全球镁车轮市场：到 2028 年的预测——按生产（锻造、铸造）、按车辆（摩托车、高级/跑车）、按最终用户、按地区

根据 Stratistics MRC 的数据，2022 年全球镁轮毂市场规模将达到 252 亿美元，预计到 2028 年将达到 336 亿美元，预测期内復合年增长率为 4.6%。预计会增长

作为一种材料，镁比铝轻。 此外，它还具有银色光泽，令装有它的车轮更具吸引力。 该车轮由镁含量高的合金製成。 它是一种具有较大阻尼力并提高乘坐舒适性的车轮。 它具有将振动转化为热量的独特特性。 镁合金轮毂具有很高的导热性，这是一大特点，可以分散剎车时产生的热量，延长剎车的使用寿命。

根据加州车辆法规 (CVC)，任何车轮的总重量不得超过 10,500 磅。 车辆重量每减轻 100 磅，油耗平均减少约 2%。

市场动态

驱动程序

主持人：车辆轻量化趋势的变化

汽车轻量化趋势的变化和对交通安全的日益关注预计将推动需求的扩大。 市场发展的驱动因素包括驾驶体验的改善、传统钢材越来越多地被高效耐用的镁材料替代、汽车行业因汽车需求增加而扩张，以及消费者支出不断增加。

抑製剂

替代品的可用性

市场扩张可能会受到更便宜和相对较重的镁合金替代品的可用性以及孔、空隙和导致高晶粒尺寸的冶金微观结构等製造影响的限制。有。

机会

对混合动力和电动汽车的需求增加

混合动力汽车和电动汽车的需求增加预计将推动该行业的增长，因为混合动力汽车的重量减轻仍然是重中之重。 製造、最终用途、车辆和地理是主要部分。 推动镁车轮工业需求增加的因素是製造成本低和製造程序简单。 因此，这些领域正在推动市场扩张。

威胁

价格波动

镁价波动、与镁合金腐蚀和焊接相关的问题等预计将限制市场扩张。 与铝製车轮相比，这些车轮价格昂贵。 这个因素限制了市场的增长。

COVID-19 的影响

随着COVID-19大流行的到来，市场参与者也损失惨重。 封锁限制限制了市场增长的前景。 与大流行相关的经济危机和封锁对製造商的财务状况产生了重大的负面影响。 大流行导致市场不稳定、供应链中断、企业衰退和消费者恐慌。

在预测期内，预计锻造行业规模最大

由于锻造行业的耐用性、延展性和易于维修性，预计锻造行业将实现有利可图的增长。 锻造车轮比铸镁车轮更轻、更耐用，比铝车轮更坚固。 由于没有铸造缺陷和裂纹，这一类别的增长将受到积极影响。

预计摩托车细分市场在预测期内的复合年增长率最高

由于镁制车轮重量轻且易于操作，因此预计在预测期内自行车细分市场将以最快的复合年增长率增长。 车轮更硬，提供更好的製动。 它还具有改进的减震、降噪和抗衝击性。 这些车轮可实现有效和流畅的自行车性能，减少整体振动并提高市场份额。

市场份额最高的地区

由于对高檔汽车的需求不断增长，亚太地区预计在预测期内将占据最大的市场份额。 多家豪华车厂商的入驻进一步扩大了市场规模。 这种市场扩张是由于城市化和可支配收入增加导致人们的生活方式与时俱进。

复合年增长率最高的地区

由于消费者选择镁制车轮而非普通钢製车轮，预计欧洲在预测期内的复合年增长率最高。 镁制车轮的导热性具有通过分散制动过程中产生的热量来延长制动器寿命的重要好处。 日益全球化正在推动市场的进一步扩张。

市场主要参与者

镁轮市场的主要参与者有： 法拉利、梅赛德斯-奔驰、大众、App Tech、Enkei Corporation、SMW Engineering、Marchesini、Marvic Wheels、MKW Alloy、Ronal Group、Dymag Group Limited、Cromodora Wheels SPA、Minilite、PVM Brakes & Wheels Mannheim、Vision Capabilities Dedication 、BBI Autosport 和 Washi Beam。

主要发展

2022 年 3 月，大众汽车和福特汽车将扩大在 MEB 电动平台上的合作。 奥德计划基于MEB平台为欧洲市场生产另一款电动车型。 大众汽车还计划将未来六年计划的 MEB 数量翻一番，达到 120 万辆。

这份报告提供了什么

• 按地区和国家细分的市场细分
• 向新进入者提出战略建议
• 2020、2021、2022、2025 和 2028 年的综合市场数据
• 市场驱动因素（市场趋势、制约因素、机遇、威胁、挑战、投资机会、建议等）
• 根据市场预测在关键业务领域提出战略建议
• 竞争格局和趋势
• 公司简介，包括详细的战略、财务状况和近期发展
• 供应链趋势反映了最新的技术进步。

提供免费定制

购买此报告的客户将免费获得以下定制之一。

• 公司简介
  • 对其他市场参与者（最多 3 个）进行全面分析
  • 主要参与者的 SWOT 分析（最多 3 人）
• 区域细分
  • 应客户要求提供主要国家/地区的市场估算、预测和復合年增长率（注意：通过可行性检查）
• 竞争基准
  • 根据产品组合、地域分布和战略联盟对主要参与者进行基准测试

内容

第 1 章执行摘要

第二章前言

• 概览
• 利益相关者
• 调查范围
• 调查方法
  • 数据挖掘
  • 数据分析
  • 数据验证
  • 研究方法
• 调查来源
  • 主要研究信息来源
  • 二手研究资源
  • 假设

第三章市场趋势分析

• 司机
• 约束因素
• 机会
• 威胁
• 最终用户分析
• 新兴市场
• COVID-19 的影响

第4章波特五力分析

• 供应商的议价能力
• 买家的议价能力
• 替代品的威胁
• 新进入者的威胁
• 竞争公司之间的敌对关係

第 5 章全球镁轮市场：按产量

• 锻造
• 演员表

第 6 章全球镁车轮市场：按车辆分类

• 自行车
• 高级

第 7 章全球镁轮市场：按最终用户分类

• 航空航天
• 运动
• 汽车
• 电子产品
• 其他最终用户

第 8 章全球镁轮市场：按地区

• 北美
  • 美国
  • 加拿大
  • 墨西哥
• 欧洲
  • 德国
  • 英国
  • 意大利
  • 法国
  • 西班牙
  • 其他欧洲
• 亚太地区
  • 日本
  • 中国
  • 印度
  • 澳大利亚
  • 新西兰
  • 韩国
  • 其他亚太地区
• 南美洲
  • 阿根廷
  • 巴西
  • 智利
  • 其他南美洲
• 中东和非洲
  • 沙特阿拉伯
  • 阿拉伯联合酋长国
  • 卡塔尔
  • 南非
  • 其他中东地区

第九章主要进展

• 合同、伙伴关係、协作和合资企业
• 收购与合併
• 新产品发布
• 业务扩展
• 其他关键策略

第十章公司简介

• Ferrari
• Mercedes Benz
• Volkswagen
• App Tech
• Enkei Corporation
• SMW Engineering
• Marchesini
• Marvic Wheels
• MKW Alloy
• Ronal Group
• Dymag Group Limited
• Cromodora Wheels SPA
• Minilite
• PVM Brakes & Wheels Mannheim
• Vision Ability Dedication
• BBI Autosport
• Washi Beam

According to Stratistics MRC, the Global Magnesium Wheel Market is accounted for $25.2 billion in 2022 and is expected to reach $33.6 billion by 2028 growing at a CAGR of 4.6% during the forecast period. Magnesium is lighter than aluminium as a material. Moreover, it has a silvery gloss that makes wheels made from it appealing. These wheels are made from alloys that mostly contain magnesium. These wheels have a large dampening capacity, which makes the ride more comfortable. They possess the singular ability to convert vibration into heat. The thermal conductivity of magnesium wheels, which increases brake lifetime by dispersing heat produced when brakes are engaged, is one of their key advantages.

According to the California Vehicle Code (CVC), the gross weight on any wheel should not surpass 10,500 pounds. For every 100 pounds of vehicle weight reduction, there is an average decrease of about 2% fuel consumption.

Market Dynamics:

Driver:

Shifting trend towards lightweight vehicles

Growing demand would be driven by changing trends towards lightweight automobiles and growing concerns about traffic safety. The market will develop due to a trend towards improved driving experiences, the increased substitution of conventional steel with effective & lasting magnesium materials, the expanding automotive sector brought on by rising vehicle demand, as well as rising consumer expenditure.

Restraint:

Availability of substitutes

The market expansion may be constrained by the availability of substitute materials for magnesium alloys that are less expensive and relatively heavier, as well as manufacturing impacts including holes, cavities, and metallurgical microstructure that results in high grain size.

Opportunity:

Rising demand for hybrid and electric vehicles

Growth in the industry will be fueled by increasing demand for hybrid and electric vehicles, as weight reduction in hybrid cars remains a top priority. Manufacturing, end use, vehicle, and geography are the main segments. The elements causing the increased industrial demand for magnesium wheels are the low production costs and simpler manufacturing procedure. As a result, these sectors are fuelling the market's expansion.

Threat:

Fluctuation of prices

Fluctuating magnesium prices, as well as issues associated with corrosion and welding of magnesium alloys, are expected to limit market expansion. These wheels are expensive as compared to aluminium wheels. This factor acts as restraining factor for the growth of the market.

COVID-19 Impact

The COVID-19 pandemic's arrival has also resulted in significant losses for the market's players. The market's growth prospects were limited by the lockdown restrictions. The pandemic-related economic crisis and lockdown had a significant negative impact on manufacturers' finances. The pandemic brought about market instability, supply chain interruptions, corporate decline, and consumer panic.

The forged segment is expected to be the largest during the forecast period

The forged segment is estimated to have a lucrative growth, due to its higher durability, ductility, and easier repairing properties. Forged wheels are lighter and more durable than cast magnesium and stronger than aluminium wheels. The growth of the category will be favourably impacted by the lack of casting flaws and cracks.

The bikes segment is expected to have the highest CAGR during the forecast period

The bikes segment is anticipated to witness the fastest CAGR growth during the forecast period, due to the lower weight and easier handling offered by the magnesium wheels. The wheels provide improved stiffness and increase braking effectiveness. The wheels also feature improved shock absorption, noise reduction, and impact resistance. These wheels also enable effective and fluid bike performance and lower overall vibrations, promoting market share.

Region with highest share:

Asia Pacific is projected to hold the largest market share during the forecast period owing to o the proliferating premium car demand. The size of the market is being further increased by the presence of multiple luxury automakers. Its expansion is linked to rising urbanisation and disposable money, which have caused people's presences to change throughout time.

Region with highest CAGR:

Europe is projected to have the highest CAGR over the forecast period, owing to the consumers choosing magnesium wheels over normal steel wheels. The thermal conductivity of magnesium wheels, which increases brake life by dispersing heat produced when brakes are engaged, is one of their key advantages. Growing globalisation fuels the market's expansion even further.

Key players in the market

Some of the key players profiled in the Magnesium Wheel Market include: Ferrari, Mercedes Benz, Volkswagen, App Tech, Enkei Corporation, SMW Engineering, Marchesini, Marvic Wheels, MKW Alloy, Ronal Group, Dymag Group Limited, Cromodora Wheels SPA, Minilite, PVM Brakes & Wheels Mannheim, Vision Ability Dedication, BBI Autosport and Washi Beam.

Key Developments:

In March 2022, Volkswagen and Ford expand collaboration on MEB electric platform. ord plans to produce another electric model for the European market based on the MEB platform. The automaker will also double its planned MEB volume to 1.2 million units over a six-year timeframe.

Manufacturings Covered:

• Forged
• Cast

Vehicles Covered:

• Bikes
• Premium

End Users Covered:

• Aerospace
• Sports
• Automotive
• Electronics
• Other End Users

Regions Covered:

• North America
  • US
  • Canada
  • Mexico
• Europe
  • Germany
  • UK
  • Italy
  • France
  • Spain
  • Rest of Europe
• Asia Pacific
  • Japan
  • China
  • India
  • Australia
  • New Zealand
  • South Korea
  • Rest of Asia Pacific
• South America
  • Argentina
  • Brazil
  • Chile
  • Rest of South America
• Middle East & Africa
  • Saudi Arabia
  • UAE
  • Qatar
  • South Africa
  • Rest of Middle East & Africa

What our report offers:

• Market share assessments for the regional and country-level segments
• Strategic recommendations for the new entrants
• Covers Market data for the years 2020, 2021, 2022, 2025, and 2028
• Market Trends (Drivers, Constraints, Opportunities, Threats, Challenges, Investment Opportunities, and recommendations)
• Strategic recommendations in key business segments based on the market estimations
• Competitive landscaping mapping the key common trends
• Company profiling with detailed strategies, financials, and recent developments
• Supply chain trends mapping the latest technological advancements

Free Customization Offerings:

All the customers of this report will be entitled to receive one of the following free customization options:

• Company Profiling
  • Comprehensive profiling of additional market players (up to 3)
  • SWOT Analysis of key players (up to 3)
• Regional Segmentation
  • Market estimations, Forecasts and CAGR of any prominent country as per the client's interest (Note: Depends on feasibility check)
• Competitive Benchmarking
  • Benchmarking of key players based on product portfolio, geographical presence, and strategic alliances

Table of Contents

1 Executive Summary

2 Preface

• 2.1 Abstract
• 2.2 Stake Holders
• 2.3 Research Scope
• 2.4 Research Methodology
  • 2.4.1 Data Mining
  • 2.4.2 Data Analysis
  • 2.4.3 Data Validation
  • 2.4.4 Research Approach
• 2.5 Research Sources
  • 2.5.1 Primary Research Sources
  • 2.5.2 Secondary Research Sources
  • 2.5.3 Assumptions

3 Market Trend Analysis

• 3.1 Introduction
• 3.2 Drivers
• 3.3 Restraints
• 3.4 Opportunities
• 3.5 Threats
• 3.6 End User Analysis
• 3.7 Emerging Markets
• 3.8 Impact of Covid-19

4 Porters Five Force Analysis

• 4.1 Bargaining power of suppliers
• 4.2 Bargaining power of buyers
• 4.3 Threat of substitutes
• 4.4 Threat of new entrants
• 4.5 Competitive rivalry

5 Global Magnesium Wheel Market, By Manufacturing

• 5.1 Introduction
• 5.2 Forged
• 5.3 Cast

6 Global Magnesium Wheel Market, By Vehicle

• 6.1 Introduction
• 6.2 Bikes
• 6.3 Premium

7 Global Magnesium Wheel Market, By End User

• 7.1 Introduction
• 7.2 Aerospace
• 7.3 Sports
• 7.4 Automotive
• 7.5 Electronics
• 7.6 Other End Users

8 Global Magnesium Wheel Market, By Geography

• 8.1 Introduction
• 8.2 North America
  • 8.2.1 US
  • 8.2.2 Canada
  • 8.2.3 Mexico
• 8.3 Europe
  • 8.3.1 Germany
  • 8.3.2 UK
  • 8.3.3 Italy
  • 8.3.4 France
  • 8.3.5 Spain
  • 8.3.6 Rest of Europe
• 8.4 Asia Pacific
  • 8.4.1 Japan
  • 8.4.2 China
  • 8.4.3 India
  • 8.4.4 Australia
  • 8.4.5 New Zealand
  • 8.4.6 South Korea
  • 8.4.7 Rest of Asia Pacific
• 8.5 South America
  • 8.5.1 Argentina
  • 8.5.2 Brazil
  • 8.5.3 Chile
  • 8.5.4 Rest of South America
• 8.6 Middle East & Africa
  • 8.6.1 Saudi Arabia
  • 8.6.2 UAE
  • 8.6.3 Qatar
  • 8.6.4 South Africa
  • 8.6.5 Rest of Middle East & Africa

9 Key Developments

• 9.1 Agreements, Partnerships, Collaborations and Joint Ventures
• 9.2 Acquisitions & Mergers
• 9.3 New Product Launch
• 9.4 Expansions
• 9.5 Other Key Strategies

10 Company Profiling

• 10.1 Ferrari
• 10.2 Mercedes Benz
• 10.3 Volkswagen
• 10.4 App Tech
• 10.5 Enkei Corporation
• 10.6 SMW Engineering
• 10.7 Marchesini
• 10.8 Marvic Wheels
• 10.9 MKW Alloy
• 10.10 Ronal Group
• 10.11 Dymag Group Limited
• 10.12 Cromodora Wheels SPA
• 10.13 Minilite
• 10.14 PVM Brakes & Wheels Mannheim
• 10.15 Vision Ability Dedication
• 10.16 BBI Autosport
• 10.17 Washi Beam

List of Tables

• Table 1 Global Magnesium Wheel Market Outlook, By Region (2020-2028) ($MN)
• Table 2 Global Magnesium Wheel Market Outlook, By Manufacturing (2020-2028) ($MN)
• Table 3 Global Magnesium Wheel Market Outlook, By Forged (2020-2028) ($MN)
• Table 4 Global Magnesium Wheel Market Outlook, By Cast (2020-2028) ($MN)
• Table 5 Global Magnesium Wheel Market Outlook, By Vehicle (2020-2028) ($MN)
• Table 6 Global Magnesium Wheel Market Outlook, By Bikes (2020-2028) ($MN)
• Table 7 Global Magnesium Wheel Market Outlook, By Premium (2020-2028) ($MN)
• Table 8 Global Magnesium Wheel Market Outlook, By End User (2020-2028) ($MN)
• Table 9 Global Magnesium Wheel Market Outlook, By Aerospace (2020-2028) ($MN)
• Table 10 Global Magnesium Wheel Market Outlook, By Sports (2020-2028) ($MN)
• Table 11 Global Magnesium Wheel Market Outlook, By Automotive (2020-2028) ($MN)
• Table 12 Global Magnesium Wheel Market Outlook, By Electronics (2020-2028) ($MN)
• Table 13 Global Magnesium Wheel Market Outlook, By Other End Users (2020-2028) ($MN)
• Table 14 North America Magnesium Wheel Market Outlook, By Country (2020-2028) ($MN)
• Table 15 North America Magnesium Wheel Market Outlook, By Manufacturing (2020-2028) ($MN)
• Table 16 North America Magnesium Wheel Market Outlook, By Forged (2020-2028) ($MN)
• Table 17 North America Magnesium Wheel Market Outlook, By Cast (2020-2028) ($MN)
• Table 18 North America Magnesium Wheel Market Outlook, By Vehicle (2020-2028) ($MN)
• Table 19 North America Magnesium Wheel Market Outlook, By Bikes (2020-2028) ($MN)
• Table 20 North America Magnesium Wheel Market Outlook, By Premium (2020-2028) ($MN)
• Table 21 North America Magnesium Wheel Market Outlook, By End User (2020-2028) ($MN)
• Table 22 North America Magnesium Wheel Market Outlook, By Aerospace (2020-2028) ($MN)
• Table 23 North America Magnesium Wheel Market Outlook, By Sports (2020-2028) ($MN)
• Table 24 North America Magnesium Wheel Market Outlook, By Automotive (2020-2028) ($MN)
• Table 25 North America Magnesium Wheel Market Outlook, By Electronics (2020-2028) ($MN)
• Table 26 North America Magnesium Wheel Market Outlook, By Other End Users (2020-2028) ($MN)
• Table 27 Europe Magnesium Wheel Market Outlook, By Country (2020-2028) ($MN)
• Table 28 Europe Magnesium Wheel Market Outlook, By Manufacturing (2020-2028) ($MN)
• Table 29 Europe Magnesium Wheel Market Outlook, By Forged (2020-2028) ($MN)
• Table 30 Europe Magnesium Wheel Market Outlook, By Cast (2020-2028) ($MN)
• Table 31 Europe Magnesium Wheel Market Outlook, By Vehicle (2020-2028) ($MN)
• Table 32 Europe Magnesium Wheel Market Outlook, By Bikes (2020-2028) ($MN)
• Table 33 Europe Magnesium Wheel Market Outlook, By Premium (2020-2028) ($MN)
• Table 34 Europe Magnesium Wheel Market Outlook, By End User (2020-2028) ($MN)
• Table 35 Europe Magnesium Wheel Market Outlook, By Aerospace (2020-2028) ($MN)
• Table 36 Europe Magnesium Wheel Market Outlook, By Sports (2020-2028) ($MN)
• Table 37 Europe Magnesium Wheel Market Outlook, By Automotive (2020-2028) ($MN)
• Table 38 Europe Magnesium Wheel Market Outlook, By Electronics (2020-2028) ($MN)
• Table 39 Europe Magnesium Wheel Market Outlook, By Other End Users (2020-2028) ($MN)
• Table 40 Asia Pacific Magnesium Wheel Market Outlook, By Country (2020-2028) ($MN)
• Table 41 Asia Pacific Magnesium Wheel Market Outlook, By Manufacturing (2020-2028) ($MN)
• Table 42 Asia Pacific Magnesium Wheel Market Outlook, By Forged (2020-2028) ($MN)
• Table 43 Asia Pacific Magnesium Wheel Market Outlook, By Cast (2020-2028) ($MN)
• Table 44 Asia Pacific Magnesium Wheel Market Outlook, By Vehicle (2020-2028) ($MN)
• Table 45 Asia Pacific Magnesium Wheel Market Outlook, By Bikes (2020-2028) ($MN)
• Table 46 Asia Pacific Magnesium Wheel Market Outlook, By Premium (2020-2028) ($MN)
• Table 47 Asia Pacific Magnesium Wheel Market Outlook, By End User (2020-2028) ($MN)
• Table 48 Asia Pacific Magnesium Wheel Market Outlook, By Aerospace (2020-2028) ($MN)
• Table 49 Asia Pacific Magnesium Wheel Market Outlook, By Sports (2020-2028) ($MN)
• Table 50 Asia Pacific Magnesium Wheel Market Outlook, By Automotive (2020-2028) ($MN)
• Table 51 Asia Pacific Magnesium Wheel Market Outlook, By Electronics (2020-2028) ($MN)
• Table 52 Asia Pacific Magnesium Wheel Market Outlook, By Other End Users (2020-2028) ($MN)
• Table 53 South America Magnesium Wheel Market Outlook, By Country (2020-2028) ($MN)
• Table 54 South America Magnesium Wheel Market Outlook, By Manufacturing (2020-2028) ($MN)
• Table 55 South America Magnesium Wheel Market Outlook, By Forged (2020-2028) ($MN)
• Table 56 South America Magnesium Wheel Market Outlook, By Cast (2020-2028) ($MN)
• Table 57 South America Magnesium Wheel Market Outlook, By Vehicle (2020-2028) ($MN)
• Table 58 South America Magnesium Wheel Market Outlook, By Bikes (2020-2028) ($MN)
• Table 59 South America Magnesium Wheel Market Outlook, By Premium (2020-2028) ($MN)
• Table 60 South America Magnesium Wheel Market Outlook, By End User (2020-2028) ($MN)
• Table 61 South America Magnesium Wheel Market Outlook, By Aerospace (2020-2028) ($MN)
• Table 62 South America Magnesium Wheel Market Outlook, By Sports (2020-2028) ($MN)
• Table 63 South America Magnesium Wheel Market Outlook, By Automotive (2020-2028) ($MN)
• Table 64 South America Magnesium Wheel Market Outlook, By Electronics (2020-2028) ($MN)
• Table 65 South America Magnesium Wheel Market Outlook, By Other End Users (2020-2028) ($MN)
• Table 66 Middle East & Africa Magnesium Wheel Market Outlook, By Country (2020-2028) ($MN)
• Table 67 Middle East & Africa Magnesium Wheel Market Outlook, By Manufacturing (2020-2028) ($MN)
• Table 68 Middle East & Africa Magnesium Wheel Market Outlook, By Forged (2020-2028) ($MN)
• Table 69 Middle East & Africa Magnesium Wheel Market Outlook, By Cast (2020-2028) ($MN)
• Table 70 Middle East & Africa Magnesium Wheel Market Outlook, By Vehicle (2020-2028) ($MN)
• Table 71 Middle East & Africa Magnesium Wheel Market Outlook, By Bikes (2020-2028) ($MN)
• Table 72 Middle East & Africa Magnesium Wheel Market Outlook, By Premium (2020-2028) ($MN)
• Table 73 Middle East & Africa Magnesium Wheel Market Outlook, By End User (2020-2028) ($MN)
• Table 74 Middle East & Africa Magnesium Wheel Market Outlook, By Aerospace (2020-2028) ($MN)
• Table 75 Middle East & Africa Magnesium Wheel Market Outlook, By Sports (2020-2028) ($MN)
• Table 76 Middle East & Africa Magnesium Wheel Market Outlook, By Automotive (2020-2028) ($MN)
• Table 77 Middle East & Africa Magnesium Wheel Market Outlook, By Electronics (2020-2028) ($MN)
• Table 78 Middle East & Africa Magnesium Wheel Market Outlook, By Other End Users (2020-2028) ($MN)