封面
市场调查报告书
商品编码
1625224

到 2030 年氧气疗法设备市场预测:按产品类型、便携性、应用、最终用户和地区分類的全球分析

Oxygen Therapy Equipment Market Forecasts to 2030 - Global Analysis By Product Type (Oxygen Source Equipment and Oxygen Delivery Devices), Portability (Portable Devices and Stationary Devices), Application, End User and By Geography

出版日期: | 出版商: Stratistics Market Research Consulting | 英文 200+ Pages | 商品交期: 2-3个工作天内

价格

根据 Stratistics MRC 的数据,2024 年全球氧气疗法设备市场规模为 48 亿美元,预计预测期内复合年增长率为 9.5%,到 2030 年将达到 82 亿美元。

氧气疗法设备由设计用于为患有慢性阻塞性肺病、气喘和低氧血症等呼吸系统疾病的患者提供补充氧气的​​设备组成。主要部件包括氧气浓缩机、气瓶、氧气鼻管、面罩和可携式氧气系统,专为家庭、医院和门诊使用而量身定制。这些设备可确保最佳的氧气输送,以提高呼吸效率、增加氧气饱和度并支援危急的医疗状况。

据 CDC 称,美国约有 1,600 万成年人患有慢性阻塞性肺病(COPD)。

慢性呼吸道疾病增加

慢性阻塞性肺病、气喘和肺纤维化等慢性呼吸系统疾病的盛行率不断上升,是氧气疗法设备市场的主要驱动因素。空气污染、吸烟和老化等因素会导致这些症状,许多患者需要长期氧气疗法。随着人们对氧气疗法的好处及其在改善生活品质方面的作用的认识的提高,这种需求进一步放大。随着这些呼吸系统疾病在全球范围内持续增加,氧气疗法设备市场预计将大幅扩大。

设备高成本

先进氧气疗法设备的高成本是市场成长的主要限制。这些费用可能令人望而却步,特别是对于许多低收入地区且没有全面保险的患者而言。财务负担也会影响医疗保健提供者投资尖端技术的能力,并限制获得有效的呼吸照护解决方案。这些成本障碍导致护理品质的差异并阻碍市场发展,特别是在负担能力成为关键问题的新兴国家。

扩大家庭医疗保健服务

家庭医疗保健服务的扩张对于氧气疗法设备市场来说是一个巨大的机会。人们越来越偏好居家医疗,尤其是老年人和慢性病患者,这增加了对便携式且易于使用的氧气设备的需求。这一趋势得到了技术进步的支持,这些技术进步使设备更加便携、更易于使用。随着越来越多的患者选择家庭治疗以保持独立性和舒适度,家庭氧气疗法设备市场有望显着成长。

复杂的监管要求

复杂的监管要求对氧气疗法设备市场构成威胁。遵守美国FDA 和欧洲 CE 标誌等机构制定的严格标准对于进入市场至关重要,但对于製造商来说既困难又昂贵。儘管这些法规确保了安全性和有效性,但它们可能会延迟产品发布并增加开发成本。

COVID-19 的影响:

由于患者呼吸系统併发症增加,COVID-19 大流行显着增加了对氧气疗法设备的需求。这场危机凸显了氧气供应的重要性,并加速了其在医院和家庭护理环境中的采用。需求的激增带动了市场的快速创新和扩张,为疫情后的持续成长奠定了基础。

氧源设备产业预计在预测期内规模最大

氧源设备领域预计将在预测期内占据最大的市场占有率,因为它在各种环境中提供氧气疗法发挥着至关重要的作用。该区域包括浓缩器、钢瓶和流体系统,这些对于医院的急诊和家庭的长期护理至关重要。该领域的优势在于需要稳定氧气供应的呼吸系统疾病的盛行率不断上升。

在预测期内,可携式设备产业预计复合年增长率最高

预计可携式设备领域在预测期内将呈现最高的复合年增长率。患者行动需求的增加和携带式技术的进步正在推动这一增长。可携式设备提供便利性和灵活性,因此患者可以在接受所需治疗的同时保持自己的生活方式。随着技术创新不断提高便携性和效率,预计该领域将快速扩张。

占比最大的地区:

由于北美地区发达的医疗基础设施以及慢性阻塞性肺病和气喘等呼吸道疾病的高盛行率,预计在预测期内将占据最大的市场占有率。有利的报销政策和高医疗保健支出进一步支持了这一优势。此外,主要製造商的进驻也显着提升了北美市场占有率。

复合年增长率最高的地区:

由于人们对呼吸照护的认识不断提高以及政府的支持措施,预计亚太地区将在预测期内实现最高的成长率。在中国和印度等国家,老年人口的成长和医疗基础设施的改善推动了这一成长。随着对先进医疗设备的需求增加,亚太地区正在成为全球市场的关键成长地区。

免费客製化服务:

订阅此报告的客户可以存取以下免费自订选项之一:

  • 公司简介
    • 其他市场公司的综合分析(最多 3 家公司)
    • 主要企业SWOT分析(最多3家企业)
  • 区域分割
    • 根据客户兴趣对主要国家的市场估计、预测和复合年增长率(註:基于可行性检查)
  • 竞争标基准化分析
    • 根据产品系列、地理分布和策略联盟对主要企业基准化分析

目录

第一章执行摘要

第二章 前言

  • 概述
  • 相关利益者
  • 调查范围
  • 调查方法
    • 资料探勘
    • 资料分析
    • 资料检验
    • 研究途径
  • 研究资讯来源
    • 主要研究资讯来源
    • 二次研究资讯来源
    • 先决条件

第三章市场趋势分析

  • 促进因素
  • 抑制因素
  • 机会
  • 威胁
  • 产品分析
  • 应用分析
  • 最终用户分析
  • 新兴市场
  • COVID-19 的影响

第4章波特五力分析

  • 供应商的议价能力
  • 买方议价能力
  • 替代品的威胁
  • 新进入者的威胁
  • 竞争公司之间的敌对关係

第五章全球氧气疗法设备市场:依产品类型

  • 氧源设备
    • 氧气浓缩机
    • 液态氧设备
    • 氧气瓶
    • CPAP/BiPAP 设备
  • 供氧设备
    • 氧气罩
    • 氧气鼻管
      • 标准
      • 高流量 (HFNC)
    • 文丘里面罩
    • 非再吸入性面罩
    • 袋阀面罩 (BVM)

第六章全球氧气疗法设备市场:便携式性别

  • 行动装置
  • 固定装置

第七章全球氧气疗法设备市场:依应用

  • 慢性阻塞性肺病(COPD)
  • 气喘
  • 囊肿纤维化
  • 阻塞型睡眠呼吸中止症
  • 呼吸窘迫症候群
  • 肺炎
  • 气胸
  • 术后护理

第八章全球氧气疗法设备市场:依最终用户分类

  • 医院
  • 呼吸科门诊
  • 门诊手术中心
  • 长期照护设施
  • 家庭健康环境

第九章全球氧气疗法设备市场:按地区

  • 北美洲
    • 美国
    • 加拿大
    • 墨西哥
  • 欧洲
    • 德国
    • 英国
    • 义大利
    • 法国
    • 西班牙
    • 其他欧洲国家
  • 亚太地区
    • 日本
    • 中国
    • 印度
    • 澳洲
    • 纽西兰
    • 韩国
    • 其他亚太地区
  • 南美洲
    • 阿根廷
    • 巴西
    • 智利
    • 南美洲其他地区
  • 中东/非洲
    • 沙乌地阿拉伯
    • 阿拉伯聯合大公国
    • 卡达
    • 南非
    • 其他中东和非洲

第10章 主要进展

  • 合约、伙伴关係、合作和合资企业
  • 收购和合併
  • 新产品发布
  • 业务拓展
  • 其他关键策略

第十一章 公司概况

  • Koninklijke Philips NV
  • ResMed Inc.
  • Invacare Corporation
  • Fisher & Paykel Healthcare Corporation Limited
  • AirSep Corporation
  • Dragerwerk AG & Co. KGaA
  • GE Healthcare
  • Medtronic PLC
  • Smiths Medical
  • Teleflex Incorporated
  • Drive DeVilbiss Healthcare
  • Nidek Medical Products Inc.
  • O2 Concepts LLC
  • Inogen Inc.
  • Chart Industries
  • Taiyo Nippon Sanso Corporation
  • Vyaire Medical Inc.
  • Precision Medical Inc.
Product Code: SMRC28179

According to Stratistics MRC, the Global Oxygen Therapy Equipment Market is accounted for $4.8 billion in 2024 and is expected to reach $8.2 billion by 2030 growing at a CAGR of 9.5% during the forecast period. Oxygen therapy equipment comprises devices designed to deliver supplemental oxygen to individuals with respiratory conditions such as COPD, asthma, or hypoxemia. Key components include oxygen concentrators, cylinders, nasal cannulas, masks, and portable oxygen systems, tailored for home, hospital, or ambulatory use. These devices ensure optimal oxygen delivery to improve breathing efficiency, enhance oxygen saturation levels, and support critical medical conditions.

According to the CDC, nearly 16 million adults in the United States have chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD).

Market Dynamics:

Driver:

Rise in chronic respiratory conditions

The increasing prevalence of chronic respiratory conditions such as COPD, asthma, and pulmonary fibrosis is a major driver for the oxygen therapy equipment market. Factors like air pollution, smoking, and an aging population contribute to these conditions, necessitating long-term oxygen therapy for many patients. This demand is further amplified by the growing awareness of oxygen therapy's benefits and its role in improving quality of life. As these respiratory issues continue to rise globally, the market for oxygen therapy equipment is expected to expand significantly.

Restraint:

High costs of equipment

High costs associated with advanced oxygen therapy equipment are a significant restraint on market growth. These costs can be prohibitive for many patients, especially in low-income regions or for those without comprehensive insurance coverage. The financial burden also affects healthcare providers' ability to invest in the latest technologies, potentially limiting access to effective respiratory care solutions. This cost barrier can lead to disparities in treatment quality and hinder market expansion, particularly in developing countries where affordability is a critical concern.

Opportunity:

Expansion of home healthcare services

The expansion of home healthcare services presents a significant opportunity for the oxygen therapy equipment market. With a growing preference for home-based care, particularly among the elderly and those with chronic conditions, demand for portable and user-friendly oxygen devices is increasing. This trend is supported by technological advancements that enhance device portability and ease of use. As more patients opt for home-based treatments to maintain independence and comfort, the market for home-use oxygen therapy equipment is poised for substantial growth.

Threat:

Complex regulatory requirements

Complex regulatory requirements pose a threat to the oxygen therapy equipment market. Compliance with stringent standards set by bodies such as the FDA in the U.S. or CE marking in Europe is essential for market entry but can be challenging and costly for manufacturers. These regulations ensure safety and efficacy but can delay product launches and increase development costs.

Covid-19 Impact:

The COVID-19 pandemic significantly boosted the demand for oxygen therapy equipment due to increased respiratory complications among patients. The crisis highlighted the importance of accessible oxygen supplies, accelerating adoption in both hospital and homecare settings. This surge in demand led to rapid innovations and expansions within the market, setting a foundation for sustained growth even post-pandemic.

The oxygen source equipment segment is expected to be the largest during the forecast period

The oxygen source equipment segment is expected to account for the largest market share during the forecast period due to its essential role in delivering oxygen therapy across various settings. This segment includes concentrators, cylinders, and liquid systems that are vital for both acute care in hospitals and long-term management at home. Its dominance is driven by the rising incidence of respiratory diseases requiring consistent oxygen supply.

The portable devices segment is expected to have the highest CAGR during the forecast period

Over the forecast period, the portable devices segment is expected to witness the highest CAGR. The increasing need for mobility among patients and advancements in portable technology drive this growth. Portable devices offer convenience and flexibility, enabling patients to maintain their lifestyle while receiving necessary therapy. As innovations continue to enhance portability and efficiency, this segment's rapid expansion is anticipated.

Region with largest share:

The North America region is anticipated to account for the largest market share during the forecast period due to its advanced healthcare infrastructure and high prevalence of respiratory diseases like COPD and asthma. Favorable reimbursement policies and significant healthcare expenditure further support this dominance. The presence of leading manufacturers also contributes to North America's substantial market share.

Region with highest CAGR:

The Asia Pacific region is anticipated to register the highest growth rate over the forecast period due to increasing awareness about respiratory care and supportive government initiatives. The rising geriatric population and improving healthcare infrastructure in countries like China and India bolster this growth. As demand for advanced medical devices increases, Asia Pacific emerges as a key growth region in the global market landscape.

Key players in the market

Some of the key players in Oxygen Therapy Equipment Market include Koninklijke Philips N.V., ResMed Inc., Invacare Corporation, Fisher & Paykel Healthcare Corporation Limited, AirSep Corporation, Dragerwerk AG & Co. KGaA, GE Healthcare, Medtronic PLC, Smiths Medical, Teleflex Incorporated, Drive DeVilbiss Healthcare, Nidek Medical Products Inc., O2 Concepts LLC, Inogen Inc., Chart Industries, Taiyo Nippon Sanso Corporation, Vyaire Medical Inc. and Precision Medical Inc.

Key Developments:

In November 2023, Fisher & Paykel Healthcare Corporation Limited announced today it has released the Airvo 3 high flow system, which builds upon the market-leading Airvo 2, offering more advanced technology and a broader range of features for oxygen therapy delivery.

In June 2023, Philips has announced that the SimplyGo Mini portable oxygen concentrator conforms to FAA standards, making it available for on-board aircraft use, providing a new option for chronic respiratory patients who are on-the-go.

In February 2023, React Health subsidiary Ventec Systems has acquired Invacare's respiratory assets, including various oxygen therapy products. "With this acquisition, React Health is well positioned to continue to support the end-to-end care of patients with cardiology, sleep and respiratory illnesses, in partnership with physicians and providers of diagnostic and needed therapies," said Tom Pontzius, president of operations for React Health.

Product Types Covered:

  • Oxygen Source Equipment
  • Oxygen Delivery Devices

Portability's Covered:

  • Portable Devices
  • Stationary Devices

Applications Covered:

  • Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease (COPD)
  • Asthma
  • Cystic Fibrosis
  • Obstructive Sleep Apnea
  • Respiratory Distress Syndrome
  • Pneumonia
  • Pneumothorax
  • Post-operative Care

End Users Covered:

  • Hospitals
  • Specialty Respiratory Clinics
  • Ambulatory Surgical Centers
  • Long-term Care Facilities
  • Home Healthcare Settings

Regions Covered:

  • North America
    • US
    • Canada
    • Mexico
  • Europe
    • Germany
    • UK
    • Italy
    • France
    • Spain
    • Rest of Europe
  • Asia Pacific
    • Japan
    • China
    • India
    • Australia
    • New Zealand
    • South Korea
    • Rest of Asia Pacific
  • South America
    • Argentina
    • Brazil
    • Chile
    • Rest of South America
  • Middle East & Africa
    • Saudi Arabia
    • UAE
    • Qatar
    • South Africa
    • Rest of Middle East & Africa

What our report offers:

  • Market share assessments for the regional and country-level segments
  • Strategic recommendations for the new entrants
  • Covers Market data for the years 2022, 2023, 2024, 2026, and 2030
  • Market Trends (Drivers, Constraints, Opportunities, Threats, Challenges, Investment Opportunities, and recommendations)
  • Strategic recommendations in key business segments based on the market estimations
  • Competitive landscaping mapping the key common trends
  • Company profiling with detailed strategies, financials, and recent developments
  • Supply chain trends mapping the latest technological advancements

Free Customization Offerings:

All the customers of this report will be entitled to receive one of the following free customization options:

  • Company Profiling
    • Comprehensive profiling of additional market players (up to 3)
    • SWOT Analysis of key players (up to 3)
  • Regional Segmentation
    • Market estimations, Forecasts and CAGR of any prominent country as per the client's interest (Note: Depends on feasibility check)
  • Competitive Benchmarking
    • Benchmarking of key players based on product portfolio, geographical presence, and strategic alliances

Table of Contents

1 Executive Summary

2 Preface

  • 2.1 Abstract
  • 2.2 Stake Holders
  • 2.3 Research Scope
  • 2.4 Research Methodology
    • 2.4.1 Data Mining
    • 2.4.2 Data Analysis
    • 2.4.3 Data Validation
    • 2.4.4 Research Approach
  • 2.5 Research Sources
    • 2.5.1 Primary Research Sources
    • 2.5.2 Secondary Research Sources
    • 2.5.3 Assumptions

3 Market Trend Analysis

  • 3.1 Introduction
  • 3.2 Drivers
  • 3.3 Restraints
  • 3.4 Opportunities
  • 3.5 Threats
  • 3.6 Product Analysis
  • 3.7 Application Analysis
  • 3.8 End User Analysis
  • 3.9 Emerging Markets
  • 3.10 Impact of Covid-19

4 Porters Five Force Analysis

  • 4.1 Bargaining power of suppliers
  • 4.2 Bargaining power of buyers
  • 4.3 Threat of substitutes
  • 4.4 Threat of new entrants
  • 4.5 Competitive rivalry

5 Global Oxygen Therapy Equipment Market, By Product Type

  • 5.1 Introduction
  • 5.2 Oxygen Source Equipment
    • 5.2.1 Oxygen Concentrators
    • 5.2.2 Liquid Oxygen Devices
    • 5.2.3 Oxygen Cylinders
    • 5.2.4 CPAP/BiPAP Devices
  • 5.3 Oxygen Delivery Devices
    • 5.3.1 Oxygen Masks
    • 5.3.2 Nasal Cannulas
      • 5.3.2.1 Standard
      • 5.3.2.2 High-Flow (HFNC)
    • 5.3.3 Venturi Masks
    • 5.3.4 Non-rebreather Masks
    • 5.3.5 Bag Valve Masks (BVMs)

6 Global Oxygen Therapy Equipment Market, By Portability

  • 6.1 Introduction
  • 6.2 Portable Devices
  • 6.3 Stationary Devices

7 Global Oxygen Therapy Equipment Market, By Application

  • 7.1 Introduction
  • 7.2 Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease (COPD)
  • 7.3 Asthma
  • 7.4 Cystic Fibrosis
  • 7.5 Obstructive Sleep Apnea
  • 7.6 Respiratory Distress Syndrome
  • 7.7 Pneumonia
  • 7.8 Pneumothorax
  • 7.9 Post-operative Care

8 Global Oxygen Therapy Equipment Market, By End User

  • 8.1 Introduction
  • 8.2 Hospitals
  • 8.3 Specialty Respiratory Clinics
  • 8.4 Ambulatory Surgical Centers
  • 8.5 Long-term Care Facilities
  • 8.6 Home Healthcare Settings

9 Global Oxygen Therapy Equipment Market, By Geography

  • 9.1 Introduction
  • 9.2 North America
    • 9.2.1 US
    • 9.2.2 Canada
    • 9.2.3 Mexico
  • 9.3 Europe
    • 9.3.1 Germany
    • 9.3.2 UK
    • 9.3.3 Italy
    • 9.3.4 France
    • 9.3.5 Spain
    • 9.3.6 Rest of Europe
  • 9.4 Asia Pacific
    • 9.4.1 Japan
    • 9.4.2 China
    • 9.4.3 India
    • 9.4.4 Australia
    • 9.4.5 New Zealand
    • 9.4.6 South Korea
    • 9.4.7 Rest of Asia Pacific
  • 9.5 South America
    • 9.5.1 Argentina
    • 9.5.2 Brazil
    • 9.5.3 Chile
    • 9.5.4 Rest of South America
  • 9.6 Middle East & Africa
    • 9.6.1 Saudi Arabia
    • 9.6.2 UAE
    • 9.6.3 Qatar
    • 9.6.4 South Africa
    • 9.6.5 Rest of Middle East & Africa

10 Key Developments

  • 10.1 Agreements, Partnerships, Collaborations and Joint Ventures
  • 10.2 Acquisitions & Mergers
  • 10.3 New Product Launch
  • 10.4 Expansions
  • 10.5 Other Key Strategies

11 Company Profiling

  • 11.1 Koninklijke Philips N.V.
  • 11.2 ResMed Inc.
  • 11.3 Invacare Corporation
  • 11.4 Fisher & Paykel Healthcare Corporation Limited
  • 11.5 AirSep Corporation
  • 11.6 Dragerwerk AG & Co. KGaA
  • 11.7 GE Healthcare
  • 11.8 Medtronic PLC
  • 11.9 Smiths Medical
  • 11.10 Teleflex Incorporated
  • 11.11 Drive DeVilbiss Healthcare
  • 11.12 Nidek Medical Products Inc.
  • 11.13 O2 Concepts LLC
  • 11.14 Inogen Inc.
  • 11.15 Chart Industries
  • 11.16 Taiyo Nippon Sanso Corporation
  • 11.17 Vyaire Medical Inc.
  • 11.18 Precision Medical Inc.

List of Tables

  • Table 1 Global Oxygen Therapy Equipment Market Outlook, By Region (2022-2030) ($MN)
  • Table 2 Global Oxygen Therapy Equipment Market Outlook, By Product Type (2022-2030) ($MN)
  • Table 3 Global Oxygen Therapy Equipment Market Outlook, By Oxygen Source Equipment (2022-2030) ($MN)
  • Table 4 Global Oxygen Therapy Equipment Market Outlook, By Oxygen Concentrators (2022-2030) ($MN)
  • Table 5 Global Oxygen Therapy Equipment Market Outlook, By Liquid Oxygen Devices (2022-2030) ($MN)
  • Table 6 Global Oxygen Therapy Equipment Market Outlook, By Oxygen Cylinders (2022-2030) ($MN)
  • Table 7 Global Oxygen Therapy Equipment Market Outlook, By CPAP/BiPAP Devices (2022-2030) ($MN)
  • Table 8 Global Oxygen Therapy Equipment Market Outlook, By Oxygen Delivery Devices (2022-2030) ($MN)
  • Table 9 Global Oxygen Therapy Equipment Market Outlook, By Oxygen Masks (2022-2030) ($MN)
  • Table 10 Global Oxygen Therapy Equipment Market Outlook, By Nasal Cannulas (2022-2030) ($MN)
  • Table 11 Global Oxygen Therapy Equipment Market Outlook, By Venturi Masks (2022-2030) ($MN)
  • Table 12 Global Oxygen Therapy Equipment Market Outlook, By Non-rebreather Masks (2022-2030) ($MN)
  • Table 13 Global Oxygen Therapy Equipment Market Outlook, By Bag Valve Masks (BVMs) (2022-2030) ($MN)
  • Table 14 Global Oxygen Therapy Equipment Market Outlook, By Portability (2022-2030) ($MN)
  • Table 15 Global Oxygen Therapy Equipment Market Outlook, By Portable Devices (2022-2030) ($MN)
  • Table 16 Global Oxygen Therapy Equipment Market Outlook, By Stationary Devices (2022-2030) ($MN)
  • Table 17 Global Oxygen Therapy Equipment Market Outlook, By Application (2022-2030) ($MN)
  • Table 18 Global Oxygen Therapy Equipment Market Outlook, By Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease (COPD) (2022-2030) ($MN)
  • Table 19 Global Oxygen Therapy Equipment Market Outlook, By Asthma (2022-2030) ($MN)
  • Table 20 Global Oxygen Therapy Equipment Market Outlook, By Cystic Fibrosis (2022-2030) ($MN)
  • Table 21 Global Oxygen Therapy Equipment Market Outlook, By Obstructive Sleep Apnea (2022-2030) ($MN)
  • Table 22 Global Oxygen Therapy Equipment Market Outlook, By Respiratory Distress Syndrome (2022-2030) ($MN)
  • Table 23 Global Oxygen Therapy Equipment Market Outlook, By Pneumonia (2022-2030) ($MN)
  • Table 24 Global Oxygen Therapy Equipment Market Outlook, By Pneumothorax (2022-2030) ($MN)
  • Table 25 Global Oxygen Therapy Equipment Market Outlook, By Post-operative Care (2022-2030) ($MN)
  • Table 26 Global Oxygen Therapy Equipment Market Outlook, By End User (2022-2030) ($MN)
  • Table 27 Global Oxygen Therapy Equipment Market Outlook, By Hospitals (2022-2030) ($MN)
  • Table 28 Global Oxygen Therapy Equipment Market Outlook, By Specialty Respiratory Clinics (2022-2030) ($MN)
  • Table 29 Global Oxygen Therapy Equipment Market Outlook, By Ambulatory Surgical Centers (2022-2030) ($MN)
  • Table 30 Global Oxygen Therapy Equipment Market Outlook, By Long-term Care Facilities (2022-2030) ($MN)
  • Table 31 Global Oxygen Therapy Equipment Market Outlook, By Home Healthcare Settings (2022-2030) ($MN)

Note: Tables for North America, Europe, APAC, South America, and Middle East & Africa Regions are also represented in the same manner as above.