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市场调查报告书
商品编码
1636711

2030 年特种黏合剂和密封剂市场预测:按树脂类型、成分、应用、最终用户和地区进行的全球分析

Specialty Adhesives & Sealants Market Forecasts to 2030 - Global Analysis By Resin Type, Formulation, Application, End User and By Geography

出版日期: | 出版商: Stratistics Market Research Consulting | 英文 200+ Pages | 商品交期: 2-3个工作天内

价格

根据 Stratistics MRC 的数据,全球特种黏合剂和密封剂市场预计在 2024 年达到 782.4 亿美元,预计到 2030 年将达到 882.7 亿美元,预测期内的复合年增长率为 4.8%。

特殊黏合剂和密封剂是为标准黏合剂不适用的特定应用而设计的特殊产品。这些材料具有增强的性能,例如耐高温、防水、柔韧性以及在困难表面和条件下的黏合强度。专用黏合剂和密封剂的配方可满足您的确切要求,包括耐环境性、电气绝缘性和快速固化性,确保为广泛的应用提供持久、可靠的解决方案。

根据欧洲塑胶协会的数据,2021 年第一季至 2021 年第三季度,欧盟建筑业的氰基丙烯酸酯产品消费量与 2020 年同期相比成长了 5.7%。

汽车产业需求不断成长

汽车製造商越来越依赖这些产品来提高车辆性能、减轻重量和提高燃油经济性。特殊黏合剂用于黏合复合材料、塑胶和金属等轻量材料,而密封剂则可确保提高车辆组件的耐用性和耐候性。此外,向电动车(EV)的转变导致对电池组和其他敏感部件的专用黏合剂的需求。整体应用对创新黏合和密封解决方案的需求正在推动市场扩张和技术进步。

原物料价格波动

特殊黏合剂和密封剂原料价格的波动主要是由于石油基产品、天然树脂和其他基本化学品的价格波动所致。全球供应链中断、地缘政治紧张局势和需求变化加剧了这种波动。如果原物料成本上升,製造商可能面临更高的生产成本,而这些成本可能会转嫁给消费者,导致产品价格上涨。这种定价不确定性会限制盈利、降低市场竞争力、抑制投资并最终减缓市场成长。

电子业的成长

随着电子设备变得越来越复杂和小型化,对特殊黏合剂和密封剂的需求日益增加。这些材料对于确保半导体、显示器和电路基板等电子元件的耐用性、性能和可靠性至关重要。它们提供温度控管、绝缘和防潮功能,这是智慧型手机、笔记型电脑和可穿戴设备等现代电子产品的基本功能。电子产业的扩张推动了对高性能特种黏合剂和密封剂的需求,从而刺激了市场扩张。

与替代品的竞争

作为机械紧固件的替代品,焊接和传统黏合剂具有成本效益,易于使用,并可能为某些应用提供更简单的解决方案,因此对注重成本的行业具有吸引力。此外,一些传统方法,例如螺丝和铆钉,已经很成熟,不需要与高级黏合剂和密封剂相关的专业知识和材料成本。因此,公司可能会选择这些替代方案,从而限制专业解决方案的市场成长潜力。

COVID-19 的影响

由于供应链中断、工厂关闭和製造活动减少,COVID-19 疫情导致特种黏合剂和密封剂市场出现暂时中断。然而,随着产业适应与疫情相关的需求(例如防护设备和消毒包装),医疗、製药和包装应用对黏合剂和密封剂的需求飙升。儘管建筑业和汽车业有所放缓,但復苏努力和对永续高性能材料的需求不断增长预计将推动疫情后的长期成长。

预测期内,黏合市场预计将成为最大的市场

由于黏合剂具有高强度、耐用性和抗环境因素的能力,预计在整个预测期内将占据最大的市场占有率份额。它们用于黏合金属、塑胶、复合材料、玻璃等,比传统紧固件具有更好的性能。先进的连接解决方案满足了灵活性、耐热性和快速固化等特定要求,支援广泛领域中更轻、更高效、更可靠的产品的开发。

预计预测期内建筑和建设行业将出现最高的复合年增长率。

预计预测期内建筑和施工行业将以最高的复合年增长率成长。建筑施工中的专用黏合剂和密封剂用于黏合混凝土、木材、金属和玻璃等材料,并密封缝隙和接缝,以防止空气和水的渗入。这些黏合剂具有优异的强度、柔韧性和耐候性,非常适合地板材料、墙板、窗户和屋顶等应用。它还有助于提高建筑计划的能源效率、隔音效果和美观度。

比最大的地区

由于工业化和基础设施的快速发展,预计亚太地区将在预测期内占据最大的市场占有率。中国、印度和日本等国家是主要推动力,汽车产量、电子製造业的不断增长和建设活动的蓬勃发展推动了市场扩张。该地区不断增长的製造能力和消费需求也为市场参与者提供了重大机会。

复合年增长率最高的地区:

受汽车、建筑、航太和电子等行业强劲需求的推动,北美预计在预测期内以最高的复合年增长率成长。美国是该领域的主要参与者,投入巨资研发用于医疗和电子等多种应用的先进密封剂。向永续解决方案的转变和促进环境安全的严格法规也在推动北美市场的成长,进一步为市场参与者创造机会。

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  • 公司简介
    • 全面分析其他市场参与者(最多 3 家公司)
    • 主要企业的 SWOT 分析(最多 3 家公司)
  • 地理细分
    • 根据客户兴趣对主要国家进行的市场估计、预测和复合年增长率(註:基于可行性检查)
  • 竞争性基准化分析
    • 根据产品系列、地理分布和策略联盟对主要企业进行基准化分析

目录

第一章执行摘要

第 2 章 前言

  • 概述
  • 相关利益者
  • 研究范围
  • 调查方法
    • 资料探勘
    • 资料分析
    • 资料检验
    • 研究途径
  • 研究资讯来源
    • 主要研究资讯来源
    • 二手研究资料资讯来源
    • 先决条件

第三章 市场走势分析

  • 驱动程式
  • 限制因素
  • 机会
  • 威胁
  • 应用分析
  • 最终用户分析
  • 新兴市场
  • COVID-19 的影响

第 4 章 波特五力分析

  • 供应商的议价能力
  • 买家的议价能力
  • 替代品的威胁
  • 新进入者的威胁
  • 竞争对手之间的竞争

5. 全球特种胶合剂和密封剂市场(按树脂类型)

  • 环氧树脂
  • 聚氨酯树脂
  • 丙烯酸树脂
  • 硅树脂
  • 酚醛树脂
  • 聚烯树脂
  • 丁基橡胶树脂
  • 其他树脂类型

6. 全球特种胶合剂和密封剂市场(按配方)

  • 溶剂型
  • 水性
  • 热熔胶
  • 反应性
  • 其他成分

7. 全球特种胶合剂和密封剂市场(按应用)

  • 黏合
  • 密封
  • 涂层
  • 灌封和封装
  • 其他用途

8. 全球特种胶合剂和密封剂市场(依最终用户划分)

  • 建筑和施工
  • 航太
  • 电子产品
  • 包裹
  • 医疗
  • 海洋
  • 其他最终用户

9. 全球特种胶合剂和密封剂市场(按地区)

  • 北美洲
    • 美国
    • 加拿大
    • 墨西哥
  • 欧洲
    • 德国
    • 英国
    • 义大利
    • 法国
    • 西班牙
    • 其他欧洲国家
  • 亚太地区
    • 日本
    • 中国
    • 印度
    • 澳洲
    • 纽西兰
    • 韩国
    • 其他亚太地区
  • 南美洲
    • 阿根廷
    • 巴西
    • 智利
    • 南美洲其他地区
  • 中东和非洲
    • 沙乌地阿拉伯
    • 阿拉伯聯合大公国
    • 卡达
    • 南非
    • 其他中东和非洲地区

第十章 主要进展

  • 协议、伙伴关係、合作和合资企业
  • 收购与合併
  • 新产品发布
  • 业务扩展
  • 其他关键策略

第十一章 公司概况

  • 3M Company
  • Henkel AG & Co. KGaA
  • Sika AG
  • HB Fuller
  • Bostik
  • Dow Inc.
  • BASF SE
  • Avery Dennison Corporation
  • LORD Corporation
  • DuPont de Nemours, Inc.
  • Huntsman Corporation
  • Franklin International
  • RPM International Inc.
  • Ashland Global Holdings Inc.
  • ITW Performance Polymers
  • Wacker Chemie AG
  • Mapei SpA
  • Covestro AG
  • Master Bond Inc.
  • Permabond LLC
Product Code: SMRC28352

According to Stratistics MRC, the Global Specialty Adhesives & Sealants Market is accounted for $78.24 billion in 2024 and is expected to reach $88.27 billion by 2030 growing at a CAGR of 4.8% during the forecast period. Specialty adhesives and sealants are specialized products designed for specific applications where standard adhesives may not be suitable. These materials offer enhanced properties like high-temperature resistance, water resistance, flexibility, and bonding strength for challenging surfaces or conditions. Specialty adhesives and sealants are formulated to meet precise requirements, such as environmental resistance, electrical insulation, or rapid curing, ensuring long-lasting and reliable solutions for a wide range of applications.

According to Plastic Europe Association, the consumption of cyanoacrylates products in the construction sector in the European Union has increased by 5.7% from the first quarter of 2021 to the third quarter of 2021 as compared to the same period of 2020.

Market Dynamics:

Driver:

Increasing demand in automotive industry

Automotive manufacturers increasingly rely on these products to enhance vehicle performance, reduce weight, and improve fuel efficiency. Specialty adhesives are used for bonding lightweight materials like composites, plastics, and metals, while sealants ensure enhanced durability and weather resistance in vehicle assemblies. Additionally, the shift towards electric vehicles (EVs) has led to the need for specialized adhesives for battery packs and other sensitive components. This demand for innovative bonding and sealing solutions across automotive applications fuels market expansion and technological advancements.

Restraint:

Volatility in raw material prices

Volatility in raw material prices for specialty adhesives & sealants is primarily due to fluctuations in the prices of petroleum-based products, natural resins, and other essential chemicals. Disruptions in global supply chains, geopolitical tensions, and changes in demand contribute to this instability. As raw material costs rise, manufacturers may face higher production expenses, which can be passed onto consumers, resulting in increased product prices. This price uncertainty can limit profitability, reduce market competitiveness, and hinder investments, ultimately slowing down market growth.

Opportunity:

Growth of the electronics industry

As electronics devices become more advanced and miniaturized, the demand for specialized adhesives and sealants rises. These materials are critical for ensuring the durability, performance, and reliability of electronic components, such as semiconductors, displays, and circuit boards. They provide functions like thermal management, insulation, and moisture resistance, essential in modern electronic products like smartphones, laptops, and wearables. The expanding electronics sector drives the demand for high-performance specialty adhesives and sealants, fueling market expansion.

Threat:

Competition from alternatives

Alternatives such as mechanical fasteners, welding, and traditional adhesives may be more cost-effective, easier to apply, or offer simpler solutions for certain applications, making them attractive to cost-conscious industries. Additionally, some traditional methods, such as screws and rivets, are well-established and do not require the specialized knowledge or material costs associated with advanced adhesives and sealants. As a result, businesses may opt for these alternatives, limiting the market's growth potential for specialty solutions.

Covid-19 Impact

The covid-19 pandemic caused temporary disruptions in the specialty adhesives & sealants market due to supply chain interruptions, factory shutdowns, and reduced manufacturing activity. However, the demand for adhesives and sealants in medical, pharmaceutical, and packaging applications surged as industries adapted to pandemic-related needs, such as protective equipment and sanitization packaging. The construction and automotive sectors experienced slowdowns, but recovery efforts and the growing demand for sustainable, high-performance materials are expected to drive long-term growth post-pandemic.

The bonding segment is expected to be the largest during the forecast period

The bonding segment is predicted to secure the largest market share throughout the forecast period owing to their high strength, durability, and resistance to environmental factors. They are used for bonding metals, plastics, composites, and glass, offering enhanced performance compared to traditional fasteners. Advanced bonding solutions cater to specific requirements such as flexibility, temperature resistance, and rapid curing, supporting the development of lightweight, efficient, and reliable products across various sectors.

The building & construction segment is expected to have the highest CAGR during the forecast period

The building & construction segment is anticipated to witness the highest CAGR during the forecast period. Specialty adhesives and sealants in building and construction are used for bonding materials like concrete, wood, metal, and glass, as well as for sealing gaps and joints to prevent air and water infiltration. These adhesives offer superior strength, flexibility, and weather resistance, making them ideal for applications such as flooring, wall panels, windows, and roofing. They also contribute to energy efficiency, soundproofing, and improved aesthetic appeal in construction projects.

Region with largest share:

Asia Pacific is expected to register the largest market share during the forecast period due to rapid industrialization and infrastructure development. Countries like China, India, and Japan are key drivers, with the rising automotive production, electronics manufacturing, and booming construction activities fueling market expansion. The region's manufacturing capabilities and increasing consumer demand also offer substantial opportunities for market players.

Region with highest CAGR:

North America is expected to witness the highest CAGR over the forecast period driven by strong demand across industries such as automotive, construction, aerospace, and electronics. The U.S. is a key player, with significant investments in research and development of advanced sealants for diverse applications, including medical and electronics. The shift towards sustainable solutions and stringent regulations promoting environmental safety also bolster the market growth in North America, further expanding opportunities for market players.

Key players in the market

Some of the key players profiled in the Specialty Adhesives & Sealants Market include 3M Company, Henkel AG & Co. KGaA, Sika AG, H.B. Fuller, Bostik, Dow Inc., BASF SE, Avery Dennison Corporation, LORD Corporation, DuPont de Nemours, Inc., Huntsman Corporation, Franklin International, RPM International Inc., Ashland Global Holdings Inc., ITW Performance Polymers, Wacker Chemie AG, Mapei S.p.A., Covestro AG, Master Bond Inc. and Permabond LLC.

Key Developments:

In September 2024, Bostik launched the new Bostik Fast Glue Ultra+ that provides excellent adhesion to a wide variety of surfaces, including plastics, metals, ceramics, and wood. It delivers fast-setting, durable bonding, making it ideal for both industrial applications and consumer use.

In May 2024, H.B. Fuller has acquired ND Industries, a leading provider of specialty adhesives and fastener locking and sealing solutions. This strategic acquisition will enhance H.B. Fuller's product offerings in high-growth, high-margin segments. ND Industries' Vibra-Tite(R) brand will complement H.B. Fuller's existing product portfolio, combining adhesive and mechanical fastener benefits for demanding applications.

Resin Types Covered:

  • Epoxy Resin
  • Polyurethane Resin
  • Acrylic Resin
  • Silicone Resin
  • Phenolic Resins
  • Polyolefin Resins
  • Butyl Rubber Resins
  • Other Resin Types

Formulations Covered:

  • Solvent-Based
  • Water-Based
  • Hot Melt
  • Reactive
  • Other Formulations

Applications Covered:

  • Bonding
  • Sealing
  • Coating
  • Potting & Encapsulation
  • Other Applications

End Users Covered:

  • Automotive
  • Building & Construction
  • Aerospace
  • Electronics
  • Packaging
  • Medical
  • Marine
  • Other End Users

Regions Covered:

  • North America
    • US
    • Canada
    • Mexico
  • Europe
    • Germany
    • UK
    • Italy
    • France
    • Spain
    • Rest of Europe
  • Asia Pacific
    • Japan
    • China
    • India
    • Australia
    • New Zealand
    • South Korea
    • Rest of Asia Pacific
  • South America
    • Argentina
    • Brazil
    • Chile
    • Rest of South America
  • Middle East & Africa
    • Saudi Arabia
    • UAE
    • Qatar
    • South Africa
    • Rest of Middle East & Africa

What our report offers:

  • Market share assessments for the regional and country-level segments
  • Strategic recommendations for the new entrants
  • Covers Market data for the years 2022, 2023, 2024, 2026, and 2030
  • Market Trends (Drivers, Constraints, Opportunities, Threats, Challenges, Investment Opportunities, and recommendations)
  • Strategic recommendations in key business segments based on the market estimations
  • Competitive landscaping mapping the key common trends
  • Company profiling with detailed strategies, financials, and recent developments
  • Supply chain trends mapping the latest technological advancements

Free Customization Offerings:

All the customers of this report will be entitled to receive one of the following free customization options:

  • Company Profiling
    • Comprehensive profiling of additional market players (up to 3)
    • SWOT Analysis of key players (up to 3)
  • Regional Segmentation
    • Market estimations, Forecasts and CAGR of any prominent country as per the client's interest (Note: Depends on feasibility check)
  • Competitive Benchmarking
    • Benchmarking of key players based on product portfolio, geographical presence, and strategic alliances

Table of Contents

1 Executive Summary

2 Preface

  • 2.1 Abstract
  • 2.2 Stake Holders
  • 2.3 Research Scope
  • 2.4 Research Methodology
    • 2.4.1 Data Mining
    • 2.4.2 Data Analysis
    • 2.4.3 Data Validation
    • 2.4.4 Research Approach
  • 2.5 Research Sources
    • 2.5.1 Primary Research Sources
    • 2.5.2 Secondary Research Sources
    • 2.5.3 Assumptions

3 Market Trend Analysis

  • 3.1 Introduction
  • 3.2 Drivers
  • 3.3 Restraints
  • 3.4 Opportunities
  • 3.5 Threats
  • 3.6 Application Analysis
  • 3.7 End User Analysis
  • 3.8 Emerging Markets
  • 3.9 Impact of Covid-19

4 Porters Five Force Analysis

  • 4.1 Bargaining power of suppliers
  • 4.2 Bargaining power of buyers
  • 4.3 Threat of substitutes
  • 4.4 Threat of new entrants
  • 4.5 Competitive rivalry

5 Global Specialty Adhesives & Sealants Market, By Resin Type

  • 5.1 Introduction
  • 5.2 Epoxy Resin
  • 5.3 Polyurethane Resin
  • 5.4 Acrylic Resin
  • 5.5 Silicone Resin
  • 5.6 Phenolic Resins
  • 5.7 Polyolefin Resins
  • 5.8 Butyl Rubber Resins
  • 5.9 Other Resin Types

6 Global Specialty Adhesives & Sealants Market, By Formulation

  • 6.1 Introduction
  • 6.2 Solvent-Based
  • 6.3 Water-Based
  • 6.4 Hot Melt
  • 6.5 Reactive
  • 6.6 Other Formulations

7 Global Specialty Adhesives & Sealants Market, By Application

  • 7.1 Introduction
  • 7.2 Bonding
  • 7.3 Sealing
  • 7.4 Coating
  • 7.5 Potting & Encapsulation
  • 7.6 Other Applications

8 Global Specialty Adhesives & Sealants Market, By End User

  • 8.1 Introduction
  • 8.2 Automotive
  • 8.3 Building & Construction
  • 8.4 Aerospace
  • 8.5 Electronics
  • 8.6 Packaging
  • 8.7 Medical
  • 8.8 Marine
  • 8.9 Other End Users

9 Global Specialty Adhesives & Sealants Market, By Geography

  • 9.1 Introduction
  • 9.2 North America
    • 9.2.1 US
    • 9.2.2 Canada
    • 9.2.3 Mexico
  • 9.3 Europe
    • 9.3.1 Germany
    • 9.3.2 UK
    • 9.3.3 Italy
    • 9.3.4 France
    • 9.3.5 Spain
    • 9.3.6 Rest of Europe
  • 9.4 Asia Pacific
    • 9.4.1 Japan
    • 9.4.2 China
    • 9.4.3 India
    • 9.4.4 Australia
    • 9.4.5 New Zealand
    • 9.4.6 South Korea
    • 9.4.7 Rest of Asia Pacific
  • 9.5 South America
    • 9.5.1 Argentina
    • 9.5.2 Brazil
    • 9.5.3 Chile
    • 9.5.4 Rest of South America
  • 9.6 Middle East & Africa
    • 9.6.1 Saudi Arabia
    • 9.6.2 UAE
    • 9.6.3 Qatar
    • 9.6.4 South Africa
    • 9.6.5 Rest of Middle East & Africa

10 Key Developments

  • 10.1 Agreements, Partnerships, Collaborations and Joint Ventures
  • 10.2 Acquisitions & Mergers
  • 10.3 New Product Launch
  • 10.4 Expansions
  • 10.5 Other Key Strategies

11 Company Profiling

  • 11.1 3M Company
  • 11.2 Henkel AG & Co. KGaA
  • 11.3 Sika AG
  • 11.4 H.B. Fuller
  • 11.5 Bostik
  • 11.6 Dow Inc.
  • 11.7 BASF SE
  • 11.8 Avery Dennison Corporation
  • 11.9 LORD Corporation
  • 11.10 DuPont de Nemours, Inc.
  • 11.11 Huntsman Corporation
  • 11.12 Franklin International
  • 11.13 RPM International Inc.
  • 11.14 Ashland Global Holdings Inc.
  • 11.15 ITW Performance Polymers
  • 11.16 Wacker Chemie AG
  • 11.17 Mapei S.p.A.
  • 11.18 Covestro AG
  • 11.19 Master Bond Inc.
  • 11.20 Permabond LLC

List of Tables

  • Table 1 Global Specialty Adhesives & Sealants Market Outlook, By Region (2022-2030) ($MN)
  • Table 2 Global Specialty Adhesives & Sealants Market Outlook, By Resin Type (2022-2030) ($MN)
  • Table 3 Global Specialty Adhesives & Sealants Market Outlook, By Epoxy Resin (2022-2030) ($MN)
  • Table 4 Global Specialty Adhesives & Sealants Market Outlook, By Polyurethane Resin (2022-2030) ($MN)
  • Table 5 Global Specialty Adhesives & Sealants Market Outlook, By Acrylic Resin (2022-2030) ($MN)
  • Table 6 Global Specialty Adhesives & Sealants Market Outlook, By Silicone Resin (2022-2030) ($MN)
  • Table 7 Global Specialty Adhesives & Sealants Market Outlook, By Phenolic Resins (2022-2030) ($MN)
  • Table 8 Global Specialty Adhesives & Sealants Market Outlook, By Polyolefin Resins (2022-2030) ($MN)
  • Table 9 Global Specialty Adhesives & Sealants Market Outlook, By Butyl Rubber Resins (2022-2030) ($MN)
  • Table 10 Global Specialty Adhesives & Sealants Market Outlook, By Other Resin Types (2022-2030) ($MN)
  • Table 11 Global Specialty Adhesives & Sealants Market Outlook, By Formulation (2022-2030) ($MN)
  • Table 12 Global Specialty Adhesives & Sealants Market Outlook, By Solvent-Based (2022-2030) ($MN)
  • Table 13 Global Specialty Adhesives & Sealants Market Outlook, By Water-Based (2022-2030) ($MN)
  • Table 14 Global Specialty Adhesives & Sealants Market Outlook, By Hot Melt (2022-2030) ($MN)
  • Table 15 Global Specialty Adhesives & Sealants Market Outlook, By Reactive (2022-2030) ($MN)
  • Table 16 Global Specialty Adhesives & Sealants Market Outlook, By Other Formulations (2022-2030) ($MN)
  • Table 17 Global Specialty Adhesives & Sealants Market Outlook, By Application (2022-2030) ($MN)
  • Table 18 Global Specialty Adhesives & Sealants Market Outlook, By Bonding (2022-2030) ($MN)
  • Table 19 Global Specialty Adhesives & Sealants Market Outlook, By Sealing (2022-2030) ($MN)
  • Table 20 Global Specialty Adhesives & Sealants Market Outlook, By Coating (2022-2030) ($MN)
  • Table 21 Global Specialty Adhesives & Sealants Market Outlook, By Potting & Encapsulation (2022-2030) ($MN)
  • Table 22 Global Specialty Adhesives & Sealants Market Outlook, By Other Applications (2022-2030) ($MN)
  • Table 23 Global Specialty Adhesives & Sealants Market Outlook, By End User (2022-2030) ($MN)
  • Table 24 Global Specialty Adhesives & Sealants Market Outlook, By Automotive (2022-2030) ($MN)
  • Table 25 Global Specialty Adhesives & Sealants Market Outlook, By Building & Construction (2022-2030) ($MN)
  • Table 26 Global Specialty Adhesives & Sealants Market Outlook, By Aerospace (2022-2030) ($MN)
  • Table 27 Global Specialty Adhesives & Sealants Market Outlook, By Electronics (2022-2030) ($MN)
  • Table 28 Global Specialty Adhesives & Sealants Market Outlook, By Packaging (2022-2030) ($MN)
  • Table 29 Global Specialty Adhesives & Sealants Market Outlook, By Medical (2022-2030) ($MN)
  • Table 30 Global Specialty Adhesives & Sealants Market Outlook, By Marine (2022-2030) ($MN)
  • Table 31 Global Specialty Adhesives & Sealants Market Outlook, By Other End Users (2022-2030) ($MN)

Note: Tables for North America, Europe, APAC, South America, and Middle East & Africa Regions are also represented in the same manner as above.