The global market for Gear Reducer and Gear Reducer Motor was estimated to be worth US$ 30820 million in 2024 and is forecast to a readjusted size of US$ 40870 million by 2031 with a CAGR of 4.6% during the forecast period 2025-2031.
This report provides a comprehensive assessment of recent tariff adjustments and international strategic countermeasures on Gear Reducer and Gear Reducer Motor cross-border industrial footprints, capital allocation patterns, regional economic interdependencies, and supply chain reconfigurations.
A gear reducer (also known as a gearbox) is a mechanical device that reduces the input speed from a motor while increasing the torque output by using a system of gears. It is commonly used in machinery where precise speed control and high torque are required, such as conveyors, industrial automation, and robotics.
A gear reducer motor is an integrated unit that combines an electric motor and a gear reducer into a single assembly. This compact design delivers reduced output speed and increased torque directly from the motor, simplifying installation and enhancing efficiency in applications like conveyor systems, mixers, and automated equipment.
The market potential for gear reducers and gear reducer motors is significant across robotics, machine tools, and industrial machinery, driven by the global shift toward intelligent manufacturing, automation, and efficiency enhancement; in robotics, particularly in industrial and collaborative robots, precision gear reducers are critical for achieving high-torque, low-backlash, and precise motion control, making them indispensable components as demand for automation surges in sectors like automotive, electronics, and logistics; in the machine tool industry, gear reducer motors are vital for CNC machines and machining centers, where they enhance positioning accuracy, rigidity, and load-handling capacity, especially in high-torque applications such as milling, drilling, and five-axis machining, supporting the ongoing global push for higher productivity and part precision; within industrial machinery, gear reducers and gear reducer motors are widely applied in packaging, printing, textile, food processing, material handling, and conveyor systems, offering compact design, energy efficiency, and simplified maintenance, which are increasingly valued in sectors undergoing modernization and digital transformation; the integration of reducers with servo motors further fuels adoption by improving dynamic response and space efficiency in factory automation and smart production lines.
The global market-especially in Asia-Pacific, Europe, and North America-is expected to experience sustained growth in demand for both standalone gear reducers and integrated gear reducer motors, presenting substantial opportunities for component manufacturers, system integrators, and end users seeking to optimize cost, performance, and reliability in motion control applications across a wide range of industrial verticals.
This report aims to provide a comprehensive presentation of the global market for Gear Reducer and Gear Reducer Motor, focusing on the total sales volume, sales revenue, price, key companies market share and ranking, together with an analysis of Gear Reducer and Gear Reducer Motor by region & country, by Type, and by Application.
The Gear Reducer and Gear Reducer Motor market size, estimations, and forecasts are provided in terms of sales volume (K Units) and sales revenue ($ millions), considering 2024 as the base year, with history and forecast data for the period from 2020 to 2031. With both quantitative and qualitative analysis, to help readers develop business/growth strategies, assess the market competitive situation, analyze their position in the current marketplace, and make informed business decisions regarding Gear Reducer and Gear Reducer Motor.
Market Segmentation
By Company
- SEW-EURODRIVE
- Flender
- Sumitomo Heavy Industries, Ltd
- NORD
- Bonfiglioli
- Dana Motion Systems
- JiangSu TaiLong Decelerator Machinery Co.,Ltd.
- JIE Group co.,LTD
- Boneng Transmission (Suzhou) Co., Ltd
- DONLY
- Nanjing High Accurate Drive Equipment Manufacturing Group Co., Ltd
- Zhejiang Tongli Transmission Technology Co., Ltd
- Jiangyin Gearbox
- Supror
- FIXED STAR
Segment by Type
Segment by Application
- Industrial Robot
- Logistics Machinery
- AGV
- Aerospace
- Precision Machinery
- Machine Tool
- General Industry
- Others
By Region
- North America
- Asia-Pacific
- China
- Japan
- South Korea
- Southeast Asia
- India
- Australia
- Rest of Asia-Pacific
- Europe
- Germany
- France
- U.K.
- Italy
- Netherlands
- Nordic Countries
- Rest of Europe
- Latin America
- Mexico
- Brazil
- Rest of Latin America
- Middle East & Africa
- Turkey
- Saudi Arabia
- UAE
- Rest of MEA
Chapter Outline
Chapter 1: Introduces the report scope of the report, global total market size (value, volume and price). This chapter also provides the market dynamics, latest developments of the market, the driving factors and restrictive factors of the market, the challenges and risks faced by manufacturers in the industry, and the analysis of relevant policies in the industry.
Chapter 2: Detailed analysis of Gear Reducer and Gear Reducer Motor manufacturers competitive landscape, price, sales and revenue market share, latest development plan, merger, and acquisition information, etc.
Chapter 3: Provides the analysis of various market segments by Type, covering the market size and development potential of each market segment, to help readers find the blue ocean market in different market segments.
Chapter 4: Provides the analysis of various market segments by Application, covering the market size and development potential of each market segment, to help readers find the blue ocean market in different downstream markets.
Chapter 5: Sales, revenue of Gear Reducer and Gear Reducer Motor in regional level. It provides a quantitative analysis of the market size and development potential of each region and introduces the market development, future development prospects, market space, and market size of each country in the world.
Chapter 6: Sales, revenue of Gear Reducer and Gear Reducer Motor in country level. It provides sigmate data by Type, and by Application for each country/region.
Chapter 7: Provides profiles of key players, introducing the basic situation of the main companies in the market in detail, including product sales, revenue, price, gross margin, product introduction, recent development, etc.
Chapter 8: Analysis of industrial chain, including the upstream and downstream of the industry.
Chapter 9: Conclusion.
Table of Contents
1 Market Overview
- 1.1 Gear Reducer and Gear Reducer Motor Product Introduction
- 1.2 Global Gear Reducer and Gear Reducer Motor Market Size Forecast
- 1.2.1 Global Gear Reducer and Gear Reducer Motor Sales Value (2020-2031)
- 1.2.2 Global Gear Reducer and Gear Reducer Motor Sales Volume (2020-2031)
- 1.2.3 Global Gear Reducer and Gear Reducer Motor Sales Price (2020-2031)
- 1.3 Gear Reducer and Gear Reducer Motor Market Trends & Drivers
- 1.3.1 Gear Reducer and Gear Reducer Motor Industry Trends
- 1.3.2 Gear Reducer and Gear Reducer Motor Market Drivers & Opportunity
- 1.3.3 Gear Reducer and Gear Reducer Motor Market Challenges
- 1.3.4 Gear Reducer and Gear Reducer Motor Market Restraints
- 1.4 Assumptions and Limitations
- 1.5 Study Objectives
- 1.6 Years Considered
2 Competitive Analysis by Company
- 2.1 Global Gear Reducer and Gear Reducer Motor Players Revenue Ranking (2024)
- 2.2 Global Gear Reducer and Gear Reducer Motor Revenue by Company (2020-2025)
- 2.3 Global Gear Reducer and Gear Reducer Motor Players Sales Volume Ranking (2024)
- 2.4 Global Gear Reducer and Gear Reducer Motor Sales Volume by Company Players (2020-2025)
- 2.5 Global Gear Reducer and Gear Reducer Motor Average Price by Company (2020-2025)
- 2.6 Key Manufacturers Gear Reducer and Gear Reducer Motor Manufacturing Base and Headquarters
- 2.7 Key Manufacturers Gear Reducer and Gear Reducer Motor Product Offered
- 2.8 Key Manufacturers Time to Begin Mass Production of Gear Reducer and Gear Reducer Motor
- 2.9 Gear Reducer and Gear Reducer Motor Market Competitive Analysis
- 2.9.1 Gear Reducer and Gear Reducer Motor Market Concentration Rate (2020-2025)
- 2.9.2 Global 5 and 10 Largest Manufacturers by Gear Reducer and Gear Reducer Motor Revenue in 2024
- 2.9.3 Global Top Manufacturers by Company Type (Tier 1, Tier 2, and Tier 3) & (based on the Revenue in Gear Reducer and Gear Reducer Motor as of 2024)
- 2.10 Mergers & Acquisitions, Expansion
3 Segmentation by Type
- 3.1 Introduction by Type
- 3.1.1 Gear Motor
- 3.1.2 Gear Box
- 3.2 Global Gear Reducer and Gear Reducer Motor Sales Value by Type
- 3.2.1 Global Gear Reducer and Gear Reducer Motor Sales Value by Type (2020 VS 2024 VS 2031)
- 3.2.2 Global Gear Reducer and Gear Reducer Motor Sales Value, by Type (2020-2031)
- 3.2.3 Global Gear Reducer and Gear Reducer Motor Sales Value, by Type (%) (2020-2031)
- 3.3 Global Gear Reducer and Gear Reducer Motor Sales Volume by Type
- 3.3.1 Global Gear Reducer and Gear Reducer Motor Sales Volume by Type (2020 VS 2024 VS 2031)
- 3.3.2 Global Gear Reducer and Gear Reducer Motor Sales Volume, by Type (2020-2031)
- 3.3.3 Global Gear Reducer and Gear Reducer Motor Sales Volume, by Type (%) (2020-2031)
- 3.4 Global Gear Reducer and Gear Reducer Motor Average Price by Type (2020-2031)
4 Segmentation by Application
- 4.1 Introduction by Application
- 4.1.1 Industrial Robot
- 4.1.2 Logistics Machinery
- 4.1.3 AGV
- 4.1.4 Aerospace
- 4.1.5 Precision Machinery
- 4.1.6 Machine Tool
- 4.1.7 General Industry
- 4.1.8 Others
- 4.2 Global Gear Reducer and Gear Reducer Motor Sales Value by Application
- 4.2.1 Global Gear Reducer and Gear Reducer Motor Sales Value by Application (2020 VS 2024 VS 2031)
- 4.2.2 Global Gear Reducer and Gear Reducer Motor Sales Value, by Application (2020-2031)
- 4.2.3 Global Gear Reducer and Gear Reducer Motor Sales Value, by Application (%) (2020-2031)
- 4.3 Global Gear Reducer and Gear Reducer Motor Sales Volume by Application
- 4.3.1 Global Gear Reducer and Gear Reducer Motor Sales Volume by Application (2020 VS 2024 VS 2031)
- 4.3.2 Global Gear Reducer and Gear Reducer Motor Sales Volume, by Application (2020-2031)
- 4.3.3 Global Gear Reducer and Gear Reducer Motor Sales Volume, by Application (%) (2020-2031)
- 4.4 Global Gear Reducer and Gear Reducer Motor Average Price by Application (2020-2031)
5 Segmentation by Region
- 5.1 Global Gear Reducer and Gear Reducer Motor Sales Value by Region
- 5.1.1 Global Gear Reducer and Gear Reducer Motor Sales Value by Region: 2020 VS 2024 VS 2031
- 5.1.2 Global Gear Reducer and Gear Reducer Motor Sales Value by Region (2020-2025)
- 5.1.3 Global Gear Reducer and Gear Reducer Motor Sales Value by Region (2026-2031)
- 5.1.4 Global Gear Reducer and Gear Reducer Motor Sales Value by Region (%), (2020-2031)
- 5.2 Global Gear Reducer and Gear Reducer Motor Sales Volume by Region
- 5.2.1 Global Gear Reducer and Gear Reducer Motor Sales Volume by Region: 2020 VS 2024 VS 2031
- 5.2.2 Global Gear Reducer and Gear Reducer Motor Sales Volume by Region (2020-2025)
- 5.2.3 Global Gear Reducer and Gear Reducer Motor Sales Volume by Region (2026-2031)
- 5.2.4 Global Gear Reducer and Gear Reducer Motor Sales Volume by Region (%), (2020-2031)
- 5.3 Global Gear Reducer and Gear Reducer Motor Average Price by Region (2020-2031)
- 5.4 North America
- 5.4.1 North America Gear Reducer and Gear Reducer Motor Sales Value, 2020-2031
- 5.4.2 North America Gear Reducer and Gear Reducer Motor Sales Value by Country (%), 2024 VS 2031
- 5.5 Europe
- 5.5.1 Europe Gear Reducer and Gear Reducer Motor Sales Value, 2020-2031
- 5.5.2 Europe Gear Reducer and Gear Reducer Motor Sales Value by Country (%), 2024 VS 2031
- 5.6 Asia Pacific
- 5.6.1 Asia Pacific Gear Reducer and Gear Reducer Motor Sales Value, 2020-2031
- 5.6.2 Asia Pacific Gear Reducer and Gear Reducer Motor Sales Value by Region (%), 2024 VS 2031
- 5.7 South America
- 5.7.1 South America Gear Reducer and Gear Reducer Motor Sales Value, 2020-2031
- 5.7.2 South America Gear Reducer and Gear Reducer Motor Sales Value by Country (%), 2024 VS 2031
- 5.8 Middle East & Africa
- 5.8.1 Middle East & Africa Gear Reducer and Gear Reducer Motor Sales Value, 2020-2031
- 5.8.2 Middle East & Africa Gear Reducer and Gear Reducer Motor Sales Value by Country (%), 2024 VS 2031
6 Segmentation by Key Countries/Regions
- 6.1 Key Countries/Regions Gear Reducer and Gear Reducer Motor Sales Value Growth Trends, 2020 VS 2024 VS 2031
- 6.2 Key Countries/Regions Gear Reducer and Gear Reducer Motor Sales Value and Sales Volume
- 6.2.1 Key Countries/Regions Gear Reducer and Gear Reducer Motor Sales Value, 2020-2031
- 6.2.2 Key Countries/Regions Gear Reducer and Gear Reducer Motor Sales Volume, 2020-2031
- 6.3 United States
- 6.3.1 United States Gear Reducer and Gear Reducer Motor Sales Value, 2020-2031
- 6.3.2 United States Gear Reducer and Gear Reducer Motor Sales Value by Type (%), 2024 VS 2031
- 6.3.3 United States Gear Reducer and Gear Reducer Motor Sales Value by Application, 2024 VS 2031
- 6.4 Europe
- 6.4.1 Europe Gear Reducer and Gear Reducer Motor Sales Value, 2020-2031
- 6.4.2 Europe Gear Reducer and Gear Reducer Motor Sales Value by Type (%), 2024 VS 2031
- 6.4.3 Europe Gear Reducer and Gear Reducer Motor Sales Value by Application, 2024 VS 2031
- 6.5 China
- 6.5.1 China Gear Reducer and Gear Reducer Motor Sales Value, 2020-2031
- 6.5.2 China Gear Reducer and Gear Reducer Motor Sales Value by Type (%), 2024 VS 2031
- 6.5.3 China Gear Reducer and Gear Reducer Motor Sales Value by Application, 2024 VS 2031
- 6.6 Japan
- 6.6.1 Japan Gear Reducer and Gear Reducer Motor Sales Value, 2020-2031
- 6.6.2 Japan Gear Reducer and Gear Reducer Motor Sales Value by Type (%), 2024 VS 2031
- 6.6.3 Japan Gear Reducer and Gear Reducer Motor Sales Value by Application, 2024 VS 2031
- 6.7 South Korea
- 6.7.1 South Korea Gear Reducer and Gear Reducer Motor Sales Value, 2020-2031
- 6.7.2 South Korea Gear Reducer and Gear Reducer Motor Sales Value by Type (%), 2024 VS 2031
- 6.7.3 South Korea Gear Reducer and Gear Reducer Motor Sales Value by Application, 2024 VS 2031
- 6.8 Southeast Asia
- 6.8.1 Southeast Asia Gear Reducer and Gear Reducer Motor Sales Value, 2020-2031
- 6.8.2 Southeast Asia Gear Reducer and Gear Reducer Motor Sales Value by Type (%), 2024 VS 2031
- 6.8.3 Southeast Asia Gear Reducer and Gear Reducer Motor Sales Value by Application, 2024 VS 2031
- 6.9 India
- 6.9.1 India Gear Reducer and Gear Reducer Motor Sales Value, 2020-2031
- 6.9.2 India Gear Reducer and Gear Reducer Motor Sales Value by Type (%), 2024 VS 2031
- 6.9.3 India Gear Reducer and Gear Reducer Motor Sales Value by Application, 2024 VS 2031
7 Company Profiles
- 7.1 SEW-EURODRIVE
- 7.1.1 SEW-EURODRIVE Company Information
- 7.1.2 SEW-EURODRIVE Introduction and Business Overview
- 7.1.3 SEW-EURODRIVE Gear Reducer and Gear Reducer Motor Sales, Revenue, Price and Gross Margin (2020-2025)
- 7.1.4 SEW-EURODRIVE Gear Reducer and Gear Reducer Motor Product Offerings
- 7.1.5 SEW-EURODRIVE Recent Development
- 7.2 Flender
- 7.2.1 Flender Company Information
- 7.2.2 Flender Introduction and Business Overview
- 7.2.3 Flender Gear Reducer and Gear Reducer Motor Sales, Revenue, Price and Gross Margin (2020-2025)
- 7.2.4 Flender Gear Reducer and Gear Reducer Motor Product Offerings
- 7.2.5 Flender Recent Development
- 7.3 Sumitomo Heavy Industries, Ltd
- 7.3.1 Sumitomo Heavy Industries, Ltd Company Information
- 7.3.2 Sumitomo Heavy Industries, Ltd Introduction and Business Overview
- 7.3.3 Sumitomo Heavy Industries, Ltd Gear Reducer and Gear Reducer Motor Sales, Revenue, Price and Gross Margin (2020-2025)
- 7.3.4 Sumitomo Heavy Industries, Ltd Gear Reducer and Gear Reducer Motor Product Offerings
- 7.3.5 Sumitomo Heavy Industries, Ltd Recent Development
- 7.4 NORD
- 7.4.1 NORD Company Information
- 7.4.2 NORD Introduction and Business Overview
- 7.4.3 NORD Gear Reducer and Gear Reducer Motor Sales, Revenue, Price and Gross Margin (2020-2025)
- 7.4.4 NORD Gear Reducer and Gear Reducer Motor Product Offerings
- 7.4.5 NORD Recent Development
- 7.5 Bonfiglioli
- 7.5.1 Bonfiglioli Company Information
- 7.5.2 Bonfiglioli Introduction and Business Overview
- 7.5.3 Bonfiglioli Gear Reducer and Gear Reducer Motor Sales, Revenue, Price and Gross Margin (2020-2025)
- 7.5.4 Bonfiglioli Gear Reducer and Gear Reducer Motor Product Offerings
- 7.5.5 Bonfiglioli Recent Development
- 7.6 Dana Motion Systems
- 7.6.1 Dana Motion Systems Company Information
- 7.6.2 Dana Motion Systems Introduction and Business Overview
- 7.6.3 Dana Motion Systems Gear Reducer and Gear Reducer Motor Sales, Revenue, Price and Gross Margin (2020-2025)
- 7.6.4 Dana Motion Systems Gear Reducer and Gear Reducer Motor Product Offerings
- 7.6.5 Dana Motion Systems Recent Development
- 7.7 JiangSu TaiLong Decelerator Machinery Co.,Ltd.
- 7.7.1 JiangSu TaiLong Decelerator Machinery Co.,Ltd. Company Information
- 7.7.2 JiangSu TaiLong Decelerator Machinery Co.,Ltd. Introduction and Business Overview
- 7.7.3 JiangSu TaiLong Decelerator Machinery Co.,Ltd. Gear Reducer and Gear Reducer Motor Sales, Revenue, Price and Gross Margin (2020-2025)
- 7.7.4 JiangSu TaiLong Decelerator Machinery Co.,Ltd. Gear Reducer and Gear Reducer Motor Product Offerings
- 7.7.5 JiangSu TaiLong Decelerator Machinery Co.,Ltd. Recent Development
- 7.8 JIE Group co.,LTD
- 7.8.1 JIE Group co.,LTD Company Information
- 7.8.2 JIE Group co.,LTD Introduction and Business Overview
- 7.8.3 JIE Group co.,LTD Gear Reducer and Gear Reducer Motor Sales, Revenue, Price and Gross Margin (2020-2025)
- 7.8.4 JIE Group co.,LTD Gear Reducer and Gear Reducer Motor Product Offerings
- 7.8.5 JIE Group co.,LTD Recent Development
- 7.9 Boneng Transmission (Suzhou) Co., Ltd
- 7.9.1 Boneng Transmission (Suzhou) Co., Ltd Company Information
- 7.9.2 Boneng Transmission (Suzhou) Co., Ltd Introduction and Business Overview
- 7.9.3 Boneng Transmission (Suzhou) Co., Ltd Gear Reducer and Gear Reducer Motor Sales, Revenue, Price and Gross Margin (2020-2025)
- 7.9.4 Boneng Transmission (Suzhou) Co., Ltd Gear Reducer and Gear Reducer Motor Product Offerings
- 7.9.5 Boneng Transmission (Suzhou) Co., Ltd Recent Development
- 7.10 DONLY
- 7.10.1 DONLY Company Information
- 7.10.2 DONLY Introduction and Business Overview
- 7.10.3 DONLY Gear Reducer and Gear Reducer Motor Sales, Revenue, Price and Gross Margin (2020-2025)
- 7.10.4 DONLY Gear Reducer and Gear Reducer Motor Product Offerings
- 7.10.5 DONLY Recent Development
- 7.11 Nanjing High Accurate Drive Equipment Manufacturing Group Co., Ltd
- 7.11.1 Nanjing High Accurate Drive Equipment Manufacturing Group Co., Ltd Company Information
- 7.11.2 Nanjing High Accurate Drive Equipment Manufacturing Group Co., Ltd Introduction and Business Overview
- 7.11.3 Nanjing High Accurate Drive Equipment Manufacturing Group Co., Ltd Gear Reducer and Gear Reducer Motor Sales, Revenue, Price and Gross Margin (2020-2025)
- 7.11.4 Nanjing High Accurate Drive Equipment Manufacturing Group Co., Ltd Gear Reducer and Gear Reducer Motor Product Offerings
- 7.11.5 Nanjing High Accurate Drive Equipment Manufacturing Group Co., Ltd Recent Development
- 7.12 Zhejiang Tongli Transmission Technology Co., Ltd
- 7.12.1 Zhejiang Tongli Transmission Technology Co., Ltd Company Information
- 7.12.2 Zhejiang Tongli Transmission Technology Co., Ltd Introduction and Business Overview
- 7.12.3 Zhejiang Tongli Transmission Technology Co., Ltd Gear Reducer and Gear Reducer Motor Sales, Revenue, Price and Gross Margin (2020-2025)
- 7.12.4 Zhejiang Tongli Transmission Technology Co., Ltd Gear Reducer and Gear Reducer Motor Product Offerings
- 7.12.5 Zhejiang Tongli Transmission Technology Co., Ltd Recent Development
- 7.13 Jiangyin Gearbox
- 7.13.1 Jiangyin Gearbox Company Information
- 7.13.2 Jiangyin Gearbox Introduction and Business Overview
- 7.13.3 Jiangyin Gearbox Gear Reducer and Gear Reducer Motor Sales, Revenue, Price and Gross Margin (2020-2025)
- 7.13.4 Jiangyin Gearbox Gear Reducer and Gear Reducer Motor Product Offerings
- 7.13.5 Jiangyin Gearbox Recent Development
- 7.14 Supror
- 7.14.1 Supror Company Information
- 7.14.2 Supror Introduction and Business Overview
- 7.14.3 Supror Gear Reducer and Gear Reducer Motor Sales, Revenue, Price and Gross Margin (2020-2025)
- 7.14.4 Supror Gear Reducer and Gear Reducer Motor Product Offerings
- 7.14.5 Supror Recent Development
- 7.15 FIXED STAR
- 7.15.1 FIXED STAR Company Information
- 7.15.2 FIXED STAR Introduction and Business Overview
- 7.15.3 FIXED STAR Gear Reducer and Gear Reducer Motor Sales, Revenue, Price and Gross Margin (2020-2025)
- 7.15.4 FIXED STAR Gear Reducer and Gear Reducer Motor Product Offerings
- 7.15.5 FIXED STAR Recent Development
8 Industry Chain Analysis
- 8.1 Gear Reducer and Gear Reducer Motor Industrial Chain
- 8.2 Gear Reducer and Gear Reducer Motor Upstream Analysis
- 8.2.1 Key Raw Materials
- 8.2.2 Raw Materials Key Suppliers
- 8.2.3 Manufacturing Cost Structure
- 8.3 Midstream Analysis
- 8.4 Downstream Analysis (Customers Analysis)
- 8.5 Sales Model and Sales Channels
- 8.5.1 Gear Reducer and Gear Reducer Motor Sales Model
- 8.5.2 Sales Channel
- 8.5.3 Gear Reducer and Gear Reducer Motor Distributors
9 Research Findings and Conclusion
10 Appendix
- 10.1 Research Methodology
- 10.1.1 Methodology/Research Approach
- 10.1.1.1 Research Programs/Design
- 10.1.1.2 Market Size Estimation
- 10.1.1.3 Market Breakdown and Data Triangulation
- 10.1.2 Data Source
- 10.1.2.1 Secondary Sources
- 10.1.2.2 Primary Sources
- 10.2 Author Details
- 10.3 Disclaimer