封面
市场调查报告书
商品编码
1462603

2030 年输送设备市场预测:按产品、材料、运作模式、输送机配置、应用、最终用户和地区进行的全球分析

Conveying Equipment Market Forecasts to 2030 - Global Analysis By Product, Material, Mode of Operation, Conveyor Configuration, Application, End User and By Geography

出版日期: | 出版商: Stratistics Market Research Consulting | 英文 200+ Pages | 商品交期: 2-3个工作天内

价格

根据Stratistics MRC预测,2023年全球输送设备市场规模将达531.5亿美元,预计2030年将达到788.4亿美元,预测期内复合年增长率为5.8%。

输送设备是指用于在设施内或不同地点之间将材料或货物从一个地点运送到另一个地点的机械。这些系统对于製造、仓储业和物流等行业至关重要。简化您的生产流程,提高效率并减少体力劳动。我们可以透过适当的客製化处理从散装物品到包裹的各种材料。

IBEF预计,印度电子商务市场预计将成长至占该国GDP的10%以上,就业率约8%。

越来越重视效率

各行业越来越重视简化业务,以提高生产力并降低成本。输送设备透过优化物料输送流程、最大限度地减少体力劳动以及促进设施内货物的快速运输,在这项努力中发挥关键作用。随着公司寻求提高业务效率并保持市场竞争力的方法,对先进输送设备的需求持续成长,推动市场成长并刺激该产业的进一步创新。

空间限制

输送设备的空间限制是指工业设施内可用于安装和操作的区域的限制。此类限制可能是由设施布局、现有设备或有限的扩展可能性造成的。公司可能面临优化物料流、提高吞吐量和采用更大规模的输送解决方案等挑战。这些限制限制了输送系统的采用或需要昂贵的改造来适应它们,从而阻碍了市场的成长。

电子商务成长

随着网路购物的激增,仓库和配送中心需要一个高效的系统来处理大订单并简化履约。输送机和分类系统等输送设备在自动化物料输送作业、提高吞吐量和减少订单处理时间方面发挥关键作用。随着电子商务的不断扩张,对支援物流基础设施的先进运输解决方案的需求不断增加,推动了运输设备市场的成长。

初始投资高

输送设备的设计、工程和安装都很复杂,通常需要很高的初始投资。这些系统需要专门的组件、精密製造和熟练劳动力来客製化和整合到现有设施中。高初始投资也会延长投资回收期,影响承受能力和采用率。因此,金融障碍限制了运输解决方案的使用,从而阻碍了市场的成长。

COVID-19 的影响

COVID-19 的疫情对运输设备市场产生了各种影响。由于停工和供应链中断导致製造和建设活动中断,需求最初放缓。然而,随着各行业适应新规范并实施安全措施,对运输设备的需求有所回升,特别是在电子商务和必需品领域。此次疫情也加速了自动化和非接触式技术的采用,并刺激了对先进运输设备的投资。总体而言,市场波动较大,但在挑战中表现出韧性。

预计滚筒输送机领域将在预测期内成为最大的领域

预计滚筒输送机领域将出现良好的成长。滚筒输送机是一种输送设备,由安装在框架上的一系列滚筒组成。放置在滚筒上的材料或产品在重力或动力机构的驱动下沿着输送机线输送。滚筒输送机是现代物料输送系统的重要组成部分,因为它们用途广泛,可以处理多种不同类型的负载,并且可以根据滚筒直径、间距和配置进行定制,以满足特定的应用和要求。

预计连续输送机领域在预测期内复合年增长率最高。

预计连续输送机产业在预测期内将经历最高的复合年增长率。连续输送机连续运转并沿着预定途径不间断地运输材料或货物。提供高吞吐率和顺畅的物料流,提高工业运作的效率和生产力。连续输送机可以配置各种速度控制、感测器和自动化系统,以优化性能并响应不断变化的无缝物料运输生产需求。

比最大的地区

由于快速工业化、基础设施开拓和製造业投资增加,预计亚太地区在预测期内将占据最大的市场占有率。中国、印度、日本和韩国等国家为市场扩张做出了巨大贡献。此外,政府支持工业成长和技术进步的努力进一步推动了输送设备的采用。

复合年增长率最高的地区:

由于製造、物流和建筑等多元化行业的存在,预计北美在预测期内将经历最高的复合年增长率。美国和加拿大是市场扩张的主要贡献者。此外,电子商务的兴起和对先进物流解决方案的需求正在推动市场成长。物联网整合和基于人工智慧的系统等技术创新进一步推动了该地区运输设备的采用并推动持续发展。

提供免费客製化:

订阅此报告的客户可以存取以下免费自订选项之一:

  • 公司简介
    • 其他市场参与者的综合分析(最多 3 家公司)
    • 主要企业SWOT分析(最多3家企业)
  • 区域分割
    • 根据客户兴趣对主要国家的市场估计、预测和复合年增长率(註:基于可行性检查)
  • 竞争基准化分析
    • 根据产品系列、地理分布和策略联盟对主要企业基准化分析

目录

第一章执行摘要

第二章 前言

  • 概述
  • 相关利益者
  • 调查范围
  • 调查方法
    • 资料探勘
    • 资料分析
    • 资料检验
    • 研究途径
  • 调查来源
    • 主要调查来源
    • 二次研究资料
    • 先决条件

第三章市场趋势分析

  • 促进因素
  • 抑制因素
  • 机会
  • 威胁
  • 产品分析
  • 应用分析
  • 最终用户分析
  • 新兴市场
  • COVID-19 疾病的影响

第4章波特五力分析

  • 供应商的议价能力
  • 买方议价能力
  • 替代品的威胁
  • 新进入者的威胁
  • 竞争公司之间的敌对关係

第五章全球输送设备市场:依产品

  • 输送机
  • 滚筒输送机
  • 高架输送机
  • 托盘输送机
  • 输送机
  • 振动输送机
  • 炼式输送机
  • 其他产品

第六章全球输送设备市场:依材料分类

  • 不銹钢
  • 橡皮
  • 塑胶
  • 其他材料

第七章全球输送设备市场:依营运模式

  • 连续输送机
  • 批量输送机

第八章全球输送机设备市场:依输送机配置

  • 直线
  • 曲线
  • 倾斜
  • 倾斜(下降)
  • 螺旋

第九章全球输送设备市场:依应用分类

  • 物料输送
  • 分类
  • 组装
  • 分配
  • 包裹
  • 上货和下货
  • 其他用途

第十章全球输送设备市场:依最终用户分类

  • 矿业
  • 饮食
  • 药品
  • 建造
  • 零售/电子商务
  • 其他最终用户

第十一章全球输送设备市场:按地区

  • 北美洲
    • 美国
    • 加拿大
    • 墨西哥
  • 欧洲
    • 德国
    • 英国
    • 义大利
    • 法国
    • 西班牙
    • 其他欧洲国家
  • 亚太地区
    • 日本
    • 中国
    • 印度
    • 澳洲
    • 纽西兰
    • 韩国
    • 其他亚太地区
  • 南美洲
    • 阿根廷
    • 巴西
    • 智利
    • 南美洲其他地区
  • 中东/非洲
    • 沙乌地阿拉伯
    • 阿拉伯聯合大公国
    • 卡达
    • 南非
    • 其他中东和非洲

第十二章 主要进展

  • 合约、伙伴关係、协作和合资企业
  • 收购和合併
  • 新产品发布
  • 业务扩展
  • 其他关键策略

第十三章 公司概况

  • Daifuku Corporation
  • KION Group
  • Epiroc AB
  • Siemens AG
  • Honeywell Intelligrated(IGS)
  • Gericke AG
  • CESCO Solutions
  • Beumer Group
  • FlexLink AB
  • TGW Logistics Group
  • Dorner Manufacturing Corporation
  • Viastore Systems GmbH
  • Vanderlande Industries
  • Bastian Solutions
  • Murata Machinery Limited
  • Fives Group
  • Interroll Group
  • Swisslog Holding AG
Product Code: SMRC25654

According to Stratistics MRC, the Global Conveying Equipment Market is accounted for $53.15 billion in 2023 and is expected to reach $78.84 billion by 2030 growing at a CAGR of 5.8% during the forecast period. Conveying equipment refers to machinery used to transport materials or goods from one place to another within a facility or between different locations. These systems are vital in industries such as manufacturing, warehousing, and logistics. They streamline production processes, improve efficiency, and reduce manual labor. They can handle diverse materials, from bulk goods to packages, with proper customization.

According to IBEF, the Indian e-commerce market is expected to grow for over 10% of the country's GDP and around 8% of the employment ratio.

Market Dynamics:

Driver:

Growing emphasis on efficiency

Industries increasingly prioritize streamlining operations to improve productivity and reduce costs. Conveying equipment plays a crucial role in this endeavour by optimizing material handling processes, minimizing manual labor, and facilitating faster transportation of goods within facilities. As businesses seek ways to enhance operational efficiency and stay competitive, the demand for advanced conveying equipment continues to rise, driving market growth and encouraging further innovation in the field.

Restraint:

Space constraints

Space constraints in conveying equipment refer to limitations in available area for installation and operation within industrial facilities. These constraints can arise due to the layout of the facility, existing equipment, or limited expansion possibilities. Businesses may face challenges in optimizing material flow, increasing throughput, or adopting larger-scale conveying solutions. They hinder market growth by restricting the implementation of conveying systems or necessitating costly modifications to accommodate them.

Opportunity:

E-commerce growth

With the surge in online shopping, warehouses and distribution centers require efficient systems to handle large volumes of orders and streamline the fulfilment process. Conveying equipment, such as conveyors and sortation systems, plays a critical role in automating material handling tasks, improving throughput, and reducing order processing times. As e-commerce continues to expand, the need for advanced conveying solutions to support the logistics infrastructure grows, thus driving the growth of the conveying equipment market.

Threat:

High initial investments

Conveying equipment often demands high initial investments due to the complexity of design, engineering, and installation. These systems require specialized components, precision manufacturing, and skilled labor for customization and integration into existing facilities. High initial investments also prolong return on investment periods, impacting affordability and adoption rates. Thus, the financial barrier inhibits market growth by restricting access to conveying solutions.

Covid-19 Impact

The covid-19 pandemic has had a mixed impact on the conveying equipment market. Initially, there was a slowdown in demand due to disruptions in manufacturing and construction activities caused by lockdowns and supply chain disruptions. However, as industries adapted to new norms and implemented safety measures, demand for conveying equipment picked up, especially in e-commerce and essential goods sectors. The pandemic also accelerated the adoption of automation and contactless technologies, driving investment in advanced conveying equipment. Overall, the market witnessed fluctuations but showed resilience amidst the challenging circumstances.

The roller conveyors segment is expected to be the largest during the forecast period

The roller conveyors segment is estimated to have a lucrative growth. Roller conveyors are a type of conveying equipment consisting of a series of rollers mounted on a frame. Materials or products placed on the rollers are transported along the conveyor line, driven by gravity or powered mechanisms. Roller conveyors are versatile, capable of handling various types of loads, and can be customized with different roller diameters, spacing and configurations to suit specific applications and requirements, making them essential components of modern material handling systems.

The continuous conveyors segment is expected to have the highest CAGR during the forecast period

The continuous conveyors segment is anticipated to witness the highest CAGR growth during the forecast period. Continuous conveyors operate continuously, transporting materials or goods without interruption along a predefined path. They offer high throughput rates and smooth material flow, enhancing efficiency and productivity in industrial operations. They can be configured with different speed controls, sensors, and automation systems to optimize performance and adapt to changing production demands, ensuring seamless material transportation.

Region with largest share:

Asia Pacific is projected to hold the largest market share during the forecast period driven by rapid industrialization, infrastructure development, and increasing investments in manufacturing sectors. Countries like China, India, Japan, and South Korea are major contributors to market expansion. Additionally, government initiatives supporting industrial growth and technological advancements are further propelling the adoption of conveying equipment.

Region with highest CAGR:

North America is projected to have the highest CAGR over the forecast period, owing to the presence of diverse industries such as manufacturing, logistics, and construction. The United States and Canada are key contributors to market expansion. Moreover, the rise of e-commerce and the need for advanced logistics solutions are driving market growth. Technological innovations such as IoT integration and AI-based systems are further propelling the adoption of conveying equipment in the region, fostering continued market development.

Key players in the market

Some of the key players profiled in the Conveying Equipment Market include Daifuku Corporation, KION Group, Epiroc AB, Siemens AG, Honeywell Intelligrated (IGS), Gericke AG, CESCO Solutions, Beumer Group, FlexLink AB, TGW Logistics Group, Dorner Manufacturing Corporation, Viastore Systems GmbH, Vanderlande Industries, Bastian Solutions, Murata Machinery Limited, Fives Group, Interroll Group and Swisslog Holding AG.

Key Developments:

In February 2024, Process equipment manufacturer Gericke, has added custom vacuum conveyors to its lineup of custom pneumatic conveying systems. With the expanded range of conveying options, the company recommends the ideal pneumatic conveying system for transferring any type of powder, pellet, granule, flake, or other bulk material as required to optimize the performance of each individual installation.

In May 2023, Epiroc launched Deep Automation, the next step in automation solutions for underground material handling. Deep Automation is Epiroc's cutting-edge set of automation systems and applications, used to orchestrate loaders and trucks in underground mining operations. Developed with interoperability in mind, customers can take control of safety zones, production assignments and autonomous traffic in real time - boosting safety, consistency, and productivity.

Products Covered:

  • Belt Conveyors
  • Roller Conveyors
  • Overhead Conveyors
  • Pallet Conveyors
  • Screw Conveyors
  • Vibrating Conveyors
  • Chain Conveyors
  • Other Products

Materials Covered:

  • Stainless Steel
  • Aluminum
  • Rubber
  • Plastic
  • Other Materials

Mode of Operations Covered:

  • Continuous Conveyors
  • Batch Conveyors

Conveyor Configurations Covered:

  • Straight
  • Curved
  • Incline
  • Decline
  • Spiral

Applications Covered:

  • Material Handling
  • Sortation
  • Assembly
  • Distribution
  • Packaging
  • Loading & Unloading
  • Other Applications

End Users Covered:

  • Mining
  • Automotive
  • Food & Beverage
  • Pharmaceuticals
  • Construction
  • Retail & E-commerce
  • Other End Users

Regions Covered:

  • North America
    • US
    • Canada
    • Mexico
  • Europe
    • Germany
    • UK
    • Italy
    • France
    • Spain
    • Rest of Europe
  • Asia Pacific
    • Japan
    • China
    • India
    • Australia
    • New Zealand
    • South Korea
    • Rest of Asia Pacific
  • South America
    • Argentina
    • Brazil
    • Chile
    • Rest of South America
  • Middle East & Africa
    • Saudi Arabia
    • UAE
    • Qatar
    • South Africa
    • Rest of Middle East & Africa

What our report offers:

  • Market share assessments for the regional and country-level segments
  • Strategic recommendations for the new entrants
  • Covers Market data for the years 2021, 2022, 2023, 2026, and 2030
  • Market Trends (Drivers, Constraints, Opportunities, Threats, Challenges, Investment Opportunities, and recommendations)
  • Strategic recommendations in key business segments based on the market estimations
  • Competitive landscaping mapping the key common trends
  • Company profiling with detailed strategies, financials, and recent developments
  • Supply chain trends mapping the latest technological advancements

Free Customization Offerings:

All the customers of this report will be entitled to receive one of the following free customization options:

  • Company Profiling
    • Comprehensive profiling of additional market players (up to 3)
    • SWOT Analysis of key players (up to 3)
  • Regional Segmentation
    • Market estimations, Forecasts and CAGR of any prominent country as per the client's interest (Note: Depends on feasibility check)
  • Competitive Benchmarking
    • Benchmarking of key players based on product portfolio, geographical presence, and strategic alliances

Table of Contents

1 Executive Summary

2 Preface

  • 2.1 Abstract
  • 2.2 Stake Holders
  • 2.3 Research Scope
  • 2.4 Research Methodology
    • 2.4.1 Data Mining
    • 2.4.2 Data Analysis
    • 2.4.3 Data Validation
    • 2.4.4 Research Approach
  • 2.5 Research Sources
    • 2.5.1 Primary Research Sources
    • 2.5.2 Secondary Research Sources
    • 2.5.3 Assumptions

3 Market Trend Analysis

  • 3.1 Introduction
  • 3.2 Drivers
  • 3.3 Restraints
  • 3.4 Opportunities
  • 3.5 Threats
  • 3.6 Product Analysis
  • 3.7 Application Analysis
  • 3.8 End User Analysis
  • 3.9 Emerging Markets
  • 3.10 Impact of Covid-19

4 Porters Five Force Analysis

  • 4.1 Bargaining power of suppliers
  • 4.2 Bargaining power of buyers
  • 4.3 Threat of substitutes
  • 4.4 Threat of new entrants
  • 4.5 Competitive rivalry

5 Global Conveying Equipment Market, By Product

  • 5.1 Introduction
  • 5.2 Belt Conveyors
  • 5.3 Roller Conveyors
  • 5.4 Overhead Conveyors
  • 5.5 Pallet Conveyors
  • 5.6 Screw Conveyors
  • 5.7 Vibrating Conveyors
  • 5.8 Chain Conveyors
  • 5.9 Other Products

6 Global Conveying Equipment Market, By Material

  • 6.1 Introduction
  • 6.2 Stainless Steel
  • 6.3 Aluminum
  • 6.4 Rubber
  • 6.5 Plastic
  • 6.6 Other Materials

7 Global Conveying Equipment Market, By Mode of Operation

  • 7.1 Introduction
  • 7.2 Continuous Conveyors
  • 7.3 Batch Conveyors

8 Global Conveying Equipment Market, By Conveyor Configuration

  • 8.1 Introduction
  • 8.2 Straight
  • 8.3 Curved
  • 8.4 Incline
  • 8.5 Decline
  • 8.6 Spiral

9 Global Conveying Equipment Market, By Application

  • 9.1 Introduction
  • 9.2 Material Handling
  • 9.3 Sortation
  • 9.4 Assembly
  • 9.5 Distribution
  • 9.6 Packaging
  • 9.7 Loading & Unloading
  • 9.8 Other Applications

10 Global Conveying Equipment Market, By End User

  • 10.1 Introduction
  • 10.2 Mining
  • 10.3 Automotive
  • 10.4 Food & Beverage
  • 10.5 Pharmaceuticals
  • 10.6 Construction
  • 10.7 Retail & E-commerce
  • 10.8 Other End Users

11 Global Conveying Equipment Market, By Geography

  • 11.1 Introduction
  • 11.2 North America
    • 11.2.1 US
    • 11.2.2 Canada
    • 11.2.3 Mexico
  • 11.3 Europe
    • 11.3.1 Germany
    • 11.3.2 UK
    • 11.3.3 Italy
    • 11.3.4 France
    • 11.3.5 Spain
    • 11.3.6 Rest of Europe
  • 11.4 Asia Pacific
    • 11.4.1 Japan
    • 11.4.2 China
    • 11.4.3 India
    • 11.4.4 Australia
    • 11.4.5 New Zealand
    • 11.4.6 South Korea
    • 11.4.7 Rest of Asia Pacific
  • 11.5 South America
    • 11.5.1 Argentina
    • 11.5.2 Brazil
    • 11.5.3 Chile
    • 11.5.4 Rest of South America
  • 11.6 Middle East & Africa
    • 11.6.1 Saudi Arabia
    • 11.6.2 UAE
    • 11.6.3 Qatar
    • 11.6.4 South Africa
    • 11.6.5 Rest of Middle East & Africa

12 Key Developments

  • 12.1 Agreements, Partnerships, Collaborations and Joint Ventures
  • 12.2 Acquisitions & Mergers
  • 12.3 New Product Launch
  • 12.4 Expansions
  • 12.5 Other Key Strategies

13 Company Profiling

  • 13.1 Daifuku Corporation
  • 13.2 KION Group
  • 13.3 Epiroc AB
  • 13.4 Siemens AG
  • 13.5 Honeywell Intelligrated (IGS)
  • 13.6 Gericke AG
  • 13.7 CESCO Solutions
  • 13.8 Beumer Group
  • 13.9 FlexLink AB
  • 13.10 TGW Logistics Group
  • 13.11 Dorner Manufacturing Corporation
  • 13.12 Viastore Systems GmbH
  • 13.13 Vanderlande Industries
  • 13.14 Bastian Solutions
  • 13.15 Murata Machinery Limited
  • 13.16 Fives Group
  • 13.17 Interroll Group
  • 13.18 Swisslog Holding AG

List of Tables

  • Table 1 Global Conveying Equipment Market Outlook, By Region (2021-2030) ($MN)
  • Table 2 Global Conveying Equipment Market Outlook, By Product (2021-2030) ($MN)
  • Table 3 Global Conveying Equipment Market Outlook, By Belt Conveyors (2021-2030) ($MN)
  • Table 4 Global Conveying Equipment Market Outlook, By Roller Conveyors (2021-2030) ($MN)
  • Table 5 Global Conveying Equipment Market Outlook, By Overhead Conveyors (2021-2030) ($MN)
  • Table 6 Global Conveying Equipment Market Outlook, By Pallet Conveyors (2021-2030) ($MN)
  • Table 7 Global Conveying Equipment Market Outlook, By Screw Conveyors (2021-2030) ($MN)
  • Table 8 Global Conveying Equipment Market Outlook, By Vibrating Conveyors (2021-2030) ($MN)
  • Table 9 Global Conveying Equipment Market Outlook, By Chain Conveyors (2021-2030) ($MN)
  • Table 10 Global Conveying Equipment Market Outlook, By Other Products (2021-2030) ($MN)
  • Table 11 Global Conveying Equipment Market Outlook, By Material (2021-2030) ($MN)
  • Table 12 Global Conveying Equipment Market Outlook, By Stainless Steel (2021-2030) ($MN)
  • Table 13 Global Conveying Equipment Market Outlook, By Aluminum (2021-2030) ($MN)
  • Table 14 Global Conveying Equipment Market Outlook, By Rubber (2021-2030) ($MN)
  • Table 15 Global Conveying Equipment Market Outlook, By Plastic (2021-2030) ($MN)
  • Table 16 Global Conveying Equipment Market Outlook, By Other Materials (2021-2030) ($MN)
  • Table 17 Global Conveying Equipment Market Outlook, By Mode of Operation (2021-2030) ($MN)
  • Table 18 Global Conveying Equipment Market Outlook, By Continuous Conveyors (2021-2030) ($MN)
  • Table 19 Global Conveying Equipment Market Outlook, By Batch Conveyors (2021-2030) ($MN)
  • Table 20 Global Conveying Equipment Market Outlook, By Conveyor Configuration (2021-2030) ($MN)
  • Table 21 Global Conveying Equipment Market Outlook, By Straight (2021-2030) ($MN)
  • Table 22 Global Conveying Equipment Market Outlook, By Curved (2021-2030) ($MN)
  • Table 23 Global Conveying Equipment Market Outlook, By Incline (2021-2030) ($MN)
  • Table 24 Global Conveying Equipment Market Outlook, By Decline (2021-2030) ($MN)
  • Table 25 Global Conveying Equipment Market Outlook, By Spiral (2021-2030) ($MN)
  • Table 26 Global Conveying Equipment Market Outlook, By Application (2021-2030) ($MN)
  • Table 27 Global Conveying Equipment Market Outlook, By Material Handling (2021-2030) ($MN)
  • Table 28 Global Conveying Equipment Market Outlook, By Sortation (2021-2030) ($MN)
  • Table 29 Global Conveying Equipment Market Outlook, By Assembly (2021-2030) ($MN)
  • Table 30 Global Conveying Equipment Market Outlook, By Distribution (2021-2030) ($MN)
  • Table 31 Global Conveying Equipment Market Outlook, By Packaging (2021-2030) ($MN)
  • Table 32 Global Conveying Equipment Market Outlook, By Loading & Unloading (2021-2030) ($MN)
  • Table 33 Global Conveying Equipment Market Outlook, By Other Applications (2021-2030) ($MN)
  • Table 34 Global Conveying Equipment Market Outlook, By End User (2021-2030) ($MN)
  • Table 35 Global Conveying Equipment Market Outlook, By Mining (2021-2030) ($MN)
  • Table 36 Global Conveying Equipment Market Outlook, By Automotive (2021-2030) ($MN)
  • Table 37 Global Conveying Equipment Market Outlook, By Food & Beverage (2021-2030) ($MN)
  • Table 38 Global Conveying Equipment Market Outlook, By Pharmaceuticals (2021-2030) ($MN)
  • Table 39 Global Conveying Equipment Market Outlook, By Construction (2021-2030) ($MN)
  • Table 40 Global Conveying Equipment Market Outlook, By Retail & E-commerce (2021-2030) ($MN)
  • Table 41 Global Conveying Equipment Market Outlook, By Other End Users (2021-2030) ($MN)

Note: Tables for North America, Europe, APAC, South America, and Middle East & Africa Regions are also represented in the same manner as above.