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市场调查报告书
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1258846

到 2028 年的电磁线市场预测——按产品类型、材料、形状、应用、最终用户和地区进行的全球分析

Magnet Wire Market Forecasts to 2028 - Global Analysis By Type, Material, Form, Product type, Application, End User and By Geography

出版日期: | 出版商: Stratistics Market Research Consulting | 英文 175+ Pages | 商品交期: 2-3个工作天内

价格

根据 Stratistics MRC 的数据,2022 年全球漆包线市场规模将达到 351 亿美元,预计到 2028 年将达到 528 亿美元,预测期内復合年增长率为 7.1%。据说长在

漆包线是用于缠绕电气设备的电线。 它由铜或铝製成,覆盖着一层薄薄的绝缘层以产生电磁场。 绝缘层使用聚乙烯醇缩甲醛和聚□胺等薄膜。 磁场是通过使用电能产生的。 用于变压器、电感器、马达等各种设备的线圈中。 铜是电机最常用的电磁线。

根据铜开发协会的一项研究,全电动汽车的定子绕组使用大约一英里或更多的铜线。

市场动态:

驱动程序

电动汽车的发展和扩张

电动汽车正在为创造更清洁、更安全、更节能的环境做出重大贡献。 电动汽车需要不同类型的漆包线。 这些电缆用于充电基础设施以及母线、电动机和各种其他应用。 因此,混合动力和电动汽车的生产数量增加,最终推动了市场的增长。

约束

绝缘开裂或膨胀

用于绕组的电磁线采用非常细的股线製造,以允许更多的匝数。 因此,电磁线会受到强烈的拉伸和温度应力,从而改变其物理特性。 结果是漆包线绝缘层出现裂纹。 结果,漆包线的绝缘层会开裂,影响漆包线的性能,限制其市场拓展。

机会:

与漆包线相关的许多好处

电磁线具有耐热性、耐化学药品性、耐清漆性、耐溶剂性、绝缘电阻、介电强度、耐水解性等电气特性。 高端电气和电子产品预计将对家庭和商业用途有很高的需求,从而促进行业的繁荣。 此外,消费电子领域的快速发展将为市场带来新的机遇。

威胁:

转向更小的电机

随着对高效率、高性能电机和线圈小型化的需求越来越大,铝漆包线比铜漆包线占用更多空间,这对大型设备的升级产生不利影响。 此外,随着小型化的继续,电磁线在该应用中的使用正在减少。 这阻碍了市场的扩张。

COVID-19 的影响:

COVID-19 的影响:由于许多最终使用领域的需求减少,对漆包线的需求受到了显着影响。 这种流行病的负面影响在运输行业最为明显,该行业是漆包线的主要消费者之一。 由于政府关闭以及电子和电气行业的需求减少,预计对漆包线的需求将下降。 为了应对紧急情况,设备和机械製造商必须优先保护他们的员工、运营和供应链。

在预测期内,圆漆包线板块有望成为最大

据推测,圆形漆包线的性能良好。 电磁线的确切形状决定了线圈的紧密度。 与其他形状相比,圆形漆包线具有占用空间小、机械强度高的特点,占据了很大的市场份额。 圆形漆包线具有优异的柔韧性、耐磨性和机械强度。

在预测期内,预计汽车行业的复合年增长率最高。

在预测期内,电机将以最快的复合年增长率增长,因为它们广泛用于需要旋转运动的工业应用。 电动机的功能是将电流转换成机械能。 此外,漆包线由于其优良的绝缘强度、绝缘电阻和耐温性,被用作电机的绕组线圈。

市场份额最高的地区

由于劳动力成本低且增长率高,预计亚太地区在预测期内将占据最大的市场份额。 随着电动汽车产量的增加,预计该地区对电磁线的需求将会增加。 电磁线在家用电器、电力设备、信息和通信设备等领域的使用增加正在推动该地区的收入增长。

复合年增长率最高的地区:

由于对半导体设备的高需求,预计欧洲在预测期内的复合年增长率最高。 随着对电动机、变压器、家用电器、电感器等的需求,对漆包线的需求也在增加。 此外,对使用强绕组铜绝缘线的电气设备的需求也越来越大。 此外,该地区的可再生能源装机容量正在增加。

市场主要参与者

漆包线市场的主要参与者有籐仓、住友电工、日立金属、古河电工、Condumex Incorporated、LS Cable & System Ltd.、MWS Wire Industries, Inc.、Dahren Group、宁波金田铜业有限公司、Superior Essex Inc.、Elektrisola、铜陵精达特种电磁线有限公司、Ederfil Becker、Samdong Co., Ltd.、LWW Group 和 REA Magnet Wire。

主要发展:

2021 年 3 月,LS Cable & System Ltd. 已确认其已成为起亚 EV6 和 IONIQ 5 电动汽车驱动电机漆包线的唯一供应商。 我们还致力于开髮用于通用汽车 EV 的高压电磁线。

2021 年 2 月,Essex Furukawa 完成了一台瞄准机,开始对其位于墨西哥的漆包线工厂进行数字化改造。 该现场机器旨在为电动汽车生产所需的漆包线增产做出贡献。

我们的报告提供了什么

  • 区域和国家细分市场份额评估
  • 向新进入者提出战略建议
  • 2020、2021、2022、2025 和 2028 年的综合市场数据
  • 市场驱动因素(市场趋势、制约因素、机遇、威胁、挑战、投资机会、建议等)
  • 根据市场预测在关键业务领域提出战略建议
  • 竞争格局和趋势
  • 公司简介,包括详细的战略、财务状况和近期发展
  • 供应链趋势反映了最新的技术进步。

提供免费定制

购买此报告的客户将免费获得以下定制之一。

  • 公司简介
    • 其他市场参与者的综合概况(最多 3 家公司)
    • 主要参与者的 SWOT 分析(最多 3 人)
  • 区域细分
    • 根据客户要求提供主要国家/地区的市场估算、预测和復合年增长率(注意:基于可行性检查。)
  • 竞争基准
    • 根据产品组合、地域分布和战略联盟对主要参与者进行基准测试

内容

第 1 章执行摘要

第二章前言

  • 概览
  • 利益相关者
  • 调查范围
  • 调查方法
    • 数据挖掘
    • 数据分析
    • 数据验证
    • 研究方法
  • 调查来源
    • 主要研究信息来源
    • 二手研究资源
    • 假设

第三章市场趋势分析

  • 司机
  • 约束因素
  • 机会
  • 威胁
  • 产品分析
  • 应用分析
  • 最终用户分析
  • 新兴市场
  • COVID-19 的影响

第 4 章波特五力分析

  • 供应商的议价能力
  • 买家的议价能力
  • 替代品的威胁
  • 新进入者的威胁
  • 竞争公司之间的敌对关係

第 5 章全球漆包线市场:按类型

  • 其他类型

第 6 章全球电磁线市场:按材料分类

  • 聚醚□亚胺
  • 聚醚醚酮
  • 聚□亚胺
  • 聚□胺□亚胺
  • 其他资源

第 7 章全球电磁线市场:按类型

  • 矩形漆包线
  • 圆形漆包线
  • 方形漆包线
  • 圆形可接合漆包线
  • 其他形式

第 8 章全球电磁线市场:按产品类型

  • 涂层导体
  • 漆包线
  • 其他产品类型

第 9 章全球漆包线市场:按应用

  • 家电
  • 电机
  • 变形金刚
  • 其他应用

第 10 章全球漆包线市场:按最终用户分类

  • 工业
  • 汽车
  • 基础设施
  • 电气/电子
  • 能量
  • 住房
  • 交通
  • 医学
  • 航空航天
  • 其他最终用户

第 11 章全球电磁线市场:按地区

  • 北美
    • 美国
    • 加拿大
    • 墨西哥
  • 欧洲
    • 德国
    • 英国
    • 意大利
    • 法国
    • 西班牙
    • 其他欧洲
  • 亚太地区
    • 日本
    • 中国
    • 印度
    • 澳大利亚
    • 新西兰
    • 韩国
    • 其他亚太地区
  • 南美洲
    • 阿根廷
    • 巴西
    • 智利
    • 其他南美洲
  • 中东和非洲
    • 沙特阿拉伯
    • 阿拉伯联合酋长国
    • 卡塔尔
    • 南非
    • 其他中东和非洲地区

第12章主要发展

  • 合同、伙伴关係、协作和合资企业
  • 收购与合併
  • 新产品发布
  • 业务扩展
  • 其他关键策略

第13章公司简介

  • Fujikura Ltd.
  • Sumitomo Electric Industries, Ltd.
  • Hitachi Metals Ltd.
  • Furukawa Electric Co., Ltd.
  • Condumex Incorporated
  • LS Cable & System Ltd.
  • MWS Wire Industries, Inc.
  • Dahren Group
  • Ningbo Jintian Copper Co., Ltd.
  • Superior Essex Inc.
  • Elektrisola
  • Tongling Jingda Special Magnet Wire Co., Ltd.
  • Ederfil Becker
  • Samdong Co., Ltd.
  • LWW Group
  • REA Magnet Wire
Product Code: SMRC22732

According to Stratistics MRC, the Global Magnet Wire Market is accounted for $35.1 billion in 2022 and is expected to reach $52.8 billion by 2028 growing at a CAGR of 7.1% during the forecast period. Magnet wire is a term for the wire used to wind electrical apparatus. It is constructed of copper or aluminium and has a thin insulating layer covering to create electromagnetic fields. Films like polyvinyl formal, polyamide, and others are used to create the insulating layer. Through the use of electrical energy, a magnetic field is created. It is used to make coils for a variety of devices, including transformers, inductors, and motors. Copper is the most often used material for magnet wire, which is utilised in electric motors.

According to a study by Copper Development Association Inc., the stator windings of a pure electric car can use approx. more than a mile of copper wiring.

Market Dynamics:

Driver:

Growth and expansion of electric vehicles

Electric vehicles have significantly contributed to a cleaner, safer, and more energy-efficient environment. All types of electric automobiles require varying amounts of magnet wire. These cables are utilised in bus bars, electric motors, and a variety of other applications in addition to charging infrastructure. As a result of this, the increasing production of hybrid and electric vehicles ultimately drives the growth of the market.

Restraint:

Cracking and bulging of insulation

Magnet wires used for winding are produced in a very thin strand in order to wind a greater number of winds. The magnet wires are subjected to intense tensional and temperature stress, which alters their physical characteristics. As a result, the insulation on the magnet wires cracks. This damages the magnet wires, which affects their performance and limits market expansion.

Opportunity:

Numerous benefits associated with magnet wire

Magnet wire features include heat resistance, good electrical qualities such as resistance to chemicals, varnishes, and solvents, insulation resistance, dielectric strength, and hydrolytic degradation. High-end electric and electronic items will be in high demand for both home and commercial uses, which will help the industry thrive. Furthermore, the rapid development of the consumer electronics sector will generate new opportunities for the market.

Threat:

Shift towards compact motors

Increased demand for high-efficiency, high-performance motors and coils with small footprints the use of aluminium magnet wires is negatively impacted by upgrading larger-sized equipment since they take up more space than copper magnet wires. The use of magnet wires in these applications is declining as a result of the rising demand for small-sized applications. This is impeding market expansion.

COVID-19 Impact:

Magnet wire demand has been significantly impacted by COVID-19 because to a decline in demand from a number of end use sectors. The pandemic's negative and immediate effects have been noticed by transportation, one of the main consumers of magnet wires. Due to the government-imposed shutdown and low demand from the electronics and electrical industries, the need for magnet wire is anticipated to decline. In order to respond to urgent situations, makers of equipment and machinery must prioritise protecting their workers, operations, and supply networks.

The round magnet wire segment is expected to be the largest during the forecast period

The round magnet wire segment is estimated to have a lucrative growth, owing to their properties. The magnet wires exact shape also determines the coil's tightness. Due to its characteristics of less space consumption and greater mechanical strength as compared to other shapes, round magnet wires hold a significant market share. These wires offer excellent flexibility, abrasion resistance, and strong mechanical strength.

The motor segment is expected to have the highest CAGR during the forecast period

The motor segment is anticipated to witness the fastest CAGR growth during the forecast period, due to they are also utilized in a wide range of industrial applications that require rotating motion. The function of an electric motor is to convert electrical current into mechanical power. Magnet wires are furthermore utilised as winding coils in motors due to their superior dielectric strength, insulation resistance, and temperature resistance.

Region with Largest share:

Asia Pacific is projected to hold the largest market share during the forecast period owing to increase in growth is the availability of low labour costs. The demand for magnet wires in the area is anticipated to increase as EV production increases. The increasing use of magnet wires in home appliances, electric power equipment, and information and communication devices is propelling revenue growth in the region.

Region with highest CAGR:

Europe is projected to have the highest CAGR over the forecast period, owing to the high demand for semiconductor equipment. Magnet wire demand is rising along with demand for electric motors, transformers, household appliances, and inductors. Furthermore, there is an increasing need for electrical devices that use tightly wound copper-insulated wire. Also, the region's installed renewable capacity is growing.

Key players in the market:

Some of the key players profiled in the Magnet Wire Market include: Fujikura Ltd., Sumitomo Electric Industries, Ltd., Hitachi Metals Ltd., Furukawa Electric Co., Ltd., Condumex Incorporated, LS Cable & System Ltd., MWS Wire Industries, Inc., Dahren Group, Ningbo Jintian Copper Co., Ltd., Superior Essex Inc., Elektrisola, Tongling Jingda Special Magnet Wire Co., Ltd., Ederfil Becker, Samdong Co., Ltd., LWW Group and REA Magnet Wire.

Key Developments:

In March 2021, LS Cable & System Ltd. confirmed to have become the sole supplier of enameled magnet wire for the drive motors of Kia EV6 and IONIQ 5 electric vehicles. The company is also working on further developments of high-voltage magnet wires for potential use in EVs manufactured by General Motors.

In February 2021, Essex Furukawa finalized on deploying the Sight Machine to initiate the digital transformation of the company's magnet wire plant in Mexico. Sight Machine is intended to aid in boosting the production of magnet wire required in electric vehicle production.

Types Covered:

  • Copper
  • Aluminum
  • Other Types

Materials Covered:

  • Polyetherimide
  • Polyether Ether Ketone
  • Polyimides
  • Polyamide-Imide
  • Other Materials

Forms Covered:

  • Rectangle Magnet Wire
  • Round Magnet Wire
  • Square Magnet Wire
  • Round Bondable Magnet Wire
  • Other Forms

Product Types Covered:

  • Covered Conductor Wire
  • Enamelled Wire
  • Other Product Types

Applications Covered:

  • Home Appliance
  • Motor
  • Transformer
  • Other Applications

End Users Covered:

  • Industrial
  • Automotive
  • Infrastructure
  • Electrical & Electronics
  • Energy
  • Residential
  • Transportation
  • Medical
  • Aerospace
  • Other End Users

Regions Covered:

  • North America
    • US
    • Canada
    • Mexico
  • Europe
    • Germany
    • UK
    • Italy
    • France
    • Spain
    • Rest of Europe
  • Asia Pacific
    • Japan
    • China
    • India
    • Australia
    • New Zealand
    • South Korea
    • Rest of Asia Pacific
  • South America
    • Argentina
    • Brazil
    • Chile
    • Rest of South America
  • Middle East & Africa
    • Saudi Arabia
    • UAE
    • Qatar
    • South Africa
    • Rest of Middle East & Africa

What our report offers:

  • Market share assessments for the regional and country-level segments
  • Strategic recommendations for the new entrants
  • Covers Market data for the years 2020, 2021, 2022, 2025, and 2028
  • Market Trends (Drivers, Constraints, Opportunities, Threats, Challenges, Investment Opportunities, and recommendations)
  • Strategic recommendations in key business segments based on the market estimations
  • Competitive landscaping mapping the key common trends
  • Company profiling with detailed strategies, financials, and recent developments
  • Supply chain trends mapping the latest technological advancements

Free Customization Offerings:

All the customers of this report will be entitled to receive one of the following free customization options:

  • Company Profiling
    • Comprehensive profiling of additional market players (up to 3)
    • SWOT Analysis of key players (up to 3)
  • Regional Segmentation
    • Market estimations, Forecasts and CAGR of any prominent country as per the client's interest (Note: Depends on feasibility check)
  • Competitive Benchmarking
    • Benchmarking of key players based on product portfolio, geographical presence, and strategic alliances

Table of Contents

1 Executive Summary

2 Preface

  • 2.1 Abstract
  • 2.2 Stake Holders
  • 2.3 Research Scope
  • 2.4 Research Methodology
    • 2.4.1 Data Mining
    • 2.4.2 Data Analysis
    • 2.4.3 Data Validation
    • 2.4.4 Research Approach
  • 2.5 Research Sources
    • 2.5.1 Primary Research Sources
    • 2.5.2 Secondary Research Sources
    • 2.5.3 Assumptions

3 Market Trend Analysis

  • 3.1 Introduction
  • 3.2 Drivers
  • 3.3 Restraints
  • 3.4 Opportunities
  • 3.5 Threats
  • 3.6 Product Analysis
  • 3.7 Application Analysis
  • 3.8 End User Analysis
  • 3.9 Emerging Markets
  • 3.10 Impact of Covid-19

4 Porters Five Force Analysis

  • 4.1 Bargaining power of suppliers
  • 4.2 Bargaining power of buyers
  • 4.3 Threat of substitutes
  • 4.4 Threat of new entrants
  • 4.5 Competitive rivalry

5 Global Magnet Wire Market, By Type

  • 5.1 Introduction
  • 5.2 Copper
  • 5.3 Aluminum
  • 5.4 Other Types

6 Global Magnet Wire Market, By Material

  • 6.1 Introduction
  • 6.2 Polyetherimide
  • 6.3 Polyether Ether Ketone
  • 6.4 Polyimides
  • 6.5 Polyamide-Imide
  • 6.6 Other Materials

7 Global Magnet Wire Market, By Form

  • 7.1 Introduction
  • 7.2 Rectangle Magnet Wire
  • 7.3 Round Magnet Wire
  • 7.4 Square Magnet Wire
  • 7.5 Round Bondable Magnet Wire
  • 7.6 Other Forms

8 Global Magnet Wire Market, By Product Type

  • 8.1 Introduction
  • 8.2 Covered Conductor Wire
  • 8.3 Enamelled Wire
  • 8.4 Other Product Types

9 Global Magnet Wire Market, By Application

  • 9.1 Introduction
  • 9.2 Home Appliance
  • 9.3 Motor
  • 9.4 Transformer
  • 9.5 Other Applications

10 Global Magnet Wire Market, By End User

  • 10.1 Introduction
  • 10.2 Industrial
  • 10.3 Automotive
  • 10.4 Infrastructure
  • 10.5 Electrical & Electronics
  • 10.6 Energy
  • 10.7 Residential
  • 10.8 Transportation
  • 10.9 Medical
  • 10.10 Aerospace
  • 10.11 Other End Users

11 Global Magnet Wire Market, By Geography

  • 11.1 Introduction
  • 11.2 North America
    • 11.2.1 US
    • 11.2.2 Canada
    • 11.2.3 Mexico
  • 11.3 Europe
    • 11.3.1 Germany
    • 11.3.2 UK
    • 11.3.3 Italy
    • 11.3.4 France
    • 11.3.5 Spain
    • 11.3.6 Rest of Europe
  • 11.4 Asia Pacific
    • 11.4.1 Japan
    • 11.4.2 China
    • 11.4.3 India
    • 11.4.4 Australia
    • 11.4.5 New Zealand
    • 11.4.6 South Korea
    • 11.4.7 Rest of Asia Pacific
  • 11.5 South America
    • 11.5.1 Argentina
    • 11.5.2 Brazil
    • 11.5.3 Chile
    • 11.5.4 Rest of South America
  • 11.6 Middle East & Africa
    • 11.6.1 Saudi Arabia
    • 11.6.2 UAE
    • 11.6.3 Qatar
    • 11.6.4 South Africa
    • 11.6.5 Rest of Middle East & Africa

12 Key Developments

  • 12.1 Agreements, Partnerships, Collaborations and Joint Ventures
  • 12.2 Acquisitions & Mergers
  • 12.3 New Product Launch
  • 12.4 Expansions
  • 12.5 Other Key Strategies

13 Company Profiling

  • 13.1 Fujikura Ltd.
  • 13.2 Sumitomo Electric Industries, Ltd.
  • 13.3 Hitachi Metals Ltd.
  • 13.4 Furukawa Electric Co., Ltd.
  • 13.5 Condumex Incorporated
  • 13.6 LS Cable & System Ltd.
  • 13.7 MWS Wire Industries, Inc.
  • 13.8 Dahren Group
  • 13.9 Ningbo Jintian Copper Co., Ltd.
  • 13.10 Superior Essex Inc.
  • 13.11 Elektrisola
  • 13.12 Tongling Jingda Special Magnet Wire Co., Ltd.
  • 13.13 Ederfil Becker
  • 13.14 Samdong Co., Ltd.
  • 13.15 LWW Group
  • 13.16 REA Magnet Wire

List of Tables

  • Table 1 Global Magnet Wire Market Outlook, By Region (2020-2028) ($MN)
  • Table 2 Global Magnet Wire Market Outlook, By Type (2020-2028) ($MN)
  • Table 3 Global Magnet Wire Market Outlook, By Copper (2020-2028) ($MN)
  • Table 4 Global Magnet Wire Market Outlook, By Aluminum (2020-2028) ($MN)
  • Table 5 Global Magnet Wire Market Outlook, By Otherr Types (2020-2028) ($MN)
  • Table 6 Global Magnet Wire Market Outlook, By Material (2020-2028) ($MN)
  • Table 7 Global Magnet Wire Market Outlook, By Polyetherimide (2020-2028) ($MN)
  • Table 8 Global Magnet Wire Market Outlook, By Polyether Ether Ketone (2020-2028) ($MN)
  • Table 9 Global Magnet Wire Market Outlook, By Polyimides (2020-2028) ($MN)
  • Table 10 Global Magnet Wire Market Outlook, By Polyamide-Imide (2020-2028) ($MN)
  • Table 11 Global Magnet Wire Market Outlook, By Otherr Materials (2020-2028) ($MN)
  • Table 12 Global Magnet Wire Market Outlook, By Form (2020-2028) ($MN)
  • Table 13 Global Magnet Wire Market Outlook, By Rectangle Magnet Wire (2020-2028) ($MN)
  • Table 14 Global Magnet Wire Market Outlook, By Round Magnet Wire (2020-2028) ($MN)
  • Table 15 Global Magnet Wire Market Outlook, By Square Magnet Wire (2020-2028) ($MN)
  • Table 16 Global Magnet Wire Market Outlook, By Round Bondable Magnet Wire (2020-2028) ($MN)
  • Table 17 Global Magnet Wire Market Outlook, By Otherr Forms (2020-2028) ($MN)
  • Table 18 Global Magnet Wire Market Outlook, By Product Type (2020-2028) ($MN)
  • Table 19 Global Magnet Wire Market Outlook, By Covered Conductor Wire (2020-2028) ($MN)
  • Table 20 Global Magnet Wire Market Outlook, By Enamelled Wire (2020-2028) ($MN)
  • Table 21 Global Magnet Wire Market Outlook, By Other Product Types (2020-2028) ($MN)
  • Table 22 Global Magnet Wire Market Outlook, By Application (2020-2028) ($MN)
  • Table 23 Global Magnet Wire Market Outlook, By Home Appliance (2020-2028) ($MN)
  • Table 24 Global Magnet Wire Market Outlook, By Motor (2020-2028) ($MN)
  • Table 25 Global Magnet Wire Market Outlook, By Transformer (2020-2028) ($MN)
  • Table 26 Global Magnet Wire Market Outlook, By Otherr Applications (2020-2028) ($MN)
  • Table 27 Global Magnet Wire Market Outlook, By End User (2020-2028) ($MN)
  • Table 28 Global Magnet Wire Market Outlook, By Industrial (2020-2028) ($MN)
  • Table 29 Global Magnet Wire Market Outlook, By Automotive (2020-2028) ($MN)
  • Table 30 Global Magnet Wire Market Outlook, By Infrastructure (2020-2028) ($MN)
  • Table 31 Global Magnet Wire Market Outlook, By Electrical & Electronics (2020-2028) ($MN)
  • Table 32 Global Magnet Wire Market Outlook, By Energy (2020-2028) ($MN)
  • Table 33 Global Magnet Wire Market Outlook, By Residential (2020-2028) ($MN)
  • Table 34 Global Magnet Wire Market Outlook, By Transportation (2020-2028) ($MN)
  • Table 35 Global Magnet Wire Market Outlook, By Medical (2020-2028) ($MN)
  • Table 36 Global Magnet Wire Market Outlook, By Aerospace (2020-2028) ($MN)
  • Table 37 Global Magnet Wire Market Outlook, By Otherr End Users (2020-2028) ($MN)

Note: Tables for North America, Europe, APAC, South America, and Middle East & Africa Regions are also represented in the same manner as above.