Product Code: RA100369
T-CELL THERAPY MARKET
As per Roots Analysis, the global T-cell therapy market size is estimated to grow from USD 6.5 billion in the current year to USD 20.9 billion by 2035, at a CAGR of 12% during the forecast period, till 2035.
The opportunity for the T-cell therapy market has been distributed across the following segments:
Type of Therapy
Target Indication
- Multiple Myeloma
- Large B-Cell Lymphoma
- Acute Lymphoblastic Leukemia
- Diffuse Large B-Cell Lymphoma
- Diffuse Large B-Cell Lymphoma, Primary Mediastinal Large B-Cell Lymphoma, Transformed Follicular Lymphoma and High grade B-cell lymphoma
- Acute Lymphoblastic Leukemia / B-cell Non-Hodgkin Lymphoma
- Non-Hodgkin Lymphoma
- Mantle Cell Lymphoma
- Acute Myeloid Leukemia
- Generalized Myasthenia Gravis (MG)
- Renal transplantation (HLA-A2)
- Gastric Adenocarcinoma
- Ovarian / Endometrial Cancer
- Chronic Lymphocytic Leukemia
- Follicular Lymphoma
- Renal Cell Carcinoma
- Melanoma
- Basal Cell Carcinoma
- Lung Cancer
- Sarcoma
- Head And Neck Cancer
- Cervical Cancer
- Neuro Gastro-Intestinal (GI) Cancer
- Breast Cancer
- Hepatocellular Carcinoma
- Nasopharyngeal Carcinoma
- Ovarian Cancer
Target Antigen
- BCMA
- CD19
- CD20
- CD19, CD22
- HLA
- MAGE
- PRAME
- NY-ESO-1 and LAGE
- EBV
- HBV
- Others
Company Size
- Small
- Mid-sized
- Large Research
Geographical Regions
- North America
- Europe
- Asia-Pacific
- Latin America
- Middle East and North Africa
- Rest of the World
T-CELL THERAPY MARKET: GROWTH AND TRENDS
T cells, a subset of white blood cells, are essential to the immunological system of the human body. The body's reactions to external allergens and infections are tightly controlled by these cells, which efficiently identify, target, and eliminate them while recalling the first interactions to trigger a prompt and efficient immune response. Scientists have been actively researching these cells since the 19th century with an aim to leverage them to treat a wide range of medical conditions. In fact, cell therapies (specifically T cell therapies) have attracted a lot of attention lately for managing / treating hard-to-treat diseases, like cancer, autoimmune diseases, and uncommon genetic disorders, ultimately decreasing the global disease burden.
Cancer is one of the leading causes of mortality, accounting for 0.6 million deaths in 2022, in the US alone. As per the International Agency for Research on Cancer (IARC), by 2040, there are likely to be 27.5 million new cases and 16.3 million deaths related to cancer, annually. Although cancer therapeutics continue to be one of the most active areas, in terms of drug development, there are several persistent challenges in this domain. In fact, conventional cancer treatments, such as chemotherapy, surgery and radiation therapy, have demonstrated very limited efficacy in late-stage cancers.
Amidst the ongoing efforts to develop more precise and effective anti-cancer therapeutics, T-cell therapies have evolved as a promising immunotherapy that uses the body's own immune cells to selectively eliminate tumor cells with minimal side effects. Unlike conventional therapies, immunotherapies provide several advantages, including specificity, potential reduction in off-target toxicities and improving treatment outcomes. It is worth mentioning that in 2024, the US Food and Drug Administration approved multiple T cell therapies targeting cancer (in reverse chronological order), such as Obecabtagene autoleucel / Aucatzyl (relapsed or refractory B-cell precursor acute lymphoblastic leukemia, November 2024), Afamitresgene autoleucel / TECELRA (metastatic or unresectable synovial sarcoma, August 2024) and Lifileucel / Amtagvi (unresectable or metastatic melanoma, February 2024).

Driven by the advantages offered by immunotherapies over conventional therapies, the increasing adoption of T-cell-based immunotherapies and the surge in demand for personalized cancer treatment, coupled with the expedited regulatory approvals, is expected to drive significant growth in the T cell therapeutics market. Moreover, as the global oncology landscape continues to evolve, advancements in T cell engineering and next-generation manufacturing technologies would drive innovation in this domain and position the market for steady growth in the forthcoming years.
T-CELL THERAPY MARKET: KEY INSIGHTS
The report delves into the current state of the T cell therapy market and identifies potential growth opportunities within industry. Some key findings from the report include:
- With over 10 approved therapies and more than 1,200 preclinical / clinical therapy candidates, CAR-T immunotherapies represent one of the most active segments of the pharmaceutical domain.
- More than 75% of the therapy candidates, which are being developed to target a range of disease indications, are autologous in nature; notably, CD19 and BCMA have emerged as the most popular target antigens.
- Presently, there are over 205 TCR-based therapies that are approved / under clinical stages of development; notably, the current landscape is dominated (38%) by mid-sized players based in Europe.
- Close to 35% of the TCR immunotherapies in the clinical development pipeline are being developed to target oncological disorders in adults, children and senior citizens.
- Over 85 TIL-based immunotherapies have been either approved or are currently under development; of these, most of the immunotherapies are being developed by players based in North America to target melanoma.

- Majority (58) of the TIL-based therapies are being used in combination with various therapeutic agents; of these, more than 45% of the immunotherapies are being developed by non-industry players.
- Extensive efforts are underway to improve the CAR constructs across successive generations, involving alterations in the scFv region and using different types of gene delivery vectors.
- In the last few years, over 970 clinical trials have been registered across different geographies for CAR-T therapies; extensive efforts are underway to improve successive generations of therapies.
- The growing interest of stakeholders is evident from the increasing partnership activity in this domain; close to 45% of the total number of partnerships have been signed between players based in North America.
- Several investors, having realized the opportunity within this upcoming segment of cancer immunotherapy, have invested more than USD 32 billion, across 370+ funding rounds in the past few years.
- More than 11,900 patents related to CAR-T cell therapies have been filed / granted to protect the intellectual property generated within this field.
- Apart from CAR-T, TCR and TIL-based products, close to 205 other T-cell immunotherapies are marketed / under development for the treatment of a myriad of oncological and non-oncological indications.
- Close to 200 players claim to have the required capabilities to manufacture different types of cell therapies; such firms also offer a wide range of services across different stages of product development.
- Given the growing prevalence of cancer, technological developments and ongoing approvals, the market for T-cell therapies is poised to witness a steady growth in the foreseen future.
- With a growing focus on the development pipeline and encouraging clinical trial outcomes, the market is expected to witness an annualized growth rate of over 12%, during the next decade.

T-CELL THERAPY MARKET: KEY SEGMENTS
CAR T-cell Therapy Market Holds the Largest Share of the T-Cell Therapy Market During the Forecast Period
Based on the type of therapy, the global market is segmented into CAR-T, TCR and TIL therapies. Currently, the CAR T-cell therapy market segment captures the majority of the overall market share and is likely to dominate and drive the overall market growth. This can be attributed to the precise targeting mechanism of CAR T cell therapies that use chimeric antigen receptors to target and kill malignant cells (while minimizing damage to healthy tissues). It is worth highlighting that the TIL therapy market segment is likely to flourish during the forecast period, owing to their versatility in targeting a wide range of cancers and encouraging clinical trial results.
Therapies Targeting Melanoma Hold the Largest Share of TCR Therapies Market
Based on the target indication, the T-cell therapy market is segmented into multiple myeloma, large B-cell lymphoma, acute lymphoblastic leukemia, diffuse large b-cell lymphoma, diffuse large b-cell lymphoma, primary mediastinal large B-Cell lymphoma, transformed follicular lymphoma and high grade B-cell lymphoma, acute lymphoblastic leukemia / B-cell Non-Hodgkin lymphoma, Non-Hodgkin lymphoma, mantle cell lymphoma, acute myeloid leukemia, generalized myasthenia gravis (MG), renal transplantation (HLA-A2), gastric adenocarcinoma, ovarian / endometrial cancer, chronic lymphocytic leukemia, follicular lymphoma, renal cell carcinoma, melanoma, basal cell carcinoma, lung cancer, sarcoma, head and neck cancer, cervical cancer, neuro gastro-intestinal (GI) Cancer, breast cancer, hepatocellular carcinoma, nasopharyngeal carcinoma and ovarian cancer.
Currently, the majority share of the TCR therapies market is captured by therapies targeting melanoma (over 95%). This can be attributed to the fact that melanoma has a high rate of genetic mutations, leading to the production of many unique neoantigens which makes it a prime target for TCR therapies. Recently, the FDA has approved a TCR therapy (Kimmtrak) which is used to treat adults with metastatic uveal melanoma (a type of intraocular melanoma).
Therapies Targeting CD19 Antigen are Likely to Dominate the CAR-T Therapy market During the Forecast Period
Based on the type of target antigens, the T-cell therapy market is segmented into BCMA, CD19, CD20, CD19 and CD22, HLA, MAGE, PRAME, NY-ESO-1 and LAGE, EBV, HBV and others. Currently, therapies targeting CD19 antigen dominate the CAR-T therapies market, accounting for more than 65% of the overall market share. This dominance is primarily driven by the essential role of CD19 as it is a highly specific antigen expressed on B-cells, making it an ideal target for treating B-cell malignancies like leukemia and lymphoma.
North America Accounts for the Largest Share of the overall TCR therapy Market
Based on geographical regions, the market is segmented into North America, Europe, Asia-Pacific, Latin America and Middle East and North Africa, and the rest of the world. In the current scenario, North America is likely to capture the largest market share owing to the robust research and development infrastructure, a strong commercial base for cell therapies, and a high number of clinical trials being conducted in the region.
However, it is worth noting that the market for TCR therapies in Asia-Pacific is expected to grow at a relatively faster pace (CAGR of more than 45%), during the forecast period. This is driven by the increasing cases of cancer in the region, supported by the demand for curative treatments. Notably, it has been highlighted by industry experts that the cell therapy industry in China has witnessed growing interest from investment firms, enabling faster clinical research for T-cell therapies.
Example Players in the T-Cell Therapy Market
- Adaptimmune Therapeutics
- AbelZeta
- Alaunos Therapeutics
- Autolus Therapeutics
- bluebird bio
- Bristol Myers Squibb
- CARsgen Therapeutics
- Cellectis
- Gilead Sciences
- Immatics
- Immunocore
- Innovative Cellular Therapeutics
- Iovance Biotherapeutics
- Kuur Therapeutics
- Lion TCR
- Noile-Immune Biotech
- Novartis
- Takara Bio
- Wellington Zhaotai Therapies
- Zelluna immunotherapy
Primary Research Overview
The opinions and insights presented in this study were influenced by discussions conducted with multiple stakeholders. The research report features detailed transcripts of interviews held with the following industry stakeholders:
- Chief Executive Officer, Mid-sized Company, China
- Chief Operating Officer and Executive Vice President, Small Company, France
- Former Co-Founder and Chief Executive Officer, Mid-sized Company, UK
- Former Chief Executive Officer, Small Company, Netherlands
- Former Chief Executive Officer, Mid-sized Company, Australia
- Former Vice President, Immuno-Oncology, Mid-sized Company, Belgium
- Director, Business Development, Small Company, US
- Former Director, Process Development, Large Company, US
- Former Research Head, Large Company, US
- Former Competitive Intelligence Manager, Strategy & Business Development, Small Company, US
- Professor of Medicine and Director, Department of Oncology, Hospital, China
- Assistant Professor of Medicine, University, US
T-CELL THERAPY MARKET: RESEARCH COVERAGE
The report on T-cell therapy market features insights into various sections, including:
- Market Sizing and Opportunity Analysis: An in-depth analysis of T-cell therapy market, focusing on key market segments, including [A] type of therapy, [B] target indication, [C] target antigen, [D] company size, [E] geographical regions, [F] leading players, and [G] sales forecast (of more than 55 T-cell therapies).
- CAR-T cell therapies Market Landscape: A comprehensive evaluation of CAR-T cell therapies, based on several relevant parameters, such as [A] type of developer, [B] stage of development, [C] therapeutic area, [D] target indication, [E] target antigen, [F] source of T-cells, [G] route of administration, [H] dosing frequency, [I] patient segment, [J] type of therapy, [K] most active industry players, and [L] most active non-industry players.
- CAR-T cell therapies Developer Landscape: The report features a list of players engaged in the development of CAR-T cell therapies offered, along with analyses based on [A] year of establishment, [B] company size, and [C] location of headquarters.
- TCR-based therapies Market Landscape: A comprehensive evaluation of TCR-based therapies, based on several relevant parameters, such as [A] stage of development, [B] therapeutic area, [C] target indication, [D] target antigen, [E] source of T-cells, [F] route of administration, [G] dosing frequency, [H] target patient segment, [I] type of therapy, [J] most active industry players, and [K] most active non-industry players.
- TCR-based therapies Developer Landscape: The report features a list of players engaged in the development of TCR-based therapies offered, along with analyses based on [A] year of establishment, [B] company size, and [C] location of headquarters.
- TIL-based therapies Market Landscape: A comprehensive evaluation of TIL-based therapies, based on several relevant parameters, such as [A] type of developer, [B] stage of development, [C] route of administration, [D] dosing frequency, [E] patient segment, [F] type of therapy, [G] most active industry players, and [H] most active non-industry players.
- TIL-based therapies Developer Landscape: The report features a list of players engaged in the development of TIL-based therapies offered, along with analyses based on [A] year of establishment, [B] company size, and [C] location of headquarters.
- Key Insights Analysis: An in-depth analysis of key insights derived from the study featuring a competitive analysis, highlighting the popular target antigens related to hematological malignancies and solid tumors. Additionally, it includes CAR construct analysis of clinical-stage CAR-T therapies, based on various relevant parameters, such as [A] generation of CAR, [B] type of binding domain, [C] type of virus used, [D] type of gene transfer method used, and [E] type of co-stimulatory domain used.
- Clinical Trial Analysis: A detailed analysis of completed, ongoing, and planned clinical studies related to CAR-Ts, TCRs, and TIL, based on several relevant parameters, such as [A] trial registration year, [B] enrolled patient population, [C] trial recruitment status, [D] trial phase, [E] target patient segment, [F] type of sponsor/collaborator, [G] most active players, and [H] regional distribution of trials.
- Key Opinion Leaders (KOLs) Analysis: A comprehensive evaluation of various principal investigators (considered as key opinion leaders in this domain) involved in clinical trials related to CAR-Ts, TCRs and TILs. The section presents detailed analyses, comparing the relative expertise of KOLs based on a proprietary scoring criterion and that of a third party.
- Therapy Profiles: Elaborate profiles of marketed and mid- to late-stage clinical therapies (phase I / II or above) related to CAR-Ts, TCRs and TILs, providing insights on [A] overview of the therapy, [B] mechanism of action of therapy, [C] dosage information, [D] details on the cost, and sales information (wherever available), [E] clinical development plan, and [F] key clinical trial results.
- Emerging Technologies: A detailed discussion on innovative technology platforms that are being used for the development of T-cell therapies, along with profiles of key technology providers, and a relative competitiveness analysis of different gene editing platforms (used for the development of T-cell therapies), based on various parameters, such as [A] ease of system design, [B] cost of technology, [C] level of toxicity, and [D] efficiency of technology.
- Partnerships and Collaborations: An insightful analysis of the deals inked by stakeholders in T-Cell therapy market, based on several parameters, such as [A] year of partnership, [B] type of product, [D] type of partner, [E] most popular products, [F] most active industry players, [G] most active non-industry players and [H] geographical distribution of partnership activity.
- Funding and Investment Analysis: An in-depth analysis of the fundings raised by companies that have proprietary T-cell based products/technologies, based on relevant parameters, such as [A] year of funding, [B] type of funding, [C] amount invested (USD million), [D] type of therapy, [E] type of investor, [F] most active players, [G] most active investors, and [H] geography.
- Patents Analysis: An in-depth analysis of patents filed / granted till 2022 related to CAR-Ts, TCRs and TILs, based on various relevant parameters, such as [A] type of patent, [B] publication year, [C] geographical distribution, [D] Cooperative Patent Classification (CPC) symbols, [E] emerging focus areas, [F] type of applicant, [G] leading players, [H] patent benchmarking, and [I] patent valuation analysis.
- Other T-Cell Immunotherapies: An overview on other T-cell-based therapies, apart from CAR-Ts, TCRs and TILs, including a detailed analysis of approved / pipeline products, which are analyzed based on various parameters, such as [A] phase of development, [B] target therapeutic area(s), [C] type of T-cells used, [D] and source of T-cells.
- Case Study: A detailed assessment of manufacturing cell therapy products, highlighting the key challenges, and a detailed list of contract service providers and in-house manufacturers involved in this space. It provides information about these manufacturers, focusing on details of [A] scale of operation, [B] compliance with cGMP standards, [C] location of the manufacturing facility, and [D] products being manufactured.
- Cost-Price Analysis: A detailed analysis of various factors that form the basis for the pricing of cell-based therapies. It features different models / approaches that a pharmaceutical company may choose to adopt to decide the price of a T-cell based immunotherapy that is likely to be marketed in the coming years.
- Promotional Analysis: A review of the key promotional strategies being adopted by the developers of the approved CAR-T cell therapies, namely Kymriah(R), Yescarta(R), Tecartus(TM), Breyanzi(R), Abecma(TM), Carvykti(TM) and TCR-based therapy (Kimmtrak(R)).
- Company Profiles: In-depth profiles of several developers evaluating T-cell immunotherapy therapies for the treatment of various oncological and non-oncological indications, focusing on [A] company overviews, [B] financial information (if available), [C] T-cell therapy (CAR-T, TCR and TIL) specific portfolio, [D] technology portfolio (if available), [E] manufacturing capabilities (if available), [F] recent collaborations , and [G] funding and investments received by the company related to T-cell immunotherapies.
KEY QUESTIONS ANSWERED IN THIS REPORT
- How many companies are currently engaged in this market?
- Which are the leading companies in this market?
- What factors are likely to influence the evolution of this market?
- What is the current and future market size?
- What is the CAGR of this market?
- How is the current and future market opportunity likely to be distributed across key market segments?
- What kind of partnership models are commonly adopted by industry stakeholders?
- What is the ongoing investment trend in this market?
- What is the patent filing activity trend in the market?
REASONS TO BUY THIS REPORT
- The report provides a comprehensive market analysis, offering detailed revenue projections of the overall market and its specific sub-segments. This information is valuable to both established market leaders and emerging entrants.
- Stakeholders can leverage the report to gain a deeper understanding of the competitive dynamics within the market. By analyzing the competitive landscape, businesses can make informed decisions to optimize their market positioning and develop effective go-to-market strategies.
- The report offers stakeholders a comprehensive overview of the market, including key drivers, barriers, opportunities, and challenges. This information empowers stakeholders to stay abreast of market trends and make data-driven decisions to capitalize on growth prospects.
ADDITIONAL BENEFITS
- Complimentary PPT Insights Packs
- Complimentary Excel Data Packs for all Analytical Modules in the Report
- 10% Free Content Customization
- Detailed Report Walkthrough Session with Research Team
- Free Updated report if the report is 6-12 months old or older
TABLE OF CONTENTS
1. PREFACE
- 1.1. Introduction
- 1.2. Market Share Insights
- 1.3. Key Market Insights
- 1.4. Report Coverage
- 1.5. Key Questions Answered
- 1.6. Chapter Outlines
2. RESEARCH METHODOLOGY
- 2.1. Chapter Overview
- 2.2. Research Assumptions
- 2.2.1. Market Landscape and Market Trends
- 2.2.2. Market Forecast and Opportunity Analysis
- 2.2.3. Comparative Analysis
- 2.3. Database Building
- 2.3.1. Data Collection
- 2.3.2. Data Validation
- 2.3.3. Data Analysis
- 2.4. Project Methodology
- 2.4.1. Secondary Research
- 2.4.1.1. Annual Reports
- 2.4.1.2. Academic Research Papers
- 2.4.1.3. Company Websites
- 2.4.1.4. Investor Presentations
- 2.4.1.5. Regulatory Filings
- 2.4.1.6. White Papers
- 2.4.1.7. Industry Publications
- 2.4.1.8. Conferences and Seminars
- 2.4.1.9. Government Portals
- 2.4.1.10. Media and Press Releases
- 2.4.1.11. Newsletters
- 2.4.1.12. Industry Databases
- 2.4.1.13. Roots Proprietary Databases
- 2.4.1.14. Paid Databases and Sources
- 2.4.1.15. Social Media Portals
- 2.4.1.16. Other Secondary Sources
- 2.4.2. Primary Research
- 2.4.2.1. Types of Primary Research
- 2.4.2.1.1. Qualitative Research
- 2.4.2.1.2. Quantitative Research
- 2.4.2.1.3. Hybrid Approach
- 2.4.2.2. Advantages of Primary Research
- 2.4.2.3. Techniques for Primary Research
- 2.4.2.3.1. Interviews
- 2.4.2.3.2. Surveys
- 2.4.2.3.3. Focus Groups
- 2.4.2.3.4. Observational Research
- 2.4.2.3.5. Social Media Interactions
- 2.4.2.4. Key Opinion Leaders Considered in Primary Research
- 2.4.2.4.1. Company Executives (CXOs)
- 2.4.2.4.2. Board of Directors
- 2.4.2.4.3. Company Presidents and Vice Presidents
- 2.4.2.4.4. Research and Development Heads
- 2.4.2.4.5. Technical Experts
- 2.4.2.4.6. Subject Matter Experts
- 2.4.2.4.7. Scientists
- 2.4.2.4.8. Doctors and Other Healthcare Providers
- 2.4.2.5. Ethics and Integrity
- 2.4.2.5.1. Research Ethics
- 2.4.2.5.2. Data Integrity
- 2.4.3. Analytical Tools and Databases
- 2.5. Robust Quality Control
3. MARKET DYNAMICS
- 3.1. Chapter Overview
- 3.2. Forecast Methodology
- 3.2.1. Top-down Approach
- 3.2.2. Bottom-up Approach
- 3.2.3. Hybrid Approach
- 3.3. Market Assessment Framework
- 3.3.1. Total Addressable Market (TAM)
- 3.3.2. Serviceable Addressable Market (SAM)
- 3.3.3. Serviceable Obtainable Market (SOM)
- 3.3.4. Currently Acquired Market (CAM)
- 3.4. Forecasting Tools and Techniques
- 3.4.1. Qualitative Forecasting
- 3.4.2. Correlation
- 3.4.3. Regression
- 3.4.4. Extrapolation
- 3.4.5. Convergence
- 3.4.6. Sensitivity Analysis
- 3.4.7. Scenario Planning
- 3.4.8. Data Visualization
- 3.4.9. Time Series Analysis
- 3.4.10. Forecast Error Analysis
- 3.5. Key Considerations
- 3.5.1. Demographics
- 3.5.2. Government Regulations
- 3.5.3. Reimbursement Scenarios
- 3.5.4. Market Access
- 3.5.5. Supply Chain
- 3.5.6. Industry Consolidation
- 3.5.7. Pandemic / Unforeseen Disruptions Impact
- 3.6. Limitations
4. MACRO-ECONOMIC INDICATORS
- 4.1. Chapter Overview
- 4.2. Market Dynamics
- 4.2.1. Time Period
- 4.2.1.1. Historical Trends
- 4.2.1.2. Current and Forecasted Estimates
- 4.2.2. Currency Coverage
- 4.2.2.1. Major Currencies Affecting the Market
- 4.2.2.2. Factors Affecting Currency Fluctuations on the Industry
- 4.2.2.3. Impact of Currency Fluctuations on the Industry
- 4.2.3. Foreign Currency Exchange Rate
- 4.2.3.1. Impact of Foreign Exchange Rate Volatility on the Market
- 4.2.3.2. Strategies for Mitigating Foreign Exchange Risk
- 4.2.4. Recession
- 4.2.4.1. Assessment of Current Economic Conditions and Potential Impact on the Market
- 4.2.4.2. Historical Analysis of Past Recessions and Lessons Learnt
- 4.2.5. Inflation
- 4.2.5.1. Measurement and Analysis of Inflationary Pressures in the Economy
- 4.2.5.2. Potential Impact of Inflation on the Market Evolution
- 4.2.6. Interest Rates
- 4.2.6.1. Interest Rates and Their Impact on the Market
- 4.2.6.2. Strategies for Managing Interest Rate Risk
- 4.2.7. Commodity Flow Analysis
- 4.2.7.1. Type of Commodity
- 4.2.7.2. Origins and Destinations
- 4.2.7.3. Values and Weights
- 4.2.7.4. Modes of Transportation
- 4.2.8. Global Trade Dynamics
- 4.2.8.1. Import Scenario
- 4.2.8.2. Export Scenario
- 4.2.8.3. Trade Policies
- 4.2.8.4. Strategies for Mitigating the Risks Associated with Trade Barriers
- 4.2.8.5. Impact of Trade Barriers on the Market
- 4.2.9. War Impact Analysis
- 4.2.9.1. Russian-Ukraine War
- 4.2.9.2. Israel-Hamas War
- 4.2.10. COVID Impact / Related Factors
- 4.2.10.1. Global Economic Impact
- 4.2.10.2. Industry-specific Impact
- 4.2.10.3. Government Response and Stimulus Measures
- 4.2.10.4. Future Outlook and Adaptation Strategies
- 4.2.11. Other Indicators
- 4.2.11.1. Fiscal Policy
- 4.2.11.2. Consumer Spending
- 4.2.11.3. Gross Domestic Product
- 4.2.11.4. Employment
- 4.2.11.5. Taxes
- 4.2.11.6. Stock Market Performance
- 4.2.11.7. Cross Border Dynamics
- 4.3. Conclusion
5. EXECUTIVE SUMMARY
6. INTRODUCTION
- 6.1. Chapter Overview
- 6.2. Pillars of Cancer Therapy
- 6.3. Overview of Immunotherapies
- 6.4. Fundamentals of Cancer Immunotherapy
- 6.5. Classification of Cancer Immunotherapies
- 6.5.1. By Mechanism of Action
- 6.5.1.1. Active Immunotherapy
- 6.5.1.2. Passive Immunotherapy
- 6.5.2. By Type of Target
- 6.5.3. By Approach
- 6.5.3.1. Activation and Suppression Immunotherapy
- 6.5.4. By Product Class
- 6.5.4.1. Monoclonal Antibodies
- 6.5.4.2. Bispecific Antibodies
- 6.5.4.3. Cytokines
- 6.5.4.4. Oncolytic Virus Therapy
- 6.5.4.5. Therapeutic Cancer Vaccines
- 6.5.4.6. Cell-based Therapies
- 6.6. T-Cell Immunotherapies
- 6.6.1. Historical Evolution
- 6.6.2. Key Considerations for Developing T-Cell Immunotherapies
- 6.6.3. Strategies Employed for the Redirection of T-Cells
- 6.6.4. Manufacturing of Engineered T-Cells
- 6.6.5. T-Cell Transduction and Transfection Methods
- 6.6.5.1. Retroviral Vectors
- 6.6.5.2. Lentiviral Vectors
- 6.6.5.3. Non-viral Transfection Methods
- 6.7. Chimeric Antigen Receptor T-Cell (CAR-T) Therapy
- 6.7.1. Development History
- 6.7.2. Anatomical Layout of CAR
- 6.7.2.1. Ectodomain
- 6.7.2.2. Transmembrane (TM) Domain
- 6.7.2.3. Endodomain
- 6.7.3. Development of CAR-T Cells
- 6.7.4. Universal CAR-T Cells
- 6.7.5. Route of Administration
- 6.7.6. Case Study on CD19 CAR-T Therapies
- 6.7.6.1. Other Important Biological Targets for CAR Development
- 6.7.7. Challenges Associated with Use of CAR-T Therapies
- 6.7.7.1. Competitive Risks
- 6.7.7.2. Clinical Risks
- 6.7.7.3. Regulatory Risks
- 6.7.3.4. Commercial Risks
- 6.8. T-Cell Receptor (TCR)-based Cell Therapy
- 6.8.1. Development History
- 6.8.2. Anatomical Layout of TCR
- 6.8.3. Development of TCR Therapy
- 6.8.4. Comparison of CAR-T and TCR-based Therapies
- 6.9. Tumor Infiltrating Lymphocyte (TIL)-based Cell Therapy
- 6.9.1. Development History
- 6.9.2. Development of TILs Therapy
- 6.10. Key Benefits and Roadblocks
- 6.11. Concluding Remarks
7. CAR-T THERAPIES: MARKET LANDSCAPE
- 7.1. Chapter Overview
- 7.2. CAR-T Therapies: Overall Market Landscape
- 7.2.1. Analysis by Stage of Development
- 7.2.2. Analysis by Type of Therapy
- 7.2.3. Analysis by Target Antigen
- 7.2.4. Analysis by Target Indication
- 7.2.5. Analysis by Therapeutic Area
- 7.2.6. Analysis by Stage of Development and Therapeutic Area
- 7.2.7. Analysis by Source of T-cells
- 7.2.8. Analysis by Stage of Development and Source of T-cells
- 7.2.9. Analysis by Route of Administration
- 7.2.10. Analysis by Dosing Frequency
- 7.2.11. Analysis by Target Patient Segment
- 7.2.12. Most Active Industry Players: Analysis by Number of CAR-T Therapies Developed
- 7.2.13. Most Active Non-Industry Players: Analysis by Number of CAR-T Therapies Developed
- 7.3. CAR-T Therapies: Overall Developer Landscape
- 7.3.1. Analysis by Year of Establishment
- 7.3.2. Analysis by Company Size
- 7.3.3. Analysis by Location of Headquarters
8. TCR-BASED THERAPIES: MARKET LANDSCAPE
- 8.1. Chapter Overview
- 8.2. TCR-based Therapies: Approved and Clinical Pipeline
- 8.3. TCR-based Therapies: Preclinical Pipeline
- 8.4. TCR-based Therapies: Overall Market Landscape
- 8.4.1. Analysis by Stage of Development
- 8.4.2. Analysis by Therapeutic Area
- 8.4.3. Analysis by Stage of Development and Therapeutic Area
- 8.4.4. Analysis by Target Indication
- 8.4.5. Analysis by Target Antigen
- 8.4.6. Analysis by Source of T-Cells
- 8.4.7. Analysis by Route of Administration
- 8.4.8. Analysis by Dosing Frequency
- 8.4.9. Analysis by Target Patient Segment
- 8.4.10. Analysis by Type of Therapy
- 8.4.11. Analysis by Stage of Development and Type of Therapy
- 8.4.11. Most Active Industry Players: Analysis by Number of TCR-based Therapies Developed
- 8.4.13. Most Active Non-Industry Players: Analysis by Number of TCR-based Therapies Developed
- 8.5. TCR-based Therapies: Overall Developer Landscape
- 8.5.1. Analysis by Year of Establishment
- 8.5.2. Analysis by Company Size
- 8.5.3. Analysis by Location of Headquarters
9. TIL-BASED THERAPIES: MARKET LANDSCAPE
- 9.1. Chapter Overview
- 9.2. TIL-based Therapies: Approved and Clinical Pipeline
- 9.3. TIL-based Therapies: Preclinical Pipeline
- 9.4. TIL-based Therapies: Overall Market Landscape
- 9.4.1. Analysis by Type of Developer
- 9.4.2. Analysis by Stage of Development
- 9.4.3. Analysis by Route of Administration
- 9.4.4. Analysis by Dosing Frequency
- 9.4.5. Analysis by Target Patient Segment
- 9.4.6. Analysis by Type of Therapy
- 9.4.7. Analysis by Target Indication
- 9.4.8. Most Active Industry Players: Analysis by Number of TIL-based Therapies Developed
- 9.4.9. Most Active Non-Industry Players: Analysis by Number of TIL-based Therapies Developed
- 9.5. TIL-based Therapies: Overall Developer Landscape
- 9.5.1. Analysis by Year of Establishment
- 9.5.2. Analysis by Company Size
- 9.3.3. Analysis by Location of Headquarters
10. KEY INSIGHTS
- 10.1. Chapter Overview
- 10.2. CAR-T Therapies: Popular Target Antigens
- 10.2.1. Popular Target Antigens for Hematological Malignancies
- 10.2.2. Popular Targets Antigens for Solid Tumors
- 10.3. CAR-T Therapies: CAR Construct Analysis
- 10.3.1. Analysis by Generation of CAR
- 10.3.2. Analysis by Type of scFv Antibody Used
- 10.3.3. Analysis by Type of Virus Used
- 10.3.4. Analysis by Type of Gene Transfer Method Used
- 10.3.5. Analysis by Type of Co-Stimulatory Domain
11. CLINICAL TRIAL ANALYSIS
- 11.1. Chapter Overview
- 11.2. Scope and Methodology
- 11.3. CAR-T Therapies: Clinical Trial Analysis
- 11.3.1. Analysis by Trial Registration Year
- 11.3.2. Analysis of Number of Patient Enrolled by Trial Registration Year
- 11.3.3. Analysis by Trial Phase
- 11.3.4. Analysis of Number of Patient Enrolled by Trial Phase
- 11.3.5. Analysis by Trial Registration Year and Trial Phase
- 11.3.6. Analysis by Trial Status
- 11.3.7. Analysis by Patient Gender
- 11.3.8. Analysis by Therapeutic Area
- 11.3.9. Analysis by Study Design
- 11.3.9.1. Analysis by Type of Trial Masking
- 11.3.9.2. Analysis by Type of Intervention Model
- 11.3.9.3. Analysis by Type of Trial Purpose
- 11.3.9.4. Analysis by Type of Design Allocation
- 11.3.10. Most Active Sponsor / Collaborator: Analysis by Number of Registered Trials
- 11.3.10.1. Analysis by Leading Industry Players
- 11.3.10.2. Analysis by Leading Non-Industry Players
- 11.3.11. Analysis by Geography
- 11.3.11.1. Analysis of Clinical Trials by Trial Status and Geography
- 11.3.11.2. Analysis of Patients Enrolled by Trail Status and Geography
- 11.4. TCR-based Therapies: Clinical Trial Analysis
- 11.4.1. Analysis by Trial Registration Year
- 11.4.2. Analysis by Trial Registration Year and Patient Enrolled
- 11.4.3. Analysis by Trial Status
- 11.4.4. Analysis by Trial Registration Year and Trial Status
- 11.4.5. Analysis by Trial Phase
- 11.4.6. Analysis of Patient Enrolled by Trial Phase
- 11.4.7. Analysis by Target Patient Segment
- 11.4.8. Analysis by Type of Sponsor / Collaborator
- 11.4.9. Analysis by Study Design
- 11.4.10. Most Active Industry Players: Analysis by Number of Registered Trials
- 11.4.11. Most Active Non-Industry Players: Analysis by Number of Registered Trials
- 11.4.12. Analysis by Key Focus Areas (Word Cloud Representation)
- 11.4.13. Analysis of Clinical Trials by Geography
- 11.4.14. Analysis of Patient Enrolled by Geography
- 11.5. TIL-based Therapies: Clinical Trial Analysis
- 11.5.1. Analysis by Trial Registration Year
- 11.5.2. Analysis by Trial Registration Year and Patient Enrolled
- 11.5.3. Analysis by Trial Status
- 11.5.4. Analysis by Trial Registration Year and Trial Status
- 11.5.5. Analysis by Trial Phase
- 11.5.6. Analysis of Patient Enrolled by Trial Phase
- 11.5.7. Analysis by Target Patient Segment
- 11.5.8. Analysis by Type of Sponsor / Collaborator
- 11.5.9. Analysis by Study Design
- 11.5.10. Most Active Industry Players: Analysis by Number of Registered Trials
- 11.5.11. Most Active Non-Industry Players: Analysis by Number of Registered Trials
- 11.5.12. Analysis by Key Focus Areas (Word Cloud Representation)
- 11.5.13. Analysis of Clinical Trials by Geography
- 11.5.14. Analysis of Patient Enrolled by Geography
12. KEY OPINION LEADERS
- 12.1. Chapter Overview
- 12.2. Assumptions and Key Parameters
- 12.3. Methodology
- 12.4. CAR-T Therapies: Key Opinion Leaders
- 12.4.1. Analysis by Type of Organization
- 12.4.2. Analysis by Affiliated Organization
- 12.4.3. Analysis by Qualification
- 12.4.4. Analysis by Geographical Location of KOLs
- 12.4.5. KOL Activeness versus KOL Strength
- 12.4.6. Most Prominent KOLs: Analysis by RA score
- 12.4.7. Most Prominent KOLs: Comparison of RA Score and Third-Party Score
- 12.5. TCR-based Therapies: Key Opinion Leaders
- 12.5.1. Analysis by Type of Organization
- 12.5.2. Analysis by Affiliated Organization
- 12.5.3. Analysis by Qualification
- 12.5.4. Analysis by Geographical Location of KOLs
- 12.5.5. KOL Activeness versus KOL Strength
- 12.5.6. Most Prominent KOLs: Analysis by RA score
- 12.5.7. Most Prominent KOLs: Comparison of RA Score and Third-Party Score
- 12.6. TIL-based Therapies: Key Opinion Leaders
- 12.6.1. Analysis by Type of Organization
- 12.6.2. Analysis by Affiliated Organization
- 12.6.3. Analysis by Qualification
- 12.6.4. Analysis by Geographical Location of KOLs
- 12.6.5. KOL Activeness versus KOL Strength
- 12.6.6. Most Prominent KOLs: Analysis by RA score
- 12.6.7. Most Prominent KOLs: Comparison of RA Score and Third-Party Score
13. CAR-T THERAPY PROFILES
- 13.1. Chapter Overview
- 13.2. Kymriah / Tisagenlecleucel / CTL019 (Novartis)
- 13.2.1. Therapy Overview
- 13.2.2. Clinical Trial Information
- 13.2.3. Clinical Trial Endpoints
- 13.2.4. Clinical Trial Results
- 13.2.5. Estimated Sales Revenues
- 13.3. Yescarta / Axiscabtagene Ciloleucel / KTE-C19 (Gilead Sciences)
- 13.3.1. Therapy Overview
- 13.3.2. Clinical Trial Information
- 13.3.3. Clinical Trial Endpoints
- 13.3.4. Clinical Trial Results
- 13.3.5. Estimated Sales Revenues
- 13.4. Tecartus / Brexucabtagene Autoleucel (Gilead Sciences)
- 13.4.1. Therapy Overview
- 13.4.2. Clinical Trial Information
- 13.4.3. Clinical Trial Endpoints
- 13.4.4. Clinical Trial Results
- 13.4.5. Estimated Sales Revenues
- 13.5. Breyanzi / Lisocabtagene Maraleucel / JCAR017 (Bristol Myers Squibb)
- 13.5.1. Therapy Overview
- 13.5.2. Clinical Trial Information
- 13.5.3. Clinical Trial Endpoints
- 13.5.4. Clinical Trial Results
- 13.5.5. Estimated Sales Revenues
- 13.6. Abecma / BB2121 / Idecabtagene Vicleucel (Bristol Myers Squibb)
- 13.6.1. Therapy Overview
- 13.6.2. Clinical Trial Information
- 13.6.3. Clinical Trial Endpoints
- 13.6.4. Clinical Trial Results
- 13.6.5. Estimated Sales Revenues
- 13.7. Carvykti / Ciltacabtagene Autoleucel / LCAR-B38M CAR-T / JNJ-68284528 (Janssen)
- 13.7.1. Therapy Overview
- 13.7.2. Clinical Trial Information
- 13.7.3. Clinical Trial Endpoints
- 13.7.4. Clinical Trial Results
- 13.7.5. Estimated Sales Revenues
- 13.8. Carteyva / Relmacabtagene Autoleucel / JWCAR029 (JW Therapeutics)
- 13.8.1. Therapy Overview
- 13.8.2. Clinical Trial Information
- 13.8.3. Clinical Trial Endpoints
- 13.8.4. Clinical Trial Results
- 13.8.5. Estimated Sales Revenues
- 13.9. TBI-1501 / CD19 CAR-T Cell Therapy (Takara Bio)
- 13.9.1. Therapy Overview
- 13.9.2. Clinical Trial Information
- 13.9.3. Clinical Trial Endpoints
- 13.10. AUTO1 / Obecabtagene Autoleucel / obe-cel (Autolus)
- 13.10.1. Therapy Overview
- 13.10.2. Clinical Trial Information
- 13.10.3. Clinical Trial Endpoints
- 13.10.4. Clinical Trial Results
- 13.10.5. Estimated Sales Revenues
- 13.11. AUTO3 / CD19/22 CAR-T (Autolus)
- 13.11.1. Therapy Overview
- 13.11.2. Clinical Trial Information
- 13.11.3. Clinical Trial Endpoints
- 13.11.4. Clinical Trial Results
- 13.11.5. Estimated Sales Revenues
14. TCR-BASED THERAPY PROFILES
- 14.1. Chapter Overview
- 14.2. Kimmtrak / IMCgp100 / Tebentafusp (Immunocore)
- 14.2.1. Therapy Overview
- 14.2.2. Clinical Trial Information
- 14.2.3. Clinical Trial Endpoints
- 14.2.4. Clinical Trial Results
- 14.2.5. Estimated Sales Revenues
- 14.3. GSK3377794 / NY-ESO-1C259 T-Cells / Letetresgene Autoleucel (GlaxoSmithKline)
- 14.3.1. Therapy Overview
- 14.3.2. Clinical Trial Information
- 14.3.3. Clinical Trial Endpoints
- 14.3.4. Clinical Trial Results
- 14.3.5. Estimated Sales Revenues
- 14.4. ADP-A2M4 / Afamitresgene Autoleucel / Afami-cel (Adaptimmune Therapeutics)
- 14.4.1. Therapy Overview
- 14.4.2. Clinical Trial Information
- 14.4.3. Clinical Trial Endpoints
- 14.4.4. Clinical Trial Results
- 14.4.5. Estimated Sales Revenues
- 14.5. JTCR016 (Juno Therapeutics)
- 14.5.1. Therapy Overview
- 14.5.2. Clinical Trial Information
- 14.5.3. Clinical Trial Endpoints
- 14.6. TBI-1301 (Takara Bio)
- 14.6.1. Therapy Overview
- 14.6.2. Clinical Trial Information
- 14.6.3. Clinical Trial Endpoints
- 14.6.4. Clinical Trial Results
- 14.6.5. Estimated Sales Revenues
- 14.7. MDG1011 (Medigene)
- 14.7.1. Therapy Overview
- 14.7.2. Clinical Trial Information
- 14.7.3. Clinical Trial Endpoints
- 14.7.4. Clinical Trial Results
15. TIL-BASED THERAPY PROFILES
- 15.1. Chapter Overview
- 15.2. LN-144 / Lifileucel (Iovance Biotherapeutics)
- 15.2.1. Therapy Overview
- 15.2.2. Clinical Trial Information
- 15.2.3. Clinical Trial Endpoints
- 15.2.4. Clinical Trial Results
- 15.2.5. Estimated Sales Revenues
- 15.3. LN-145 (Iovance Biotherapeutics)
- 15.3.1. Therapy Overview
- 15.3.2. Clinical Trial Information
- 15.3.3. Clinical Trial Endpoints
- 15.3.4. Clinical Trial Results
- 15.3.5. Estimated Sales Revenues
- 15.4. ITIL-168 (Instil Bio)
- 15.4.1. Therapy Overview
- 15.4.2. Clinical Trial Information
- 15.4.3. Clinical Trial Endpoints
- 15.4.4. Clinical Trial Results
- 15.4.5. Estimated Sales Revenues
- 15.5. LTX-315 (Lytix Biopharma)
- 15.5.1. Therapy Overview
- 15.5.2. Clinical Trial Information
- 15.5.3. Clinical Trial Endpoints
- 15.5.4. Clinical Trial Results
- 15.5.5. Estimated Sales Revenues
16. EMERGING TECHNOLOGIES
- 16.1. Chapter Overview
- 16.2. Genome Editing Technologies
- 16.2.1. Technology Overview
- 16.2.2. Applications of Genome Editing Technologies
- 16.2.3. Emerging Technology Platforms for T-Cell Therapies
- 16.2.3.1. CRISPR / CAS9 System
- 16.2.3.1.1. Key Components
- 16.2.3.1.2. Mechanism of Action
- 16.2.3.1.3. Targeting Efficiency and Challenges
- 16.2.3.1.4. Next-Gen CRISPR Technology
- 16.2.3.1.5. Technology Providers
- 16.2.3.1.5.1. Intellia Therapeutics
- 16.2.3.1.5.2. Editas Medicine
- 16.2.3.1.5.3. CRISPR Therapeutics
- 16.2.3.1.5.4. Beam Therapeutics
- 16.2.3.1.5.5. Gracell Technologies
- 16.2.3.1.5.6. Caribou Biosciences
- 16.2.3.1.5.7. Nanjing Bioheng Biotech
- 16.2.3.1.5.8. Intima Biosciences
- 16.2.3.1.5.9. KSQ Therapeutics
- 16.2.3.1.5.10. Refuge Biotechnologies
- 16.2.3.2. TALENS
- 16.2.3.2.1. Key Components and Function
- 16.2.3.2.2. Mechanism of Action
- 16.2.3.2.3. Advantages and Challenges
- 16.2.3.2.4. Technology Providers
- 16.2.3.2.4.1. Cellectis
- 16.2.3.2.4.2. Editas Medicine
- 16.2.3.3. MegaTAL
- 16.2.3.3.1. Mechanism of Action
- 16.2.3.3.2. Technology Providers
- 16.2.3.3.2.1. bluebird bio
- 16.2.3.3.2.2. Precision Biosciences
- 16.2.3.4. Zinc Finger Nuclease
- 16.2.3.4.1. Mechanism of Action
- 16.2.3.4.2. Technology Providers
- 16.2.3.4.2.1. Sangamo Therapeutics
- 16.2.4. Competitive Analysis: Gene Editing Platforms
- 16.3. Designing T-Cell Therapies with Improved Characteristics
- 16.3.1. Technologies for Targeting Multiple Cancers
- 16.3.1.1. Antibody Coupled T-Cell Receptor
- 16.3.1.1.1. Cogent Biosciences
- 16.3.1.2. NKR-T Platform
- 16.3.1.2.1. Celyad
- 16.3.1.2.2. Glycostem
- 16.3.1.2.3. CatamaranBio
- 16.3.2. Technologies for Improved Safety
- 16.3.2.1. Armored CAR and EGFRt Technology
- 16.3.2.1.1. Juno Therapeutics
- 16.3.2.2. Rheoswitch Therapeutic System
- 16.3.2.2.1. Intrexon
- 16.3.2.2.2. Precigen
- 16.3.2.3. Inducible Caspase 9 Safety Switch
- 16.3.2.3.1. Bellicum Pharmaceuticals
- 16.3.2.3.1.1. CaspaCIDe Technology
- 16.3.2.3.1.2. CIDeCAR Technology
- 16.3.2.3.1.3. GoCAR-T Technology
- 16.3.2.4. On-OFF Switch, Multiple Companies
- 16.3.2.4.1. Inhibitory CAR (iCAR) (Juno Therapeutics)
- 16.3.2.4.2. On-OFF Switch (Theravectys)
- 16.3.2.5. Other Technologies to Improve CAR-T Safety
- 16.3.3. Allogeneic Technologies
- 16.3.3.1. CIK CAR-T Cells (Formula Pharmaceuticals)
- 16.3.3.2. Allogeneic Platform (CELYAD)
- 16.3.3.3. Allogeneic Platform (Cellectis)
- 16.3.3.4. AlloCAR T (Allogene Therapeutics)
- 16.4. Future Perspectives
17. PARTNERSHIPS AND COLLABORATIONS
- 17.1. Chapter Overview
- 17.2. Partnership Models
- 17.3. T-Cell Immunotherapies Market: Partnerships and Collaborations
- 17.3.1. Analysis by Year of Partnership
- 17.3.2. Analysis by Type of Partnership
- 17.3.3. Analysis by Type of Product
- 17.3.4. Analysis by Year of Partnership and Type of Product
- 17.3.5. Analysis by Type of Partnership and Type of Product
- 17.3.6. Analysis by Type of Partner
- 17.3.7. Analysis by Type of Product and Type of Partner
- 17.3.8. Most Popular Products: Analysis by Number of Partnerships
- 17.3.9. Most Active Industry Players: Analysis by Number of Partnerships
- 17.3.10. Most Active Non-Industry Players: Analysis by Number of Partnerships
- 17.3.11. Analysis by Geography
- 17.3.11.1. Intercontinental and Intracontinental Agreements
- 17.3.11.2. International and Local Deals
18. FUNDING AND INVESTMENT ANALYSIS
- 18.1. Chapter Overview
- 18.2. Type of Funding
- 18.3. T-Cell Immunotherapy Market: Funding and Investment Analysis
- 18.3.1. Analysis of Instances by Year
- 18.3.2. Analysis of Amount Invested by Year
- 18.3.3. Analysis by Type of Funding
- 18.3.4. Analysis of Amount Invested across Different Types of Therapies
- 18.3.5. Analysis by Type of Investor
- 18.3.6. Most Active Players: Analysis by Number of Instances
- 18.3.7. Most Active Investors: Analysis by Amount Invested
- 18.3.8. Analysis of Amount Invested by Geography
- 18.3.9. Most Active Investors: Distribution by Number of Funding Instances
19. PATENT ANALYSIS
- 19.1. Chapter Overview
- 19.2. Scope and Methodology
- 19.3. Patent Analysis: Distribution by Type of Patent
- 19.4. CAR-T Therapies: Patent Analysis
- 19.4.1. Analysis by Patent Publication Year
- 19.4.2. Analysis by Patent Application Year
- 19.4.3. Analysis of Granted Patents and Patent Applications by Publication Year
- 19.4.4. Analysis by Patent Jurisdiction
- 19.4.5. Analysis by CPC Symbols
- 19.4.6. Analysis by Type of Applicant
- 19.4.7. Leading Industry Players: Analysis by Number of Patents
- 19.4.8. Leading Non-Industry Players: Analysis by Number of Patents
- 19.4.9. Leading Patent Assignees: Analysis by Number of Patents
- 19.4.10. CAR-T Therapies: Patent Benchmarking
- 19.4.11. Analysis of Patent Characteristics
- 19.4.12. CAR-T Therapies: Patent Valuation
- 19.4.13. Leading Patents by Number of Citations
- 19.5. TCR-based Therapies: Patent Analysis
- 19.5.1. Analysis by Patent Publication Year
- 19.5.2. Analysis by Patent Application Year
- 19.5.3. Analysis by Geography
- 19.5.4. Analysis by Type of Player
- 19.5.5. Analysis by CPC Symbols
- 19.5.6. Analysis by Key Focus Areas
- 19.5.7. Leading Players: Analysis by Number of Patents
- 19.5.8. TCR-based Therapies: Patent Benchmarking
- 19.5.9 Analysis by Patent Characteristics
- 19.5.10. TCR-based Therapies: Patent Valuation
- 19.6. TIL-based Therapies: Patent Analysis
- 19.6.1. Analysis by Patent Publication Year
- 19.6.2. Analysis by Patent Application Year
- 19.6.3. Analysis by Geography
- 19.6.4. Analysis by Type of Player
- 19.6.5. Analysis by CPC Symbols
- 19.6.6. Analysis by Key Focus Areas
- 19.6.7. Leading Players: Analysis by Number of Patents
- 19.6.8. TIL-based Therapies: Patent Benchmarking
- 19.6.9. Analysis by Patent Characteristics
- 19.6.10. TIL-based Therapies: Patent Valuation
20. OTHER T-CELL IMMUNOTHERAPIES
- 20.1. Chapter Overview
- 20.2. Other T-Cell Immunotherapies
- 20.2.1. Fucosylated T-Cell Therapies
- 20.2.2. Gamma Delta T-Cell Therapies
- 20.2.3. PD-1 Knockout Engineered T-Cell Therapies
- 20.2.4. TAC T-Cell Therapies
- 20.2.5. T-Cell Vaccines
- 20.2.6. Treg Cell Therapies
- 20.2.7. Virus-Driven T-Cell Therapies
- 20.3. Other T-Cell Immunotherapies: Market Landscape
- 20.3.1. Analysis by Type of T-Cell
- 20.3.2. Analysis by Source of T-Cell
- 20.3.3. Analysis by Stage of Development
- 20.3.4. Analysis by Therapeutic Area
- 20.4. Key Considerations for Developing T-Cell Immunotherapies
- 20.5. Concluding Remarks
21. CASE STUDY: CELL THERAPY MANUFACTURING
- 21.1. Chapter Overview
- 21.2. Overview of Cell Therapy Manufacturing
- 21.3. Cell Therapy Manufacturing Models
- 21.3.1. Centralized Manufacturing Model
- 21.3.2. Decentralized Manufacturing Model
- 21.4. Scalability of Cell Therapy Manufacturing Processes
- 21.4.1. Scale-Up
- 21.4.2. Scale-Out
- 21.5. Types of Cell Therapy Manufacturers
- 21.6. Key Challenges Related to Manufacturing of Cell Therapies
- 21.7. Important Factors for Cell Therapy Manufacturing
- 21.7.1. Characterization
- 21.7.2. Cost of Goods
- 21.8. Automation of Cell Therapy Manufacturing Process
- 21.9. Cell Therapy Manufacturing Supply Chain
- 21.10. Comparison of Player Having In-House Capabilities and Contract Manufacturers
- 21.11. Regulatory Landscape
- 21.12. Future Perspectives
22. COST PRICE ANALYSIS
- 22.1. Chapter Overview
- 22.2. Factors Contributing to the High Price of Cell / Gene Therapies
- 22.3. Pricing Models for T-Cell Immunotherapies
- 22.3.1. Based on Associated Costs
- 22.3.2. Based on Availability of Competing Products
- 22.3.3. Based on Patient Segment
- 22.3.4. Based on Opinions of Industry Experts
- 22.4. Reimbursement related Considerations for T-Cell Immunotherapies
- 22.4.1. Case Study: The National Institute for Health and Care Excellence (NICE) Appraisal of CAR-T therapies
23. GLOBAL T-CELL THERAPIES MARKET
- 23.1. Chapter Overview
- 23.2. Key Assumptions and Methodology
- 23.3. Global T-Cell Therapies Market, Historical Trends (since 2018) and Future Estimates (till 2035)
- 23.4. Scenario Analysis
- 23.4.1. Conservative Scenario
- 23.4.2. Optimistic Scenario
- 23.5. Key Market Segmentations
24. T-CELL THERAPIES MARKET, BY TYPE OF THERAPY
- 24.1. Chapter Overview
- 24.2. Key Assumptions and Methodology
- 24.3. T-Cell Therapies Market: Distribution by Type of Therapy
- 24.3.1. T-Cell Therapies Market for CAR-T: Historical Trends (since 2018) and Forecasted Estimates (till 2035)
- 24.3.2. T-Cell Therapies Market for TCR: Historical Trends (since 2022) and Forecasted Estimates (till 2035)
- 24.3.3. T-Cell Therapies Market for TIL: Forecasted Estimates (till 2035)
- 24.4. Data Triangulation and Validation
25. T-CELL THERAPIES MARKET, BY TARGET INDICATION
- 25.1. Chapter Overview
- 25.2. Key Assumptions and Methodology
- 25.3. CAR-T Therapies Market: Distribution by Target Indication
- 25.3.1. CAR-T Therapies Market for Multiple Myeloma: Forecasted Estimates (till 2035)
- 25.3.2. CAR-T Therapies Market for Large B-Cell Lymphoma: Forecasted Estimates (till 2035)
- 25.3.3. CAR-T Therapies Market for Acute Lymphoblastic Leukemia: Forecasted Estimates (till 2035)
- 25.3.4. CAR-T Therapies Market for Diffuse Large B-Cell Lymphoma: Forecasted Estimates (till 2035)
- 25.3.5. CAR-T Therapies Market for Diffuse Large B-Cell Lymphoma, Primary Mediastinal Large B-Cell Lymphoma, Transformed Follicular Lymphoma and High grade B-cell lymphoma: Forecasted Estimates (till 2035)
- 25.3.6. CAR-T Therapies Market for Acute Lymphoblastic Leukemia/ B-cell Non-Hodgkin Lymphoma: Forecasted Estimates (till 2035)
- 25.3.7. CAR-T Therapies Market for Non-Hodgkin Lymphoma: Forecasted Estimates (till 2035)
- 25.3.8. CAR-T Therapies Market for Mantle Cell Lymphoma: Forecasted Estimates (till 2035)
- 25.3.9. CAR-T Therapies Market for Acute Myeloid Leukemia: Forecasted Estimates (till 2035)
- 25.3.10. CAR-T Therapies Market for Generalized Myasthenia Gravis: Forecasted Estimates (till 2035)
- 25.3.11. CAR-T Therapies Market for Renal transplantation (HLA-A2): Forecasted Estimates (till 2035)
- 25.3.12. CAR-T Therapies Market for Gastric Adenocarcinoma: Forecasted Estimates (till 2035)
- 25.3.13. CAR-T Therapies Market for Ovarian / Endometrial cancer: Forecasted Estimates (till 2035)
- 25.3.14. CAR-T Therapies Market for Chronic Lymphocytic Leukemia: Forecasted Estimates (till 2035)
- 25.3.15. CAR-T Therapies Market for Follicular Lymphoma: Forecasted Estimates (till 2035)
- 25.3.16. CAR-T Therapies Market for Renal Cell Carcinoma: Forecasted Estimates (till 2035)
- 25.4. TCR Therapies Market: Distribution by Target Indication
- 25.4.1. TCR Therapies Market for Melanoma: Forecasted Estimates (till 2035)
- 25.4.2. TCR Therapies Market for Sarcoma: Forecasted Estimates (till 2035)
- 25.4.3. TCR Therapies Market for Head and Neck Cancer: Forecasted Estimates (till 2035)
- 25.4.4. TCR Therapies Market for Hepatocellular Carcinoma: Forecasted Estimates (till 2035)
- 25.4.5. TCR Therapies Market for Nasopharyngeal Carcinoma: Forecasted Estimates (till 2035)
- 25.4.6. TCR Therapies Market for Ovarian Cancer: Forecasted Estimates (till 2035)
- 25.4.7. TCR Therapies Market for Acute Myeloid Leukemia: Forecasted Estimates (till 2035)
- 25.5. TIL Therapies Market: Distribution by Target Indication
- 25.5.1. TIL Therapies Market for Melanoma: Forecasted Estimates (till 2035)
- 25.5.2. TIL Therapies Market for Basal Cell Carcinoma: Forecasted Estimates (till 2035)
- 25.5.3. TIL Therapies Market for Lung Cancer: Forecasted Estimates (till 2035)
- 25.5.4. TIL Therapies Market for Sarcoma: Forecasted Estimates (till 2035)
- 25.5.5. TIL Therapies Market for Head and Neck Cancer: Forecasted Estimates (till 2035)
- 25.5.6. TIL Therapies Market for Cervical Cancer: Forecasted Estimates (till 2035)
- 25.5.7. TIL Therapies Market for Neuro Gastro-Intestinal (GI) Cancer: Forecasted Estimates (till 2035)
- 25.5.8. TIL Therapies Market for Breast Cancer: Forecasted Estimates (till 2035)
- 25.6. Data Triangulation and Validation
26. T-CELL THERAPIES MARKET, BY TARGET ANTIGEN
- 26.1. Chapter Overview
- 26.2. Key Assumptions and Methodology
- 26.3. CAR-T Therapies Market: Distribution by Type Target Antigen
- 26.3.1. CAR-T Therapies Market for BCMA: Forecasted Estimates (till 2035)
- 26.3.2. CAR-T Therapies Market for CD19: Forecasted Estimates (till 2035)
- 26.3.3. CAR-T Therapies Market for CD20: Forecasted Estimates (till 2035)
- 26.3.4. CAR-T Therapies Market for CD19 / CD22: Forecasted Estimates (till 2035)
- 26.3.5. CAR-T Therapies Market for Other Target Antigens: Forecasted Estimates (till 2035)
- 26.4. TCR Therapies Market: Distribution by Type Target Antigen
- 26.4.1. TCR Therapies Market for HLA: Forecasted Estimates (till 2035)
- 26.4.2. TCR Therapies Market for MAGE: Forecasted Estimates (till 2035)
- 26.4.3. TCR Therapies Market for PRAME: Forecasted Estimates (till 2035)
- 26.4.4. TCR Therapies Market for NY-ESO-1 and LAGE: Forecasted Estimates (till 2035)
- 26.4.5. TCR Therapies Market for EBV: Forecasted Estimates (till 2035)
- 26.4.6. TCR Therapies Market for HBV: Forecasted Estimates (till 2035)
- 26.5. Data Triangulation and Validation
27. T-CELL THERAPIES MARKET, BY COMPANY SIZE
- 27.1. Chapter Overview
- 27.2. Key Assumptions and Methodology
- 27.3. TCR Therapies Market: Distribution by Company Size
- 27.3.1. TCR Therapies Market for Mid-sized Companies: Forecasted Estimates (till 2035)
- 27.3.2. TCR Therapies Market for Large Companies: Forecasted Estimates (till 2035)
- 27.4. TIL Therapies Market: Distribution by Company Size
- 27.4.1. TIL Therapies Market for Small Companies: Forecasted Estimates (till 2035)
- 27.4.2. TIL Therapies Market for Large Companies: Forecasted Estimates (till 2035)
- 27.5. Data Triangulation and Validation
28. T-CELL THERAPIES MARKET, BY GEOGRAPHICAL REGIONS
- 28.1. Chapter Overview
- 28.2. Key Assumptions and Methodology
- 28.3. CAR-T Therapies Market: Distribution by Geographical Regions
- 28.3.1. CAR-T Therapies Market in North America: Forecasted Estimates (till 2035)
- 28.3.2. CAR-T Therapies Market in Europe: Forecasted Estimates (till 2035)
- 28.3.3. CAR-T Therapies Market in Asia-Pacific: Forecasted Estimates (till 2035)
- 28.3.4. CAR-T Therapies Market in Latin America: Forecasted Estimates (till 2035)
- 28.3.5. CAR-T Therapies Market in Middle East and North Africa: Forecasted Estimates (till 2035)
- 28.3.6. CAR-T Therapies Market in Rest of the World: Forecasted Estimates (till 2035)
- 28.4. CAR-T Therapies Market, by Geographical Regions: Market Dynamics Assessment
- 28.4.1. Penetration Growth (P-G) Matrix
- 28.4.2. Market Movement Analysis
- 28.5. TCR Therapies Market: Distribution by Geographical Regions
- 28.5.1. TCR Therapies Market in North America: Forecasted Estimates (till 2035)
- 28.5.2. TCR Therapies Market in Europe: Forecasted Estimates (till 2035)
- 28.5.3. TCR Therapies Market in Asia-Pacific: Forecasted Estimates (till 2035)
- 28.5.4. TCR Therapies Market in Rest of the World: Forecasted Estimates (till 2035)
- 28.6. TCR Therapies Market, by Geographical Regions: Market Dynamics Assessment
- 28.6.1. Penetration Growth (P-G) Matrix
- 28.6.2. Market Movement Analysis
- 28.7. TIL Therapies Market: Distribution by Geographical Regions
- 28.7.1. TIL Therapies Market in North America: Forecasted Estimates (till 2035)
- 28.7.2. TIL Therapies Market in Europe: Forecasted Estimates (till 2035)
- 28.7.3. TIL Therapies Market in Rest of the World: Forecasted Estimates (till 2035)
- 28.8. TIL Therapies Market, by Geographical Regions: Market Dynamics Assessment
- 28.8.1. Penetration Growth (P-G) Matrix
- 28.8.2. Market Movement Analysis
- 28.9. Data Triangulation and Validation
29. T-CELL THERAPY MARKET, BY LEADING PLAYERS
- 29.1. Chapter Overview
- 29.2. Key Assumptions and Methodology
- 29.3. CAR-T Therapies: Sales Forecast of Leading Players
- 29.3.1. Gilead Sciences Sales Forecast
- 29.3.2. Bristol Myers Squibb Sales Forecast
- 29.3.3. Novartis Sales Forecast
- 29.3.4. Janssen Sales Forecast
- 29.3.5. JW Therapeutics Sales Forecast
- 29.4. TCR Therapies: Sales Forecast of Leading Players
- 29.4.1. Immunocore Sales Forecast
- 29.4.2. Adaptimmune Therapeutics Sales Forecast
- 29.4.3. TCRCure Biopharma Sales Forecast
- 29.4.4. Lion TCR Sales Forecast
- 29.4.5. Miltenyi Biomedicine Sales Forecast
- 29.5. TIL Therapies: Sales Forecast of Leading Players
- 29.5.1. Iovance Biotherapeutics Sales Forecast
- 29.5.2. Lytix Biopharma Sales Forecast
- 29.5.3. Bristol-Myers Squibb Sales Forecast
- 29.5.4. Intima Bioscience Sales Forecast
- 29.6. Data Triangulation and Validation
30. T-CELL THERAPIES MARKET, SALES FORECAST OF THERAPIES
- 30.1. Chapter Overview
- 30.2. Key Assumptions and Methodology
- 30.3. Commercialized CAR-T Therapies: Sales Forecast
- 30.3.1. Kymriah (Tisagenlecleucel-T) Sales Forecast
- 30.3.2. Yescarta (axicabtagene ciloleucel) Sales Forecast
- 30.3.3. Tecartus (Brexucabtagene Autoleucel) Sales Forecast
- 30.3.4. Abecma (Idecabtagene Vicleucel / bb211211) Sales Forecast
- 30.3.5. CARVYKTI (LCAR-B38M CAR-T / JNJ-6821845218 / Ciltacabtagene Autoleucel) Sales Forecast
- 30.3.6. BREYANZI (Lisocabtagene maraleucel, JCAR017) Sales Forecast
- 30.3.7. Carteyva (Relmacabtagene autoleucel / JWCAR0219) Sales Forecast
- 30.3.8. NexCART Sales Forecast
- 30.3.9. Fucaso (Equecabtagene Autoleucel) Sales Forecast
- 30.3.10. Inaticabtagene Autoleucel CNCT19 / HY001Sales Forecast
- 30.3.11. Zevorcabtagene autoleucel (CT053) Sales Forecast
- 30.4. Clinical CAR-T Therapies: Sales Forecast
- 30.4.1. CAR-BCMA T cells Sales Forecast
- 30.4.2. CAR-T-CD19 Cells Sales Forecast
- 30.4.3. Descartes-08 Sales Forecast
- 30.4.4. Zamtocabtagene Autoleucel (MB-CART21019.1) Sales Forecast
- 30.4.5. CAR-T ddBCMA Sales Forecast
- 30.4.6. CRG-02121 cells Sales Forecast
- 30.4.7. CT041 Sales Forecast
- 30.4.8. ALLO-501A / ALLO-501 Sales Forecast
- 30.4.9. ALLO-605 Sales Forecast
- 30.4.10. Descartes-25 Sales Forecast
- 30.4.11. AUTO1 Sales Forecast
- 30.4.12. AUTO3 (CD19/2121 CAR-T) Sales Forecast
- 30.4.13. AUTO4 (CD19/2121 CAR-T) Sales Forecast
- 30.4.14. CD19-CAR-T Sales Forecast
- 30.4.15. Humanized CD19-CAR-T Sales Forecast
- 30.4.16. IM19 CAR-T Sales Forecast
- 30.4.17. CCT301 CAR-T Sales Forecast
- 30.4.18. CARCIK-CD19 Sales Forecast
- 30.4.19. CD123 CAR-T cells Sales Forecast
- 30.4.20. BCMA CAR-T Sales Forecast
- 30.4.21. CD19/CD22-CAR-T Sales Forecast
- 30.4.22. GC012F (Dual CAR-BCMA-19) Sales Forecast
- 30.4.23. CD19/CD210-CART Sales Forecast
- 30.4.24. CD7 CAR-T Sales Forecast
- 30.4.25. Anti-FLT3 CAR-T / TAA05 Sales Forecast
- 30.4.26. Anti-ALPP CAR-T Cells Sales Forecast
- 30.4.27. WU CART 007 Sales Forecast
- 30.4.28. CTX110 Sales Forecast
- 30.4.29. TX2100-TR101 Sales Forecast
- 30.4.30. ALETA-001 Sales Forecast
- 30.4.31. PBCAR0191 Sales Forecast
- 30.5. Commercialized TCR Therapies: Sales Forecast
- 30.5.1. Kimmtrak (IMCgp100 / Tebentafusp) Sales Forecast
- 30.5.2. TECELRA(R) (Afamitresgene Autoleucel) Sales Forecast
- 30.6. Clinical TCR Therapies: Sales Forecast
- 30.6.1. Brenetafusp (IMC-F106C) Sales Forecast
- 30.6.2. lete-cel Sales Forecast
- 30.6.3. ADP-A2M4CD8 Sales Forecast
- 30.6.4. EBV-specific TCR-T cell with anti-PD1 auto-secreted element Sales Forecast
- 30.6.5. Unnamed TCR therapy Sales Forecast
- 30.6.6. MB-dNPM1 Sales Forecast
- 30.7. Commercialized TIL Therapies: Sales Forecast
- 30.7.1. AMTAGVI Sales Forecast
- 30.8. Clinical TIL Therapies: Sales Forecast
- 30.8.1. LN-145 Sales Forecast
- 30.8.2. IOV-4001 Sales Forecast
- 30.8.3. LTX-315 and TILs Sales Forecast
- 30.8.4. TILs Sales Forecast
- 30.8.5. TIL (Cyclophosphamide) Sales Forecast
- 30.9. Data Triangulation and Validation
31. PROMOTIONAL ANALYSIS
- 31.1. Chapter Overview
- 31.2. Channels Used for Promotional Campaigns
- 31.3. Summary of Product Website Analysis
- 31.4. Summary of Patient Support Services and Informative Downloads
- 31.5. Kymriah: Promotional Analysis
- 31.5.1. Drug Overview
- 31.5.2. Product Website Analysis
- 31.5.2.1. Message for Healthcare Professionals
- 31.5.2.2. Message for Patients
- 31.5.2.3. Informative Downloads
- 31.5.3. Patient Support Services
- 31.6. Yescarta: Promotional Analysis
- 31.6.1. Drug Overview
- 31.6.2. Product Website Analysis
- 31.6.2.1. Message for Healthcare Professionals
- 31.6.2.2. Message for Patients
- 31.6.2.3. Informative Downloads
- 31.6.3. Patient Support Services
- 31.7. Tecartus: Promotional Analysis
- 31.7.1. Drug Overview
- 31.7.2. Product Website Analysis
- 31.7.2.1. Message for Healthcare Professionals
- 31.7.2.2. Message for Patients
- 31.7.2.3. Informative Downloads
- 31.7.3. Patient Support Services
- 31.8. Breyanzi: Promotional Analysis
- 31.8.1. Drug Overview
- 31.8.2. Product Website Analysis
- 31.8.2.1. Message for Healthcare Professionals
- 31.8.2.2. Message for Patients
- 31.8.2.3. Informative Downloads
- 31.8.3. Patient Support Services
- 31.9. Abecma: Promotional Analysis
- 31.9.1. Drug Overview
- 31.9.2. Product Website Analysis
- 31.9.2.1. Message for Healthcare Professionals
- 31.9.2.2. Message for Patients
- 31.9.2.3. Informative Downloads
- 31.9.3. Patient Support Services
- 31.10. Carvykti: Promotional Analysis
- 31.10.1. Drug Overview
- 31.10.2. Product Website Analysis
- 31.10.2.1. Message for Healthcare Professionals
- 31.10.2.2. Message for Patients
- 31.10.2.3. Informative Downloads
- 31.10.3. Patient Support Services
- 31.11. Kimmtrak: Promotional Analysis
- 31.11.1. Drug Overview
- 31.11.2. Product Website Analysis
- 31.11.2.1. Message for Healthcare Professionals
- 31.11.2.2. Message for Patients
- 31.11.2.3. Informative Downloads
- 31.11.3. Patient Support Services
32. COMPANY PROFILES
- 32.1. Chapter Overview
- 32.2. Adaptimmune Therapeutics
- 32.3. AbelZeta
- 32.4. Alaunos Therapeutics
- 32.5. Autolus Therapeutics
- 32.6. bluebird Bio
- 32.7. Bristol Myers Squibb
- 32.8. Carsgen Therapeutics
- 32.9. Cellectis
- 32.10. Gilead Sciences
- 32.11. Immatics
- 32.12. Immunocore
- 32.13. Innovative Cellular Therapeutics
- 32.14. Iovance Biotherapeutics
- 32.15. Kuur Therapeutics
- 32.16. Lion TCR
- 32.17. Noile-Immune Biotech
- 32.18. Novartis
- 32.19. Takara Bio
- 32.20. Wellington Zhaotai Therapies
- 32.21. Zelluna immunotherapy
33. CONCLUDING REMARKS
34. EXECUTIVE INSIGHTS
- 34.1. Chapter Overview
- 34.2. Mid-sized Company, China
- 34.2.1. Interview Transcript: Chief Executive Officer
- 34.3. Small Company, France
- 34.3.1. Interview Transcript: Chief Operating Officer and Executive Vice President
- 34.4. Mid-sized, UK
- 34.4.1. Interview Transcript: Former Co-Founder and Chief Executive Officer
- 34.5. Small Company, Netherlands
- 34.5.1. Interview Transcript: Former Chief Executive Officer
- 34.6. Mid-sized Company, Australia
- 34.6.1. Interview Transcript: Former Chief Executive Officer
- 34.7. Mid-sized Company, Belgium
- 34.7.1. Interview Transcript: Former Vice President, Immuno-Oncology
- 34.8. Small Company, US
- 34.8.1. Interview Transcript: Director, Business Development
- 34.9. Large Company, US
- 34.9.1. Interview Transcript: Former Director, Process Development
- 34.10. Large Company, US
- 34.10.1. Interview Transcript: Former Research Head
- 34.11. Small Company, US
- 34.11.1. Interview Transcript: Former Competitive Intelligence Manager, Strategy and Business Development
- 34.12. Hospital, China
- 34.12.1. Interview Transcript: Professor of Medicine and Director, Department of Oncology
- 34.13. University, US
- 34.13.1. Interview Transcript: Enkhtsetseg Purev, Assistant Professor of Medicine
35. APPENDIX 1: TABULATED DATA
36. APPENDIX 2: LIST OF COMPANIES AND ORGANIZATIONS