小客车用线传煞车(BBW)的中国市场(2025年)

1. 2025 年，电液煞车（EHB）的装置容量将超过 1,000 万辆，达到 1,200 万辆。

2024 年，电液煞车（EHB）作为一种线控煞车系统，其装置容量将超过 1,000 万辆，比上年增长 61.4%。 2025年1月至7月，预计将有近600万辆汽车安装电子煞车系统（EHB），全年EHB安装总量预计将超过1200万辆。

依EHB技术类型划分，一体式（OneBox）产品的市占率正在上升，2024年达到79.4%（2023年为63.3%），2025年1月至7月将上升至86.6%。博世、大陆集团和伯特利三家厂商合计占一体式产品市场70%以上的占有率。

2. EMB认证汽车安装

2025年5月30日，全国强制标准GB21670-2025 "乘用车煞车系统技术要求及试验方法" 正式发表。本标准将于2026年1月1日起生效。作为汽车煞车系统的强制性标准，新标准规定了乘用车煞车系统的最低安全性能要求，并作为车辆安全设计的基准。本标准与汽车准入和3C认证的公布和批准直接相关，不符合本标准的车型将被禁止销售。本标准的发布和实施也标誌着EMB系统获准用于汽车安装。自2026年1月1日起，EMB系统在车辆上的安装将有法律依据。

GB21670-2025首次引入了 "电气控制动系统（ETBS）" 这个术语。该术语指的是一种煞车系统，其中工作制动力及其传递完全由驾驶员控制的储能装置驱动。除了新增的术语 "ETBS" 外，本标准还规定了ETBS核心技术的要求。

GB21670-2025 为电子线控制动器 (EMB) 的量产提供政策支持，并为产业发展提供参考规范，包括冗余设计、功能安全和可靠性验证的要求，从而激励企业改进相关技术。

3. 线控制动器供应商竞相争夺电子线控制动器量产的领先地位。

2025 年，电子线控制动器的量产正加速推进。多家公司已完成电子线控制动器生产线的建设，计划于 2025 年底至 2026 年初实现电子线控制动器的量产。

在电子线控制动器领域，除了博世、大陆集团和贝特尔等老牌企业外，还涌现出众多新企业，包括东方动力科技、炯益电子科技、动力科技和沃森拉力。

本报告分析了中国乘用车线控煞车（BBW）市场，并提供了市场规模和安装量、供应商、供应链和OEM布局等资讯。

目录

第1章 线传煞车产业概要

• 线传煞车概要
• EHB的资料的分析
  • 电控煞车总装机量
  • 依能源类型划分的电控煞车装机量及价格
  • 以价格划分的电控煞车装机量及价格
  • 依品牌及机型划分的电控煞车装机量及价格
  • 依技术路线划分的电控煞车装置容量
  • 线控煞车市场规模（2025-2030）
• EHB和EMB的专利分析

第2章 线传煞车系统供应商

• 线传煞车供应商的产品的摘要(1)
• 线传煞车供应商的产品的摘要(2)
• Bosch
• Continental
• ZF
• Hitachi
• Brembo
• Mando
• Bethel
• Nasen Automotive Technology
• LeeKr Technology
• GLOBAL Technology
• TruGo Tech
• BIBO
• Trinova
• Tongyu Automotive
• Tuopu Group
• Orient-Motion Technology
• Motion Technology

第3章 线传煞车的供应链

• 马达
• 煞车卡钳
• 滚珠螺桿

第4章 中国的小客车OEM的线传煞车设计

• Great Wall Motor
• BYD
• SAIC
• Changan
• Geely
• Chery
• Dongfeng
• Xiaomi
• HIMA

第5章 线传煞车产业课题与开发趋势

• 发展趋势（1）
• 发展趋势（2）
• 发展趋势（3）
• 混合式线控煞车实例（1）
• 混合式线控煞车实例（2）
• 混合式线控煞车实例（10）
• EMB量产关键技术（1）
• EMB量产关键技术（2）
• EMB量产关键技术（6）
• 线控煞车的新发展方向 （1）
• 线控煞车的新发展方向（2）
• 线控煞车的新发展方向与技术路线（1）
• 线控煞车的新发展方向与技术路线（2）
• 线控煞车的新发展方向与技术路线（9）

Brake-by-Wire: EHB to Be Installed in 12 Million Vehicles in 2025

1. EHB Have Been Installed in over 10 Million Vehicles, A Figure to Hit 12 Million in 2025.

In 2024, the brake-by-wire, Electro-Hydraulic Brake (EHB), was installed in more than 10 million vehicles, representing a year-on-year upsurge of 61.4%. From January to July 2025, EHB was installed in nearly 6 million vehicles, and it is expected that the full-year EHB installations in 2025 will surpass 12 million vehicles. In terms of installation rate, the full-year installation rate in 2025 is projected to exceed 50%.

By EHB technology type, the market share of OneBox products was on the rise, hitting 79.4% in 2024 (compared to 63.3% in 2023), and further climbing to 86.6% from January to July 2025. In the OneBox market, Bosch, Continental, and Bethel took a combined market share of over 70%.

2. EMB Was Approved for Installation in Vehicles

On May 30, 2025, the national mandatory standard GB21670-2025 Technical Requirements and Testing Methods for Passenger Car Braking Systems was released. This standard will come into effect on January 1, 2026. As a mandatory standard for automotive braking systems, the new standard sets minimum safety performance requirements for passenger car braking systems and serves as the baseline for vehicle safety design. The standard is directly linked to announcement and approval for vehicle entry and 3C certification, and vehicle models that fail to meet the standard are prohibited from being marketed. The release and implementation of this standard also symbolize the approval of EMB systems for installation in vehicles. After January 1, 2026, the installation of EMB in vehicles will have a "legal basis".

In the GB21670-2025, the term "Electrical Transmission Braking System (ETBS)" is added for the first time. It refers to a braking system in which the service braking force and its transmission are powered solely by an electrical storage device controlled by the driver. In addition to the new term ETBS, the standard also specifies requirements for the core technologies of ETBS, including:

(1) Power Supply Redundancy and Real-Time Monitoring

Dual redundant power supply: In case of a main power supply failure, the backup power supply shall take over seamlessly within 5 seconds to ensure uninterrupted system operation.

Electrical storage device monitoring: Multi-level (4 levels recommended) aging alarm thresholds shall be set to provide remaining life prediction and health status management (SOH/SOC monitoring).

Power output alarm mechanism: When the power is lower than the system operation threshold, a yellow alarm (Pw) must be issued to alert the driver and the backend system.

Energy storage system backup path design: Support battery hybrid topology to improve the ability to respond to instantaneous high currents and system safety redundancy.

(2) Braking Performance Redundancy Protection Mechanism

Independent dual braking circuits: The system shall include two physically or functionally independent circuits to ensure that if one circuit fails, the other can provide basic braking performance (>=2.44 m/s2).

Emergency strategy for extremely low electrical capacity: When the remaining electrical capacity is as low as the red warning threshold, the vehicle speed shall be forced to decrease to below 20 km/h within 60 seconds to avoid the risk of loss of control at high speeds.

Parking brake protection: Even if the main power supply fails completely, the parking holding function shall still be achieved through electrical or mechanical backup to prevent the vehicle from rolling on slopes.

(3) Durability and Reliability Verification

Continuous braking cycle test: The power supply system shall withstand 20 consecutive "brake-release" cycles without power failure or performance degradation.

Extreme energy storage test: When the electrical storage device has the remaining capacity for only 9 braking cycles, it shall still meet the minimum emergency deceleration standard.

Redundancy verification after failure: After a failure in any transmission path, the controller shall be able to complete 8 actuations, and the 9th emergency braking shall still achieve the standard deceleration.

(4) Functional Safety Requirements (in accordance with GB/T 34590 / ISO 26262): The ETBS belongs to the high-risk function at ASIL-D level and shall comply with the functional safety V-model process and meet quantitative indicators.

Hardware quantitative indicators: Single point fault metric (SPFM): >99% (ASIL D requirement); latent fault metric (LFM): >90%; probabilistic metric for random hardware failures (PMHF): <10-8/h

Software design requirements: Structural coverage (e.g., MC/DC coverage: >=100%) at the unit/architecture level shall be achieved.

The GB21670-2025 provides policy endorsement for mass production of EMB, and also offers reference specifications for the industry's development, including requirements for redundancy design, functional safety, and reliability verification, forcing enterprises to improve related technologies.

3. Brake-by-Wire Suppliers Compete for the First Place in EMB Mass Production

In 2025, the mass production process of EMB accelerates. Multiple companies have completed construction of EMB production lines, and the planned mass production time of EMB is concentrated from the end of 2025 to the first half of 2026.

In the EMB segment, in addition to established players such as Bosch, Continental, and Bethel, a number of new players have emerged, including Orient-Motion Technology, Jiongyi Electronic Technology, Motion Technology, and Watson Rally.

Orient-Motion Technology

Founded in August 2023, Orient-Motion Technology has closed two funding rounds and raised a total of RMB400 million. Teh company has invested in the construction of an EMB smart factory in Suzhou Industrial Park, with a total investment of about RMB150 million in the first phase, which will introduce a fully automated assembly line for EMB systems.

In March 2025, Orient-Motion Technology held a press conference and announced that its Electronic Mechanical Brake (EMB) technology is about to usher in a new era of mass production. Through platformization and standardization of products, the company has launched a range of EMB products with clamping forces of 25kN, 35kN, 45kN, and 65kN, covering the diverse needs of automakers and avoiding the complexity of using multiple calipers in the traditional hydraulic era. The configuration cost of all models of any vehicle type is only RMB3,488.

Currently, Orient-Motion Technology has established partnerships with Dongfeng Liuzhou Motor and Geely Farizon on EMB products. Orient-Motion Technology and Dongfeng Liuzhou Motor will cooperate on EMB based on the Xinghai V9 model.

Jiongyi Electronic Technology

Founded in June 2022, the company has closed four funding rounds, with investors including Xiaomi Industrial Investment and Zhejiang Vie Science & Technology. As of the first quarter of 2025, Jiongyi has completed three rounds of winter and summer road tests for its EMB products, with samples installed in more than 150 vehicles. Over 15 customers have completed installation and verification in vehicles. The EMB products have been designated by a Chinese OEM, and have obtained ISO26262 process certification. The EMB assembly line was put into use in August 2024.

Jiongyi provides fully dry EMB systems with 65KN / 50KN / 30KN clamping forces, supports domestic chip platform solutions, and its brake-by-wire pedal simulator can support wet pedal feel and dry pedal feel.

Motion Technology

Founded in November 2022, the company has closed three funding rounds and raised a total of nearly RMB100 million. In May 2025, Motion Technology's Nantong production base announced the completion of the third round of batch trial installation verification, and the entire production line process has met the mass production standards. This marks that Motion Technology has the capability of large-scale delivery of EMB systems.

Motion Technology's passenger car EMB products provide three clamping force specifications of 30kN, 45kN, and 65kN for OEMs. The products are composed of a pedal simulation unit, master/slave brake controllers, and a caliper-type brake actuator. With fully dry, fully redundant, fully decoupled, and fully intelligent technical features, they can provide vehicle customers with braking solutions that meet L3-L5 autonomous driving functions.

Watson Rally

Founded in August 2022, the company has closed four funding rounds and raised a total of nearly RMB200 million. Watson Rally's EMB series products have completed winter calibration tests for two consecutive years and have successfully entered the Production Validation (PV) phase.

The brake response time of Watson Rally's EMB is only 80ms, and it provides optional clamping force specifications of 25kN, 45kN, and 65kN. The axial length is less than 125mm, which can be matched with large-area friction pads (120 square centimeters). The system eliminates brake fluid and intermediate control units, simplifying the structure and reducing maintenance costs, and supports modular vehicle control design.

Table of Contents

1 Overview of Brake-by-Wire Industry

• 1.1 Overview of Brake-by-Wire
• Classification of Braking Systems
• Iteration History of Brake-by-Wire Products
• Regulations Concerning Brake-by-Wire
• Interpretation of Latest Regulations on Brake-by-Wire
• Iteration of Intelligent Chassis for Passenger Cars
• Key Development Goals of Brake-by-Wire, 2025-2030E
• Classification of Brake-by-Wire Products
• Electro-Hydraulic Brake (EHB)
• EHB Technical Routes
• Comparison between EHB Structural Forms
• EHB Development Echelons
• Electromechanical Brake (EMB)
• Comparison between Two Brake-by-Wire Technical Routes
• Auxiliary Components of Brake-by-Wire
• ABS
• ESC
• EPB
• Failure Modes of Brake-by-Wire
• Energy Recovery Strategies (1)
• Energy Recovery Strategies (2)
• Selection of One-Box and Two-Box Braking Energy Recovery Strategies
• 1.2 EHB Data Analysis
• Overall Installation of EHB
• Installations & Installation Rate of EHB: By Energy Type
• Installations & Installation Rate of EHB: By Price
• Installations & Installation Rate of EHB: By Brand & Model
• EHB Installations: By Technical Route
• Brake-by-Wire Market Size, 2025-2030E
• 1.3 Patent Analysis of EHB and EMB
• EHB Patents
• EMB Patent Analysis

2 Brake-by-Wire System Suppliers

• Summary of Products of Brake-by-Wire Suppliers (1)
• Summary of Products of Brake-by-Wire Suppliers (2)
• 2.1 Bosch
• Development History of Brake Products
• Brake-by-Wire Products
• Brake-by-Wire 1.0
• Brake-by-Wire 2.0
• Brake-by-Wire 3.0
• Brake-by-Wire 4.0
• Brake-by-Wire 5.0
• Redundancy Solutions for Brake-by-Wire
• Vehicle Models Applying Bosch Brake-by-Wire Products
• EMB Patents
• 2.2 Continental
• Development History of Brake-by-Wire
• Brake-by-Wire Development Route
• Development Plan for Brake Product Line
• Next-Phase Development Direction of Intelligent Chassis
• Brake-by-Wire 1.0
• Brake-by-Wire 2.0
• Brake-by-Wire 3.0
• Redundancy Solution for Brake-by-Wire
• Recall Incidents Caused by Brake-by-Wire
• Disassembly of MK C2
• 2.3 ZF
• Development History of Brake-by-Wire
• EBB
• EBB System for Aftermarket
• One-Box Brake-by-Wire Product: IBC (Integrated Brake Control)
• Brake Redundancy Solution
• Dry Brake-by-Wire
• 2.4 Hitachi
• Astemo's First-Generation Brake-by-Wire Product
• Astemo's Second-Generation Brake-by-Wire Product
• Astemo's Third-Generation Brake-by-Wire Product
• EMB Solutions
• EMB Product Roadmap
• Core Parameters of EMB
• EMB Caliper Configuration
• Next-Generation Electro-Hydraulic Brake System
• 2.5 Brembo
• Brembo BbW
• Brembo Sensify
• Brembo Sensify Solution Combinations for Different Vehicle Types
• Latest Dynamics in Brembo Sensify
• 2.6 Mando
• Profile
• Solutions for New Energy Market
• Development Route of Brake-by-Wire Products
• First-Generation Brake-by-Wire Product
• Second-Generation Brake-by-Wire Product
• Third-Generation Brake-by-Wire Product
• Braking Performance of EMB under Functional Failure
• Views on Advantages and Industry Challenges of EMB
• Comparison between IDB and EMB Products
• 2.7 Bethel
• Profile
• Automotive Braking System Products
• Electronic Parking Brake (EPB)
• Brake-by-Wire System: WCBS 1.0
• Brake-by-Wire System: WCBS 1.5
• Brake-by-Wire System: WCBS 2.0
• Brake-by-Wire System: WCBS 2.0H
• Brake-by-Wire Products: Status of Projects under Construction
• Latest Brake-by-Wire Product Portfolio
• EMB Patents
• Automotive Braking System: Designation
• 2.8 Nasen Automotive Technology
• Profile
• Automotive Braking System Products
• Vehicle Stability Control System
• Electronic Brake Booster System
• Integrated Intelligent Braking System
• NBC Redundancy Solution
• Investment in NBC Production Line
• Electro-Mechanical Brake
• 2.9 LeeKr Technology
• Profile
• Development Route of Intelligent Chassis
• One-Box Brake-by-Wire Product: IHB-LK (R)
• One-Box Brake-by-Wire Product: IHB-LK(R) GEN3.0
• Two-Box Brake-by-Wire Product: DHB-LK (R)
• Brake-by-Wire Product: EMB-LK (TM)
• Brake Redundancy Module
• Brake-by-Wire Redundancy Solutions (1-4)
• Capacity Planning
• EMB Patents
• 2.10 GLOBAL Technology
• Profile
• Automotive Braking Systems: ABS, EPB, ESC
• Brake Solutions for L0 to L5 Driving Levels
• Intelligent Power-assisted Braking System
• Decoupled Brake Control System
• Integrated Brake Control System
• Split Control System
• Integrated Brake Control System 3.0 Solution
• GIBC Multi-Redundancy Solution
• Electro-Mechanical Brake System
• Brake-by-Wire Capacity Planning
• Intelligent Chassis Planning Route
• 2.11 TruGo Tech
• Profile
• Automotive Chassis-by-Wire Layout
• Integrated Electro-Hydraulic Brake (EHBI)
• Hydraulic Decoupled Two-Box Solution
• EMB Solution
• 2.12 BIBO
• Chassis Product Layout
• Chassis Product Matrix
• Intelligent Brake Products for Chassis
• Electronic Power Braking System
• BIBC
• BIBC 3.0
• BIBO Redundant Brake Module (BRBM)
• BDBS + BESC
• 2.13 Trinova
• Profile
• Automotive Braking System Products
• Electronic Stability Control System
• Trinova eBooster System (TBS)
• TBS Multi-Redundancy Solution
• Integrated Brake Control (IBC)
• IBC Multi-Redundancy Solution
• EMB
• Planning of Chassis-by-Wire Products
• Domestic Chip Partners for Chassis-by-Wire Products
• 2.14 Tongyu Automotive
• Profile
• Development History of Chassis-by-Wire Products
• Braking System
• Electronic Parking Brake System
• Electro-Hydraulic Brake System
• Integrated Electro-Hydraulic Brake System
• Hydraulic Decoupled Brake Controller (EHB-HD)
• Intelligent Braking System Solutions
• EMB
• 2.15 Tuopu Group
• Profile
• Intelligent Braking System: IBS
• Intelligent Braking System: IBS-PRO
• Intelligent Braking System: IBS-EVO
• IBS Multi-Redundancy Solution
• 2.16 Orient-Motion Technology
• EMB
• EMB System Layout
• 2.17 Motion Technology
• EMB Solutions (1)
• EMB Solutions (2)
• EMB Solutions (5)

3 Brake-by-Wire Supply Chain

• 3.1 Motor
• Classification of Motors and Motors Used in Automotive Brake
• 3.1.1 Jiangkou Electrical Appliance Manufacturing
• Profile and Motor Products
• Motor Products
• Motors for Commercial Vehicle EHB and EMB
• 3.1.2 Nidec
• Product Line
• Brake Motor Development Roadmap
• Motors for EHB and EMB
• Motors for Automotive Electric Power Braking System (One-Box Series)
• 3.1.3 Johnson Electric Guangdong Co., Ltd.
• Profile
• Brake Motors
• 3.1.4 Other Suppliers
• Motor Products and Designation of Ningbo Dechang Electrical Machinery Made Co., Ltd.
• EHB Motors of LG Innotek
• Chinadream Motor
• Chiaphua Components
• Hubei Domain Control Intelligent Drive Technology Co., Ltd.
• Welling Auto Parts' Motors for EHB
• 3.2 Brake Calipers
• Classification of Brake Calipers
• 3.2.1 Brembo
• Brake Disc Series
• Brake Pad Series
• Brake Pads for EV Models
• Brake Calipers
• 3.2.2 Zhejiang Asia-Pacific Mechanical and Electronic
• Brake Calipers
• Designation of Brake Calipers
• 3.2.3 Inspeed Technology
• Brake Calipers
• 3.2.4 ZF
• Colette-type Series Calipers
• MAXX Series Calipers
• Parameters of MAXX Series Calipers
• ZF-WABCO Single-Piston Brake Caliper
• 3.2.5 Other Suppliers
• Continental's Brake Caliper Layout in China
• Fixed Calipers of FinDreams Technology
• Brake Calipers of Bethel
• Brake Calipers of Astemo
• 3.3 Ball Screws
• Classification of Ball Screws
• 3.3.1 Series Motion Industry
• Profile and Ball Screw Product Line
• Ball Screw Products (1): Miniature Ball Screws
• Ball Screw Products (1): Miniature Ball Screws
• Ball Screw Products (2): Planetary Ball Screws (1)
• Ball Screw Products (2): Planetary Ball Screws (2)
• 3.3.2 THK
• Classification of Ball Screws
• Automotive Ball Screws
• 3.3.3 NSK
• Classification of Ball Screws
• Automotive Ball Screws
• 3.3.4 Schaeffler
• Schaeffler's Ball Screw Business Entities and Their Representative Products
• Parameters of Swiss GSA Planetary Roller Screw Products
• Roller Screw Products of Swiss Rollvis
• Roller Screw Products of Swiss Ewellix
• 3.3.5 Other Suppliers
• Shuanglin Co., Ltd.
• Wuxi Best Precision Machinery Co., Ltd.

4 Brake-by-Wire Layout of Chinese Passenger Car OEMs

• 4.1 Great Wall Motor
• "Forest Ecosystem" Technology Layout
• Chassis-by-Wire Integrated with Brake-by-Wire
• Intelligent Braking Subsidiary - FIGURE Intelligent Technology Co., Ltd.
• Overall Brake Solution Layout of FIGURE
• Brake Development History of FIGURE
• Brake Product Layout of FIGURE
• Brake-by-Wire Solutions of FIGURE
• Next-Phase Brake Research Goals
• 4.2 BYD
• Establishment of Wholly-Owned Brake-by-Wire Subsidiary - FinDreams Powertrain
• Self-Development History of Brake Products
• Self-Developed Brake-by-Wire Solution: BSC
• Development History of BSC System
• Highlights of BSC System
• Working Principle of BSC System
• Application of BSC in Commercial Vehicles
• 4.3 SAIC
• SAIC's Brake-by-Wire R&D Subsidiary - DIAS Automotive Electronic Systems Co., Ltd.
• Overall Brake Solution Layout of DIAS
• DIAS' Brake Products for L0-L5 Driving Levels
• Brake-by-Wire Solutions of DIAS
• Innovative Functional Features of DIAS' Brake-by-Wire System
• EMB of DIAS
• Application Cases of DIAS' Brake-by-Wire
• 4.4 Changan
• Changan's Brake-by-Wire R&D Subsidiary - CHANCE Technology
• Technology R&D Layout of CHANCE Technology
• Brake-by-Wire Iteration Plan of CHANCE Technology
• Brake-by-Wire Solutions of CHANCE Technology
• Changan Automobile and Multiple Companies Co-funded An Intelligent Braking Company
• Brake-by-Wire Products of China Automotive Innovation Corporation
• 4.5 Geely
• Geely and HL Mando Co-funded A Brake-by-Wire Company
• Geely and Bethel E Co-funded A Brake-by-Wire Company
• Brake-by-Wire Layout of the Subsidiary Under Geely Group's Controlling Shareholder
• Brake-by-Wire Product Layout of VCS Technology
• Brake-by-Wire Solutions of VCS Technology (1-2)
• Application Cases of VCS Technology's Brake-by-Wire
• Geely's AI Digital Chassis Integrating Brake-by-Wire Technology
• 4.6 Chery
• Brake-by-Wire R&D Shareholding Companies of Chery
• Intelligent Chassis 1.0
• Intelligent Chassis 3.0
• 4.7 Dongfeng
• Brake Affiliates
• Chassis-by-Wire Technology Layout
• Brake-by-Wire Technology Layout
• Brake-by-Wire System Cooperation Cases and Planned Vehicles Models Installed
• Voyah's Chassis-by-Wire Technology Layout
• Voyah's Brake-by-Wire Technology Layout
• 4.8 Xiaomi
• Brake-by-Wire Associate 1
• Brake-by-Wire Associate 2
• 4.9 HIMA
• Huawei's EMB Solution
• Technical Analysis of Huawei EMB

5 Challenges and Development Trends of Brake-by-Wire Industry

• Trends (1)
• Trends (2)
• Trends (3)
• Trends (4)
• Hybrid Brake-by-Wire Cases (1)
• Hybrid Brake-by-Wire Cases (2)
• Hybrid Brake-by-Wire Cases (10)
• Key Technologies for EMB Mass Production (1)
• Key Technologies for EMB Mass Production (2)
• Key Technologies for EMB Mass Production (6)
• New Development Directions of Brake-by-Wire (1)
• New Development Directions of Brake-by-Wire (2)
• New Development Directions and Technical Routes of Brake-by-Wire (1)
• New Development Directions and Technical Routes of Brake-by-Wire (2)
• New Development Directions and Technical Routes of Brake-by-Wire (9)