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市场调查报告书
商品编码
1457880

全球与中国汽车照明系统（2023-2024）

Global and China Automotive Lighting System Research Report, 2023-2024
出版日期: | 出版商: ResearchInChina | 英文 350 Pages | 商品交期: 最快1-2个工作天内

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简介目录

智慧车头灯和车内照明系统的安装数量稳定增加。

从2019年到2023年，智慧车头灯和车内照明系统的安装数量稳定成长。 车内照明主要包括气氛灯、阅读灯、行李箱灯、车门灯、集群灯等。 其中，气氛光2023年渗透率为44.1%，近五年年平均成长率维持在16.3%。ResearchInChina预计，2025年，气氛灯将在1,300万辆汽车上标配，渗透率将达到近60%。

触控式阅读灯的安装量从2019年到2023年快速成长，2023年渗透率达到16.8%，其中BYD、Audi、Li Auto车型配备最多。

智慧头灯以DLP头灯、数位头灯、可程式头灯、自适应远光灯（ADB）头灯为代表。 这些前灯可实现自动驾驶辅助、与车辆外部的互动以及娱乐投影等功能。

2023年，智慧车头灯的主流光源将是LED组合，约占安装数量的84%，卤素车头灯将占15%，雷射车头灯的占有率仍将低于0.5 %。 2023年，矩阵式头灯是最常见的智慧头灯安装类型，安装了2,229,000辆汽车，其次是几何多光束头灯，安装了231,000辆汽车。

过去五年来，ADB头灯的安装数量一直呈上升趋势，2021年标准ADB头灯的安装数量将首次超过选配安装数量，2023年，标准ADB头灯的安装数量将首次超过选装安装数量。

智慧大灯具有互动、娱乐和智慧驾驶辅助功能。

第一批电动头灯于 19 世纪末投入商用，主要用于夜间照明。

2023年，车头灯变得更加多样化。 随着科技的进步，车灯越来越多地承担起照明以外的功能，如智慧驾驶辅助、互动、娱乐等。

汽车照明功能的多样化不仅推动了DLP、MicroLED、像素头灯等照明技术的应用，也带动了汽车照明与其他汽车零件的融合。 例如， "灯屏一体化" （利用显示器进行外部照明和显示）、 "灯面一体化" （将智慧表面技术整合到照明系统中，主要是外部格栅照明和内部环境/车门照明）、 "识别" 照明" （将感测器整合到照明中以增强智慧）。

就智慧照明互动功能而言，前灯投射的影像和 LED 显示器显示的像素图形传达了使用者与行人和车辆互动的意图。 该技术主要是透过像素头灯的投影和可编程头灯的光资讯互动方式来实现。

Xpeng汽车首次在P7上引入光学资讯互动功能，该车型2020年销量约5000台。 此功能于2022年在P5和G9推出，smart#1、Avatr 11、SAIC Rising/IM 系列、Hongqi H9也于今年开始跟进。 2023年，配备灯光资讯互动功能的车型开始蓬勃发展，配备量达33万辆，渗透率达1.6%。

ZEEKR 007 的前脸内建有智慧光幕 "Valeo ZEEKR STARGATE" 。 前置光幕支援光资讯互动设计，采用 "灯屏一体" 方式，实现智慧表达、礼尚展示客製化。 ZEEKR STARGATE 由 TI 提供的 75 个汽车级驱动器 IC 独立控制。

本报告针对全球及中国汽车产业进行调查分析，提供汽车照明数量、安装率数据，以及国内外供应商概况。

目录

第一章汽车照明概述

  • 汽车照明的分类与技术路线
  • 外部照明系统
  • 内部照明系统
  • 汽车照明产业法规政策

第二章全球及中国汽车照明市场

  • 中国汽车照明市场数据
  • 世界数据

第三章全球主要汽车照明供应商

  • 汽车照明产业链
  • 主要汽车照明厂商的智慧技术解决方案及供应关係
  • Koito
  • Stanley
  • Marelli
  • Hella
  • Digital Lighting Solution
  • Valeo
  • OSRAM
  • SL
  • LG Group
  • Magna
  • Lumileds
  • Varroc

第四章中国主要汽车照明供应商

  • HASCO Vision
  • Changzhou Xingyu Automotive Lighting Systems
  • Foshan Lighting
  • APT Electronics
  • Mande Electronics and Electrical
  • Refond Optoelectronics
  • Xunchi Vehicle Jiangsu
  • Tongbao Optoelectronics
  • Zhejiang Ginye Auto Parts
  • Anrui Optoelectronics
  • Hongli Zhihui Group
  • DEPO Auto Parts
  • Zhejiang Tianchong Vehicle Lamp Group
  • Zhejiang Jiali（Lishui）Industry

第五章 OEM智慧照明解决方案

  • Audi
  • OLED Taillight Technology (DLP)
  • BYD
  • Cadillac LYRIQ
  • IM Motors
  • Xpeng X9/G6
  • Tesla Model Y
  • Li Auto
  • NIO ET9
  • AITO
  • Jiyue 01
  • Great Wall Motor汽车DLP技术的Pixel智慧头灯
  • Buick
  • Mercedes-Benz DMD 车头灯
  • Ford车头灯研发的历史与机制
  • Lexus BladeScan 车头灯

第 6 章汽车照明趋势

简介目录
Product Code: GX011

Installations of intelligent headlights and interior lighting systems made steady growth.

From 2019 to 2023, the installations of intelligent headlights and interior lighting systems grew steadily. Interior lighting mainly includes ambient, reading, trunk, door, and cluster lights. Among them, the ambient light boasted a penetration of 44.1% in 2023, and sustained an AAGR of 16.3% in recent five years. ResearchInChina predicts that the ambient light as a standard configuration will be installed in 13 million vehicles in 2025, with a penetration rate of nearly 60%.

The installations of touch reading light soared from 2019 to 2023, with penetration up to 16.8% in 2023, and the most models equipped with this function were from BYD, Audi, and Li Auto.

Intelligent headlights are led by DLP headlights, digital headlights, programmable headlights, and adaptive driving beam (ADB) headlights. They can enable such functions as autonomous driving assistance, exterior interaction, and entertainment projection.

In 2023, the mainstream light source of intelligent headlights was LED combination, sweeping about 84% of the installations; halogen headlights made up 15%; laser headlights still took a less than 0.5% share. In 2023, among intelligent headlights, matrix headlights were installed most, and mounted on 2,229,000 vehicles; geometric multi-beam headlights followed, with installation in 231,000 vehicles.

In recent five years, the installations of ADB headlights were on the rise: in 2021, the installations of the standard ADB headlights exceeded the optional for the first time; in 2023, ADB headlights were installed in 1,584,000 vehicles.

Intelligent headlights bear interaction, entertainment and intelligent driving assistance functions.

In late 19th century, the first electric headlamp was available on market, mainly for night lighting.

In 2023, headlights became more diversified. As technology evolves, they begin to carry functions other than lighting, including: intelligent driving assistance, interaction, and entertainment.

The diversification of automotive lighting functions has not only expedited the application of lighting technologies like DLP, MicroLED, and pixel headlights, but also fueled the integration of automotive lighting with other auto parts, for example, "lighting-screen integration" (using displays for exterior lighting and display), "lighting-surface integration" (integrating smart surface technology into the lighting system, mainly exterior grille lights and interior ambient/door lights), and "perception lighting" (integrating sensors into lights to enhance intelligence).

In the case of interaction function of intelligent lighting, the images projected by headlights and the pixel graphics showed by the LED display convey the user's intents for interaction with pedestrians and vehicles. This technology is mainly enabled by the projection of pixel headlights and the light information interaction mode of programmable headlights.

Xpeng was the first to introduce the light information interaction function, and used it in P7 in 2020, a model with sales of about 5,000 units. This function was available to P5 and G9 in 2022, and smart#1, Avatr 11, SAIC Rising/IM series, and Hongqi H9 began to follow suit in the year. In 2023, the models equipped with lighting information interaction function began to boom, with 330,000 vehicles installed with it, the penetration rate up to 1.6%.

ZEEKR 007 packs Valeo ZEEKR STARGATE, an integrated intelligent light curtain in the front face. The front light curtain supports the light information interaction design, adopts the "light-screen integration" approach, and allows customization of intelligent expressions and courtesy signs. ZEEKR STARGATE is independently controlled by 75 automotive-grade driver ICs provided by TI.

In December 2023, AITO M9 was officially released with Huawei's XPixel automotive lighting technology. DLP projection enables intelligent driving assistance functions such as lane change and turning alert, lane guidance, and light blanket projection. In terms of interaction function, AITO M9's ISD lights with more than 1,000 pixels have built in over 10 animation effects such as welcome, charging animation and light information interaction, as well as over 40 customized patterns. The 4M high-speed serial communication realizes smoother animation effects, and the customized animations can be refreshed via OTA updates to meet the customization requirements of different target groups.

Intelligent automotive lighting is integrated with sensors.

As autonomous driving technology advances, automotive lighting systems are no longer limited to lighting functions, but further integrated with radar, camera and other ADAS sensors. They utilize intelligent perception function and common EEA to further enhance lighting intelligence, and keep evolving towards perception lighting.

In the case of Jiyue 01, a model launched in October 2023, its lighting system and full intelligent driving domain adopt the same visual system. The intelligent interactive lighting system is applicable to lighting interaction designs for different scenarios such as autonomous driving, voice interaction and safety protection. Headlights and high/low beam can be switched automatically through the visual system.

For example, the perception system recognizes the environment before and after entering the lane, and then automatically turns the lights on or off through the autonomous driving execution system. The next step is to automate the lever and directly use vision to determine which lane to enter, and then determine whether to turn left or right. In the future, users will not need to pay attention to the left or right turn when driving.

ZKW has been researching the integration of sensors and lighting systems since 2019, and has launched products that integrate radar sensors and lighting systems, for example, the "Project Dragonfly".

In May 2023, ZKW and REHAU Automotive decided to jointly drive forward the integration of modern lighting systems in vehicle fronts. They will promote the "seamless intelligent vehicle front" project where light, sensor technology and electronics in the vehicle front are connected. The seamless vehicle front is enriched with light, logo, sensor and heating elements and thus becomes an intelligent design object.

Table of Contents

1 Overview of Automotive Lighting

  • 1.1 Automotive Lighting Classification and Technology Route
    • 1.1.1 Classification and Functions of Automotive Lighting System
    • 1.1.2 Development History
    • 1.1.3 Light Source Evolution Route
    • 1.1.4 Mainstream Automotive Lighting Technology Route
    • 1.1.5 Comparison between Intelligent Automotive Lighting Technologies
  • 1.2 Exterior Lighting System
    • 1.2.1 Composition of Headlight
    • 1.2.2 LED Lighting: Application
    • 1.2.2 LED Lighting: Classification
    • 1.2.2 LED Lighting: Cost Structure
    • 1.2.2 LED Lighting: Industry Chain
    • 1.2.3 Intelligent Automotive Lighting Technologies
    • 1.2.4 AFS Headlights
    • 1.2.5 Matrix Headlight: Principle
    • 1.2.5 Matrix Headlight: Cases
    • 1.2.6 ADB Headlight: Principle and Functions
    • 1.2.6 ADB Headlight: Development History
    • 1.2.7 Pixel Headlight
    • 1.2.8 Digital Headlight
    • 1.2.9 DLP Technology: Definition
    • 1.2.9 DLP Technology: Development History
    • 1.2.9 DLP Technology: Principles
    • 1.2.9 DLP Technology: DMD Chip Structure
    • 1.2.9 DLP Technology: DMD Chip Characteristics and Limitations
    • 1.2.10 DLP Automotive Lighting Solutions
    • 1.2.11 DLP Automotive Lighting Suppliers and Solutions
    • 1.2.12 OEM Solutions for DLP Automotive Lighting
    • 1.2.13 Optimize ADB by DLP
    • 1.2.14 New Solution for DMD Chip
    • 1.2.15 Micro LED Direct Light Source Projection Technology
    • 1.2.16 Micro LED Case
    • 1.2.17 List of Micro LED Automotive Light Source Module Suppliers and Solutions
    • 1.2.18 Micro LED Automotive Light Tier1 Suppliers and Solutions
    • 1.2.19 Micro-LED Latest Dynamics
    • 1.2.20 Driver Chips
  • 1.3 Interior Lighting System
    • 1.3.1 Classification of In-vehicle Ambient Lighting - By Light Emitting Forms
    • 1.3.2 Main Functions and Principles of In-vehicle Ambient Lighting
    • 1.3.3 Ambient Lighting Technology Route
    • 1.3.4 Application History of In-vehicle Ambient Lighting
    • 1.3.5 Development Cycle of In-vehicle Ambient Lighting
    • 1.3.6 Industry Chain of In-vehicle Ambient Lighting
    • 1.3.7 In-vehicle Ambient Lighting Solutions
  • 1.4 Regulations and Policies for Automotive Lighting Industry
    • 1.4.1 Global Automotive Lighting Standard System
    • 1.4.2 China's Automotive Lighting Standard System
    • 1.4.3 Automotive Lighting Regulations in China
    • 1.4.4 China's Automotive Lighting Design Requirements
    • 1.4.5 Automotive Lighting Regulations in United States
    • 1.4.6 Automotive Lighting Standards in United States
    • 1.4.7 Automotive Lighting Standards in Japan and Australia
    • 1.4.8 Automotive Lighting Regulations in European Union
    • 1.4.9 Projection Regulations
    • 1.4.10 ADS Automotive Lighting Regulations

2 Global and China Automotive Lighting Markets

  • 2.1 China Automotive Lighting Market Data
    • 2.1.1 Installation of Different Types of Low/High Beam
    • 2.1.2 Installation and Growth Rate of LED/Laser High Beam
    • 2.1.3 Installation and Penetration Rate of Automatic Induction Light
    • 2.1.4 Installation and Penetration Rate of Adaptive High/ Low Beam
    • 2.1.5 Installation and Penetration Rate of AFS Light
    • 2.1.6 Installation and Penetration Rate of ADB Headlight
    • 2.1.7 Installation and Penetration Rate of AHS
    • 2.1.8 Installation and Penetration Rate of Matrix/Geometric Multi-Beam Headlight
    • 2.1.9 Installation and Penetration Rate of Pixel/Laser Headlight
    • 2.1.10 Installation and Penetration Rate of Light Signal Function
    • 2.1.11 Installation and Penetration Rate of Headlight Raising Function
    • 2.1.12 Installation and Penetration Rate of Headlight Cleaning Function
    • 2.1.13 Installation and Major Models of Headlight Delay Off Function
    • 2.1.13 Penetration Rate of Headlight Delay Off Function
    • 2.1.14 Installation and Penetration Rate of Turn Assist Light
    • 2.1.15 Installation and Penetration Rate of Daytime Driving Light
    • 2.1.16 Installation and Penetration Rate of Fog Light
    • 2.1.17 Installation and Penetration Rate of Rain & Fog Mode
    • 2.1.18 Market Size and Penetration Rate of Ambient Lighting Market
    • 2.1.19 Installation and Penetration Rate of Touch Reading Light
    • 2.1.20 Characteristics of China's Automotive Lighting Industry
    • 2.1.21 China's Automotive Lighting Aftermarket
  • 2.2 Global Data
    • 2.2.1 Cost Comparison between Automotive Lighting with Different Light Sources
    • 2.2.2 Global Automotive Lighting Market Size
    • 2.2.3 Global Automotive Exterior Lighting Market Size

3 Major Global Automotive Lighting Suppliers

  • Automotive Lighting Industry Chain
  • Intelligent Technology Solutions and Supply Relationships of Major Automotive Lighting Suppliers
  • 3.1 Koito
    • 3.1.1 Profile
    • 3.1.2 Operation
    • 3.1.3 Layout in China
    • 3.1.4 Shareholding Companies/Overseas Companies
    • 3.1.5 BladeScan@ADB Headlamp System and Supported Models
    • 3.1.6 Automotive Lighting Technology Integrated with Sensors
    • 3.1.7 Cooperation and Deployments in Intelligent Automotive Lighting
  • 3.2 Stanley
    • 3.2.1 Profile
    • 3.2.2 Product Classification
    • 3.2.3 Layout in China
    • 3.2.4 LCD-ADB Headlight Systems
    • 3.2.5 Laser Scan Headlight Systems
    • 3.2.6 Automotive LED Lights
    • 3.2.7 Automotive Ambient Lights
  • 3.3 Marelli
    • 3.3.1 Profile
    • 3.3.2 Development History of Automotive Lighting
    • 3.3.3 Ambient Lights
    • 3.3.4 h-Digi micro-LED Digital Headlights
    • 3.3.5 Front-end Lighting Modules & Combined Headlights
    • 3.3.6 Folia-LED Taillight Solution
    • 3.3.7 ADB Headlights
    • 3.3.8 Latest Products for CES2024
  • 3.4 Hella
    • 3.4.1 Profile
    • 3.4.2 Operation
    • 3.4.3 Development History of Automotive Lighting
    • 3.4.4 Development History in China
    • 3.4.5 Layout in China
  • 3.4.6Digital Lighting Solution
  • 3.5 Valeo
    • 3.5.1 Profile
    • 3.5.2 Development History of Automotive Lighting
    • 3.5.3 Layout in China
    • 3.5.4 Intelligent Automotive Lighting Technology
    • 3.5.5 Technology Evolution: Front Lighting Technology
    • 3.5.5 Technology Evolution: Rear Lighting Technology
    • 3.5.5 Technology Evolution: Automotive Interior Lighting Technology
    • 3.5.6 Latest Dynamics
  • 3.6 OSRAM
    • 3.6.1 Profile
    • 3.6.2 Development History of Automotive Lighting
    • 3.6.3 Automotive Lighting Development Plan
    • 3.6.4 Dynamics
  • 3.7 SL
    • 3.7.1 Profile
    • 3.7.2 Layout in China
    • 3.7.3 Innovative Automotive Lighting Technology
  • 3.8 LG Group
    • 3.8.1 Profile
    • 3.8.2 Dynamics: LG Innotek Nexlide-E Lighting Module
    • 3.8.3 Introduction of LG Subsidiary: ZKW
    • 3.8.4 ZKW Global Distribution
    • 3.8.5 ZKW Development History
    • 3.8.6 Technology Route
    • 3.8.7 stripeZ Technology: Principle and Structure
    • 3.8.8 Dynamic: New µMirror Module for Dynamic Lighting Functions Developed with Various Companies
  • 3.9 Magna
    • 3.9.1 Profile
    • 3.9.2 Ultra-thin Micro LED Lighting Technology
    • 3.9.3 Latest Dynamics
  • 3.10 Lumileds
    • 3.10.1 Profile
    • 3.10.2 Global Layout
    • 3.10.3 Subsidiaries in China
  • 3.11 Varroc
    • 3.11.1 Profile
    • 3.11.2 Equity Structure of Subsidiaries
    • 3.11.3 Layout in China
    • 3.11.4 Automotive Lighting Business Layout and Lighting Technology

4 Major Chinese Automotive Lighting Suppliers

  • 4.1 HASCO Vision
    • 4.1.1 Profile
    • 4.1.2 Development History and Financial Data
    • 4.1.3 Main Products and Technologies
    • 4.1.4 Intelligent Interactive Lighting System
    • 4.1.5 Digital Lighting Solutions
  • 4.2 Changzhou Xingyu Automotive Lighting Systems
    • 4.2.1 Profile
    • 4.2.2 Operation
    • 4.2.3 Automobile Lights Production Bases and Capacity
    • 4.2.4 Global Layout
    • 4.2.5 R&D History of Intelligent Automotive Lighting
    • 4.2.6 Major Customers and Dynamics
  • 4.3 Foshan Lighting
    • 4.3.1 Profile
    • 4.3.2 Financial and Equity Situation
    • 4.3.3 Automotive Lighting Technology and Layout
    • 4.3.4 Subsidiary: Nanning Liaowang Auto Lamp
    • 4.3.5 Layout of Nanning Liaowang Auto Lamp
    • 4.3.6 Subsidiary: NationStar Optoelectronics
  • 4.4 APT Electronics
    • 4.4.1 Profile
    • 4.4.2 Financial Data
    • 4.4.3 Development History
    • 4.4.4 Core Technology
    • 4.4.5 Technology Route
    • 4.4.6 Automotive LED Product Map
    • 4.4.7 High-power Automotive LED Light Source Roadmap
  • 4.5 Mande Electronics and Electrical
    • 4.5.1 Profile
    • 4.5.2 Lighting Products
    • 4.5.3 Intelligent Automotive Lighting Solutions
  • 4.6 Refond Optoelectronics
    • 4.6.1 Profile
    • 4.6.2 Lighting Module Products
    • 4.6.3 Lighting Products: Ambient Lighting/Illuminated Vehicle Marker
    • 4.6.3 Lighting Products: Mini LED Taillights
    • 4.6.4 Next Planning
  • 4.7 Xunchi Vehicle Jiangsu
    • 4.7.1 Profile
    • 4.7.2 Technology and Dynamics
  • 4.8 Tongbao Optoelectronics
    • 4.8.1 Profile
    • 4.8.2 Operation
  • 4.9 Zhejiang Ginye Auto Parts
    • 4.9.1 Profile and Dynamics
    • 4.9.2 Automotive Lighting Solutions
  • 4.10 Anrui Optoelectronics
    • 4.10.1 Profile
    • 4.10.2 R&D and Production Bases
    • 4.10.3 Deployments in Intelligent Automotive Lighting
  • 4.11 Hongli Zhihui Group
    • 4.11.1 Profile
    • 4.11.2 Operation
    • 4.11.3 Lighting Products and Supporting
    • 4.11.4 Automotive Lighting Dynamics
  • 4.12 DEPO Auto Parts
    • 4.12.1 Profile
    • 4.12.2 Operation
    • 4.12.3 Deployments in Intelligent Automotive Lighting and R&D Directions
  • 4.13 Zhejiang Tianchong Vehicle Lamp Group
    • 4.13.1 Profile
    • 4.13.2 Intelligent Automotive Lighting Products
  • 4.14 Zhejiang Jiali (Lishui) Industry
    • 4.14.1 Profile
    • 4.14.2 Main Products

5 Intelligent Lighting Solutions of OEMs

  • 5.1 Audi
    • 5.1.1 Evolution of Automotive Lighting Technology
    • 5.1.2 OLED Taillight Technology
  • 5.1.3OLED Taillight Technology (DLP)
  • 5.2 BYD
    • 5.2.1 Introduction to Automotive Lighting
    • 5.2.2 Automotive Lighting Technology-Full Vehicle LED
    • 5.2.3 LED Headlight Modularization
    • 5.2.4 Features of Yangwang Light Set
    • 5.2.5 Development Plan for Automotive LED Lighting
  • 5.3 Cadillac LYRIQ
  • 5.4 IM Motors
    • 5.4.1 IM L7 Intelligent Lighting System
    • 5.4.2 DLP Projection Headlight Technology Evolution and Characteristics
  • 5.5 Xpeng X9/G6
  • 5.6 Tesla Model Y
  • 5.7 Li Auto
    • 5.7.1 LI L9
    • 5.7.2 Li L7/L8
  • 5.8 NIO ET9
  • 5.9 AITO
    • 5.9.1 Huawei XPixel Technology Solution
    • 5.9.2 AITO M9 Intelligent Headlights: 13 Functions/Scenario Applications
  • 5.10 Jiyue 01
  • 5.11 Great Wall Motor's Pixel Intelligent Headlights Based on DLP Technology
  • 5.12 Buick
    • 5.12.1 Matrix Pixel Intelligent Headlight Technology Evolution
    • 5.12.2 Third Generation Matrix Pixel Intelligent Headlight
  • 5.13 Mercedes-Benz DMD Headlights
  • 5.14 Ford Headlight R&D History and Dynamics
  • 5.15 Lexus BladeScan Headlights

6 Automotive Lighting Trends

  • 6.1 Trend 1
    • 6.1.1 Light-screen Integration/ Light-surface Integration
    • 6.1.2 iNest 3.0 Concept Car of Nobo Automotive
    • 6.1.3 Light-screen Integration of Changan E07
    • 6.1.4 Vision One-Eleven Pixel Screen of Mercedes-Benz
    • 6.1.5 ZEEKR 007: Light-screen Integration
  • 6.2 Trend 2
    • 6.2.1 Intelligent Automotive Lights Carry Exterior Interaction Functions
    • 6.2.2 Advantage of Integrated Interaction Function: Enhancing User Experience
    • 6.2.2 Advantage of Integrated Interaction Function: Accelerating Intelligent Lighting Technology
    • 6.2.3 Lighting Interaction Function Cases
  • 6.3 Trend 3
  • 6.4 Trend 4
  • 6.5 Trend 5
  • 6.6 Trend 6
    • 6.6.1 Intelligent Automotive Lights Evolving Toward Autonomous Lighting
    • 6.6.2 Types and Characteristics of Automotive Light Sensors
    • 6.6.3 Application Cases of Automotive Light Sensors
    • 6.6.4 Cases
  • 6.7 Trend 7