
- 6.2.2 Key Countries/Regions Housed Direct Drive Rotary Motor Sales Volume, 2020-2031
- 6.3 United States
- 6.3.1 United States Housed Direct Drive Rotary Motor Sales Value, 2020-2031
- 6.3.2 United States Housed Direct Drive Rotary Motor Sales Value by Type (%), 2024 VS 2031
- 6.3.3 United States Housed Direct Drive Rotary Motor Sales Value by Application, 2024 VS 2031
- 6.4 Europe
- 6.4.1 Europe Housed Direct Drive Rotary Motor Sales Value, 2020-2031
- 6.4.2 Europe Housed Direct Drive Rotary Motor Sales Value by Type (%), 2024 VS 2031
- 6.4.3 Europe Housed Direct Drive Rotary Motor Sales Value by Application, 2024 VS 2031
- 6.5 China
- 6.5.1 China Housed Direct Drive Rotary Motor Sales Value, 2020-2031
- 6.5.2 China Housed Direct Drive Rotary Motor Sales Value by Type (%), 2024 VS 2031
- 6.5.3 China Housed Direct Drive Rotary Motor Sales Value by Application, 2024 VS 2031
- 6.6 Japan
- 6.6.1 Japan Housed Direct Drive Rotary Motor Sales Value, 2020-2031
- 6.6.2 Japan Housed Direct Drive Rotary Motor Sales Value by Type (%), 2024 VS 2031
- 6.6.3 Japan Housed Direct Drive Rotary Motor Sales Value by Application, 2024 VS 2031
- 6.7 South Korea
- 6.7.1 South Korea Housed Direct Drive Rotary Motor Sales Value, 2020-2031
- 6.7.2 South Korea Housed Direct Drive Rotary Motor Sales Value by Type (%), 2024 VS 2031
- 6.7.3 South Korea Housed Direct Drive Rotary Motor Sales Value by Application, 2024 VS 2031
- 6.8 Southeast Asia
- 6.8.1 Southeast Asia Housed Direct Drive Rotary Motor Sales Value, 2020-2031
- 6.8.2 Southeast Asia Housed Direct Drive Rotary Motor Sales Value by Type (%), 2024 VS 2031
- 6.8.3 Southeast Asia Housed Direct Drive Rotary Motor Sales Value by Application, 2024 VS 2031
- 6.9 India
- 6.9.1 India Housed Direct Drive Rotary Motor Sales Value, 2020-2031
- 6.9.2 India Housed Direct Drive Rotary Motor Sales Value by Type (%), 2024 VS 2031
- 6.9.3 India Housed Direct Drive Rotary Motor Sales Value by Application, 2024 VS 2031
7 Company Profiles
- 7.1 CKD
- 7.1.1 CKD Company Information
- 7.1.2 CKD Introduction and Business Overview
- 7.1.3 CKD Housed Direct Drive Rotary Motor Sales, Revenue, Price and Gross Margin (2020-2025)
- 7.1.4 CKD Housed Direct Drive Rotary Motor Product Offerings
- 7.1.5 CKD Recent Development
- 7.2 Yaskawa Electric
- 7.2.1 Yaskawa Electric Company Information
- 7.2.2 Yaskawa Electric Introduction and Business Overview
- 7.2.3 Yaskawa Electric Housed Direct Drive Rotary Motor Sales, Revenue, Price and Gross Margin (2020-2025)
- 7.2.4 Yaskawa Electric Housed Direct Drive Rotary Motor Product Offerings
- 7.2.5 Yaskawa Electric Recent Development
- 7.3 NSK
- 7.3.1 NSK Company Information
- 7.3.2 NSK Introduction and Business Overview
- 7.3.3 NSK Housed Direct Drive Rotary Motor Sales, Revenue, Price and Gross Margin (2020-2025)
- 7.3.4 NSK Housed Direct Drive Rotary Motor Product Offerings
- 7.3.5 NSK Recent Development
- 7.4 Mitsubishi Electric
- 7.4.1 Mitsubishi Electric Company Information
- 7.4.2 Mitsubishi Electric Introduction and Business Overview
- 7.4.3 Mitsubishi Electric Housed Direct Drive Rotary Motor Sales, Revenue, Price and Gross Margin (2020-2025)
- 7.4.4 Mitsubishi Electric Housed Direct Drive Rotary Motor Product Offerings
- 7.4.5 Mitsubishi Electric Recent Development
- 7.5 Rockwell Automation
- 7.5.1 Rockwell Automation Company Information
- 7.5.2 Rockwell Automation Introduction and Business Overview
- 7.5.3 Rockwell Automation Housed Direct Drive Rotary Motor Sales, Revenue, Price and Gross Margin (2020-2025)
- 7.5.4 Rockwell Automation Housed Direct Drive Rotary Motor Product Offerings
- 7.5.5 Rockwell Automation Recent Development
- 7.6 Kollmorgen
- 7.6.1 Kollmorgen Company Information
- 7.6.2 Kollmorgen Introduction and Business Overview
- 7.6.3 Kollmorgen Housed Direct Drive Rotary Motor Sales, Revenue, Price and Gross Margin (2020-2025)
- 7.6.4 Kollmorgen Housed Direct Drive Rotary Motor Product Offerings
- 7.6.5 Kollmorgen Recent Development
- 7.7 Hiwin
- 7.7.1 Hiwin Company Information
- 7.7.2 Hiwin Introduction and Business Overview
- 7.7.3 Hiwin Housed Direct Drive Rotary Motor Sales, Revenue, Price and Gross Margin (2020-2025)
- 7.7.4 Hiwin Housed Direct Drive Rotary Motor Product Offerings
- 7.7.5 Hiwin Recent Development
- 7.8 Siemens
- 7.8.1 Siemens Company Information
- 7.8.2 Siemens Introduction and Business Overview
- 7.8.3 Siemens Housed Direct Drive Rotary Motor Sales, Revenue, Price and Gross Margin (2020-2025)
- 7.8.4 Siemens Housed Direct Drive Rotary Motor Product Offerings
- 7.8.5 Siemens Recent Development
- 7.9 Akribis
- 7.9.1 Akribis Company Information
- 7.9.2 Akribis Introduction and Business Overview
- 7.9.3 Akribis Housed Direct Drive Rotary Motor Sales, Revenue, Price and Gross Margin (2020-2025)
- 7.9.4 Akribis Housed Direct Drive Rotary Motor Product Offerings
- 7.9.5 Akribis Recent Development
- 7.10 Parker Hannifin
- 7.10.1 Parker Hannifin Company Information
- 7.10.2 Parker Hannifin Introduction and Business Overview
- 7.10.3 Parker Hannifin Housed Direct Drive Rotary Motor Sales, Revenue, Price and Gross Margin (2020-2025)
- 7.10.4 Parker Hannifin Housed Direct Drive Rotary Motor Product Offerings
- 7.10.5 Parker Hannifin Recent Development
- 7.11 Baumuller
- 7.11.1 Baumuller Company Information
- 7.11.2 Baumuller Introduction and Business Overview
- 7.11.3 Baumuller Housed Direct Drive Rotary Motor Sales, Revenue, Price and Gross Margin (2020-2025)
- 7.11.4 Baumuller Housed Direct Drive Rotary Motor Product Offerings
- 7.11.5 Baumuller Recent Development
- 7.12 Shenzhen Han's Motor S&T Co
- 7.12.1 Shenzhen Han's Motor S&T Co Company Information
- 7.12.2 Shenzhen Han's Motor S&T Co Introduction and Business Overview
- 7.12.3 Shenzhen Han's Motor S&T Co Housed Direct Drive Rotary Motor Sales, Revenue, Price and Gross Margin (2020-2025)
- 7.12.4 Shenzhen Han's Motor S&T Co Housed Direct Drive Rotary Motor Product Offerings
- 7.12.5 Shenzhen Han's Motor S&T Co Recent Development
- 7.13 SOLPOWER Machine Electronic Corp
- 7.13.1 SOLPOWER Machine Electronic Corp Company Information
- 7.13.2 SOLPOWER Machine Electronic Corp Introduction and Business Overview
- 7.13.3 SOLPOWER Machine Electronic Corp Housed Direct Drive Rotary Motor Sales, Revenue, Price and Gross Margin (2020-2025)
- 7.13.4 SOLPOWER Machine Electronic Corp Housed Direct Drive Rotary Motor Product Offerings
- 7.13.5 SOLPOWER Machine Electronic Corp Recent Development
- 7.14 Shenzhen Servotop Technology
- 7.14.1 Shenzhen Servotop Technology Company Information
- 7.14.2 Shenzhen Servotop Technology Introduction and Business Overview
- 7.14.3 Shenzhen Servotop Technology Housed Direct Drive Rotary Motor Sales, Revenue, Price and Gross Margin (2020-2025)
- 7.14.4 Shenzhen Servotop Technology Housed Direct Drive Rotary Motor Product Offerings
- 7.14.5 Shenzhen Servotop Technology Recent Development
- 7.15 LS ELECTRIC
- 7.15.1 LS ELECTRIC Company Information
- 7.15.2 LS ELECTRIC Introduction and Business Overview
- 7.15.3 LS ELECTRIC Housed Direct Drive Rotary Motor Sales, Revenue, Price and Gross Margin (2020-2025)
- 7.15.4 LS ELECTRIC Housed Direct Drive Rotary Motor Product Offerings
- 7.15.5 LS ELECTRIC Recent Development
- 7.16 Motor Power Company
- 7.16.1 Motor Power Company Company Information
- 7.16.2 Motor Power Company Introduction and Business Overview
- 7.16.3 Motor Power Company Housed Direct Drive Rotary Motor Sales, Revenue, Price and Gross Margin (2020-2025)
- 7.16.4 Motor Power Company Housed Direct Drive Rotary Motor Product Offerings
- 7.16.5 Motor Power Company Recent Development
- 7.17 Sinfonia Technology
- 7.17.1 Sinfonia Technology Company Information
- 7.17.2 Sinfonia Technology Introduction and Business Overview
- 7.17.3 Sinfonia Technology Housed Direct Drive Rotary Motor Sales, Revenue, Price and Gross Margin (2020-2025)
- 7.17.4 Sinfonia Technology Housed Direct Drive Rotary Motor Product Offerings
- 7.17.5 Sinfonia Technology Recent Development
- 7.18 Aistec Intelligent Equipment
- 7.18.1 Aistec Intelligent Equipment Company Information
- 7.18.2 Aistec Intelligent Equipment Introduction and Business Overview
- 7.18.3 Aistec Intelligent Equipment Housed Direct Drive Rotary Motor Sales, Revenue, Price and Gross Margin (2020-2025)
- 7.18.4 Aistec Intelligent Equipment Housed Direct Drive Rotary Motor Product Offerings
- 7.18.5 Aistec Intelligent Equipment Recent Development
- 7.19 PBA System
- 7.19.1 PBA System Company Information
- 7.19.2 PBA System Introduction and Business Overview
- 7.19.3 PBA System Housed Direct Drive Rotary Motor Sales, Revenue, Price and Gross Margin (2020-2025)
- 7.19.4 PBA System Housed Direct Drive Rotary Motor Product Offerings
- 7.19.5 PBA System Recent Development
- 7.20 Shenzhen Dynamikwell
- 7.20.1 Shenzhen Dynamikwell Company Information
- 7.20.2 Shenzhen Dynamikwell Introduction and Business Overview
- 7.20.3 Shenzhen Dynamikwell Housed Direct Drive Rotary Motor Sales, Revenue, Price and Gross Margin (2020-2025)
- 7.20.4 Shenzhen Dynamikwell Housed Direct Drive Rotary Motor Product Offerings
- 7.20.5 Shenzhen Dynamikwell Recent Development
8 Industry Chain Analysis
- 8.1 Housed Direct Drive Rotary Motor Industrial Chain
- 8.2 Housed Direct Drive Rotary Motor Upstream Analysis
- 8.2.1 Key Raw Materials
- 8.2.2 Raw Materials Key Suppliers
- 8.2.3 Manufacturing Cost Structure
- 8.3 Midstream Analysis
- 8.4 Downstream Analysis (Customers Analysis)
- 8.5 Sales Model and Sales Channels
- 8.5.1 Housed Direct Drive Rotary Motor Sales Model
- 8.5.2 Sales Channel
- 8.5.3 Housed Direct Drive Rotary Motor Distributors
9 Research Findings and Conclusion
10 Appendix
- 10.1 Research Methodology
- 10.1.1 Methodology/Research Approach
- 10.1.1.1 Research Programs/Design
- 10.1.1.2 Market Size Estimation
- 10.1.1.3 Market Breakdown and Data Triangulation
- 10.1.2 Data Source
- 10.1.2.1 Secondary Sources
- 10.1.2.2 Primary Sources
- 10.2 Author Details
- 10.3 Disclaimer