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市场调查报告书
商品编码
1679260

2030 年塑胶抗氧化剂市场预测：按类型、聚合物类型、形式、功能、最终用户和地区进行的全球分析

Plastic Antioxidants Market Forecasts to 2030 - Global Analysis By Type (Primary Antioxidants, Secondary Antioxidants and Other Types), Polymer Type, Form, Functionality, End User and By Geography
出版日期: | 出版商: Stratistics Market Research Consulting | 英文 200+ Pages | 商品交期: 2-3个工作天内

价格

根据 Stratistics MRC 的数据，全球塑胶抗氧化剂市场规模预计在 2024 年达到 51.1 亿美元，到 2030 年将达到 78.4 亿美元，预测期内的复合年增长率为 7.4%。

塑胶抗氧化剂是聚合物中使用的添加剂，可防止塑胶透过氧化反应劣化。这些抗氧化剂可抑制聚合物链在暴露于热、光和空气时发生断裂，有助于延长塑胶产品的使用寿命。它们可以中和自由基和其他破坏材料的活性物质。这些添加剂通常用于製造各种塑胶产品，包括包装、汽车零件和电气元件，以提高耐用性和性能。

根据印度工商联合会统计，2013年全球农业领域对塑胶的平均需求为8%，印度为2%。

增强对产品耐用性的认识

人们对产品耐用性的认识不断提高，推动了塑胶抗氧化剂市场的需求。消费者和製造商越来越注重提高塑胶产品的寿命和性能，特别是在汽车、包装和电子等行业。随着永续性成为优先事项，抗氧化剂有助于减少塑胶劣化、延长产品寿命并最大限度地减少环境影响，使其成为确保各种应用的持久、高品质塑胶材料至关重要。

与替代材料的竞争

市场上替代材料的竞争是一大挑战。随着各行各业转向生物分解性和环保的包装，对传统塑胶抗氧化剂的需求可能会下降。向天然抗氧化剂和植物来源添加剂等永续替代品的转变可能会减少传统塑胶抗氧化剂的市场占有率。此外，人们对塑胶废弃物的环境问题日益担忧，可能会进一步促使製造商采用更环保的解决方案，最终影响依赖传统塑胶抗氧化剂产品的公司的盈利和成长。

包装行业的扩张

包装产业在市场上的扩张很大程度上是由对具有更高耐用性、更长保质期和保护环境因素的包装材料的需求不断增长所推动的。食品、饮料和製药等行业需要能够防止氧化并维持产品品质和新鲜度的塑胶解决方案。塑胶抗氧化剂在稳定这些材料、改善其性能和确保永续性发挥关键作用。随着包装需求的增加，塑胶应用中对有效抗氧化剂的需求也增加。

原物料价格波动

市场原料价格波动导致生产面临重大挑战。由于聚合物稳定剂和化合物等主要原料成本波动，製造商可能面临不可预测的利润率。这些价格波动可能会扰乱长期规划并迫使公司调整价格，从而影响其竞争力。此外，由于价格敏感型产业寻求更具成本效益的替代品，原物料成本上升可能会减少消费者需求并减缓市场成长和创新。

COVID-19 的影响：

COVID-19 疫情导致供应链中断、产量减少和需求模式转变，扰乱了塑胶抗氧化剂市场。汽车和建筑业的产量下降，但由于对一次性塑胶和保护性包装的需求增加，包装行业出现了成长。市场在取得和运输原材料方面也面临挑战。然而，疫情后的復苏加上日益增长的环境问题预计将推动塑胶永续抗氧化剂的创新和需求。

预计预测期内聚氯乙烯（PVC）部分将占据最大的市场占有率。

预计聚氯乙烯(PVC) 将在预测期内占据最大的市场占有率，因为它将暴露在热、光和氧气中。为了提高 PVC 产品的稳定性和寿命，需要添加抗氧化剂，以防止氧化造成的损坏、变色和脆化。这些抗氧化剂有助于在建筑和医疗行业等各种应用中维持 PVC 的品质和性能。对耐用、长寿命 PVC 产品的需求不断增加，也增加了对有效抗氧化剂的需求。

预计预测期内汽车产业将以最高的复合年增长率成长。

预计预测期内汽车产业将实现最高成长率。保险桿、仪表板和内装等汽车零件中使用的塑胶需要抗氧化剂来防止热、紫外线和氧化压力劣化。即使在极端条件下，这些添加剂也能确保汽车塑胶的寿命、强度和美观。随着汽车生产的扩大和发展，对提高产品耐用性的可靠塑胶抗氧化剂的需求不断增长。

比最大的地区

预计预测期内北美地区将占据最大的市场占有率。北美製造商正在寻求高性能抗氧化剂来提高塑胶产品的耐用性和寿命，特别是在极端天气条件下。专注于永续性和创新的公司正在采用先进的抗氧化剂来满足环境和监管标准。该地区强大的工业基础和对产品品质的重视进一步推动了市场扩张。

复合年增长率最高的地区：

预计预测期内亚太地区将呈现最高的复合年增长率。该地区的快速工业化正在刺激製造业的成长，从而增加对塑胶产品和抗氧化剂的需求。此外，中国、印度和东南亚等国家都市化的加速，推动了基础建设、住宅、交通和消费品领域对塑胶产品的需求，这也推动了对抗氧化剂的需求。

免费客製化服务

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  • 公司简介
    • 对其他市场公司（最多 3 家公司）进行全面分析
    • 主要企业的 SWOT 分析（最多 3 家公司）
  • 地理细分
    • 根据客户兴趣对主要国家进行的市场估计、预测和复合年增长率（註：基于可行性检查）
  • 竞争性基准化分析
    • 根据产品系列、地理分布和策略联盟对主要企业基准化分析

目录

第一章执行摘要

第 2 章 前言

  • 概述
  • 相关利益者
  • 研究范围
  • 调查方法
    • 资料探勘
    • 资料分析
    • 资料检验
    • 研究途径
  • 研究资讯来源
    • 主要研究资讯来源
    • 二手研究资料资讯来源
    • 先决条件

第三章 市场走势分析

  • 驱动程式
  • 限制因素
  • 机会
  • 威胁
  • 最终用户分析
  • 新兴市场
  • COVID-19 的影响

第 4 章 波特五力分析

  • 供应商的议价能力
  • 买家的议价能力
  • 替代品的威胁
  • 新进入者的威胁
  • 竞争对手之间的竞争

5. 全球塑胶抗氧化剂市场按类型

  • 主要抗氧化剂
    • 苯酚
    • 胺
  • 次级抗氧化剂
    • 亚磷酸盐
    • 硫酯类
  • 其他类型

6. 全球塑胶抗氧化剂市场（依聚合物类型）

  • 聚烯（PE、PP）
  • 聚氯乙烯（PVC）
  • 聚苯乙烯（PS）
  • 聚酯（PET、PBT）
  • 聚酰胺（尼龙）

7. 全球塑胶抗氧化剂市场按类型

  • 液体
  • 固体的
  • 母粒
  • 粉末

8. 全球塑胶抗氧化剂市场（按功能）

  • 热稳定剂
  • 紫外线稳定剂
  • 氧化稳定剂

9. 全球塑胶抗氧化剂市场（依最终用户）

  • 包裹
  • 车
  • 纤维
  • 家电
  • 建造
  • 其他最终用户

第 10 章 全球塑胶抗氧化剂市场（按区域）

  • 北美洲
    • 美国
    • 加拿大
    • 墨西哥
  • 欧洲
    • 德国
    • 英国
    • 义大利
    • 法国
    • 西班牙
    • 欧洲其他地区
  • 亚太地区
    • 日本
    • 中国
    • 印度
    • 澳洲
    • 纽西兰
    • 韩国
    • 其他亚太地区
  • 南美洲
    • 阿根廷
    • 巴西
    • 智利
    • 南美洲其他地区
  • 中东和非洲
    • 沙乌地阿拉伯
    • 阿拉伯聯合大公国
    • 卡达
    • 南非
    • 其他中东和非洲地区

第十一章 重大进展

  • 协议、伙伴关係、合作和合资企业
  • 收购与合併
  • 新产品发布
  • 业务扩展
  • 其他关键策略

第十二章 公司概况

  • BASF SE
  • Clariant AG
  • Lanxess AG
  • Sumitomo Chemical Co., Ltd.
  • SABIC
  • Eastman Chemical Company
  • Solvay SA
  • AkzoNobel NV
  • Addivant
  • Perstorp Holding AB
  • Evonik Industries AG
  • Lubrizol Corporation
  • Huntsman Corporation
  • Arkema SA
  • Milliken & Company
  • Dow Inc.
  • LG Chem Ltd.
  • Asahi Kasei Corporation
Product Code: SMRC28843

According to Stratistics MRC, the Global Plastic Antioxidants Market is accounted for $5.11 billion in 2024 and is expected to reach $7.84 billion by 2030 growing at a CAGR of 7.4% during the forecast period. Plastic antioxidants are additives used in polymers to prevent the degradation of plastics caused by oxidative reactions. These antioxidants help extend the lifespan of plastic products by inhibiting the breakdown of polymer chains when exposed to heat, light, or air. They work by neutralizing free radicals and other reactive species that can damage the material. These additives are commonly used in the production of various plastic products, such as packaging, automotive parts, and electrical components, to improve durability and performance.

According to the Federation of Indian Chambers of Commerce & Industry, in 2013, the global average demand for plastics in the agricultural industry was 8%, and in India, it was 2%.

Market Dynamics:

Driver:

Rising awareness of product durability

The rising awareness of product durability is driving the demand for plastic antioxidants in the market. Consumers and manufacturers are increasingly focused on enhancing the longevity and performance of plastic products, particularly in industries like automotive, packaging, and electronics. As sustainability becomes a priority, antioxidants help reduce plastic degradation, improve product lifespan, and minimize environmental impact, making them essential for ensuring long-lasting, high-quality plastic materials in various applications.

Restraint:

Competition from alternatives

Competition from alternative materials in the market poses significant challenges. As industries explore biodegradable or eco-friendly packaging options, demand for traditional plastic antioxidants may decrease. This shift towards sustainable alternatives, such as natural antioxidants or plant-based additives, can reduce the market share for conventional plastic antioxidants. Moreover, the growing environmental concerns over plastic waste may further push manufacturers to adopt greener solutions, ultimately affecting the profitability and growth of companies reliant on traditional plastic antioxidant products.

Opportunity:

Expansion of the packaging industry

The expansion of the packaging industry in the market is largely fueled by the rising demand for packaging materials that offer enhanced durability, longer shelf life, and protection against environmental factors. Industries such as food, beverages, and pharmaceuticals require plastic solutions that prevent oxidation, preserve product quality, and maintain freshness. Plastic antioxidants play a vital role in stabilizing these materials, improving their performance, and ensuring sustainability. As packaging demands grow, so does the need for effective antioxidants in plastic applications.

Threat:

Fluctuating raw material prices

Fluctuating raw material prices in the market can lead to significant production challenges. As the cost of key ingredients, such as polymer stabilizers and chemical compounds, varies, manufacturers may face unpredictable profit margins. These price fluctuations can hinder long-term planning and force companies to adjust prices, potentially impacting their competitiveness. Additionally, higher raw material costs may reduce consumer demand, as price-sensitive industries seek cost-effective alternatives, thereby slowing down market growth and innovation.

Covid-19 Impact:

The COVID-19 pandemic disrupted the plastic antioxidants market by causing supply chain disruptions, reducing manufacturing output, and shifting demand patterns. While the automotive and construction sectors saw a decline in production, the packaging industry experienced a surge due to increased demand for single-use plastics and protective packaging. The market also faced challenges in raw material availability and transportation. However, post-pandemic recovery, coupled with growing environmental concerns, is expected to drive innovation and demand for sustainable plastic antioxidants.

The polyvinyl chloride (PVC) segment is expected to be the largest market share during the forecast period

The polyvinyl chloride (PVC) segment is expected to account for the largest market share during the forecast period due to heat, light, and oxygen exposure. To enhance the stability and lifespan of PVC products, antioxidants are added to prevent oxidative damage, discoloration, and brittleness. These antioxidants help maintain the quality and performance of PVC in various applications, such as construction, and medical industries. The growing demand for durable and long-lasting PVC products drives the need for effective antioxidant solutions.

The automotive segment is expected to have the highest CAGR during the forecast period

Over the forecast period, the automotive segment is predicted to witness the highest growth rate. Plastics used in automotive parts, such as bumpers, dashboards, and interior trims, require antioxidants to prevent degradation caused by heat, UV radiation, and oxidative stress. These additives ensure the longevity, strength, and aesthetic quality of automotive plastics, even under extreme conditions. As automotive production expands and evolves, the need for reliable plastic antioxidants to enhance product durability continues to rise.

Region with largest share:

During the forecast period, the North America region is expected to hold the largest market share. North American manufacturers seek high-performance antioxidants to enhance the durability and longevity of plastic products, especially in extreme weather conditions. With a strong focus on sustainability and innovation, companies are incorporating advanced antioxidant solutions to meet environmental and regulatory standards. The region's robust industrial base and emphasis on product quality further support the expansion of the market.

Region with highest CAGR:

Over the forecast period, the Asia Pacific region is anticipated to exhibit the highest CAGR. The region's rapid industrialization has spurred the growth of manufacturing sectors, thereby increasing the demand for plastic products and, consequently, antioxidants. Additionally, increased urbanization in countries like China, India, and Southeast Asia has driven demand for plastic products in infrastructure development, housing, transportation, and consumer items, thereby increasing the need for antioxidants.

Key players in the market

Some of the key players in Plastic Antioxidants market include BASF SE, Clariant AG, Lanxess AG, Sumitomo Chemical Co., Ltd., SABIC, Eastman Chemical Company, Solvay S.A., AkzoNobel N.V., Addivant, Perstorp Holding AB, Evonik Industries AG, Lubrizol Corporation, Huntsman Corporation, Arkema S.A., Milliken & Company, Dow Inc., LG Chem Ltd. and Asahi Kasei Corporation.

Key Developments:

In September 2024, Asahi Kasei, a Japanese technology company, has signed a memorandum of understanding (MOU) with Aquafil S.p.A., an Italian manufacturer of polyamide 6 (PA6), to develop a novel material for 3D printing applications. The collaboration aims to combine Aquafil's ECONYL(R) Polymer, a chemically recycled PA6, with Asahi Kasei's cellulose nanofiber (CNF)..

In May 2024, Dow and Freepoint Eco-Systems Supply & Trading LLC announced an agreement for an estimated 65,000 metric tons per year of certified-circular, plastic waste-derived pyrolysis oil to produce new, virgin-grade equivalent plastics in Dow's U.S. Gulf Coast operations. Together, Dow and Freepoint Eco-Systems are building a recycling system that converts plastic waste into valuable materials and fosters a circular economy for plastics in North America.

Types Covered:

  • Primary Antioxidants
  • Secondary Antioxidants
  • Other Types

Polymer Types Covered:

  • Polyolefins (PE, PP)
  • Polyvinyl Chloride (PVC)
  • Polystyrene (PS)
  • Polyesters (PET, PBT)
  • Polyamides (Nylon)

Forms Covered:

  • Liquid
  • Solid
  • Masterbatches
  • Powdered

Functionalities Covered:

  • Heat Stabilizers
  • UV Stabilizers
  • Oxidation Stabilizers

End Users Covered:

  • Packaging
  • Automotive
  • Textile
  • Consumer Electronics
  • Construction
  • Other End Users

Regions Covered:

  • North America
    • US
    • Canada
    • Mexico
  • Europe
    • Germany
    • UK
    • Italy
    • France
    • Spain
    • Rest of Europe
  • Asia Pacific
    • Japan
    • China
    • India
    • Australia
    • New Zealand
    • South Korea
    • Rest of Asia Pacific
  • South America
    • Argentina
    • Brazil
    • Chile
    • Rest of South America
  • Middle East & Africa
    • Saudi Arabia
    • UAE
    • Qatar
    • South Africa
    • Rest of Middle East & Africa

What our report offers:

  • Market share assessments for the regional and country-level segments
  • Strategic recommendations for the new entrants
  • Covers Market data for the years 2022, 2023, 2024, 2026, and 2030
  • Market Trends (Drivers, Constraints, Opportunities, Threats, Challenges, Investment Opportunities, and recommendations)
  • Strategic recommendations in key business segments based on the market estimations
  • Competitive landscaping mapping the key common trends
  • Company profiling with detailed strategies, financials, and recent developments
  • Supply chain trends mapping the latest technological advancements

Free Customization Offerings:

All the customers of this report will be entitled to receive one of the following free customization options:

  • Company Profiling
    • Comprehensive profiling of additional market players (up to 3)
    • SWOT Analysis of key players (up to 3)
  • Regional Segmentation
    • Market estimations, Forecasts and CAGR of any prominent country as per the client's interest (Note: Depends on feasibility check)
  • Competitive Benchmarking
    • Benchmarking of key players based on product portfolio, geographical presence, and strategic alliances

Table of Contents

1 Executive Summary

2 Preface

  • 2.1 Abstract
  • 2.2 Stake Holders
  • 2.3 Research Scope
  • 2.4 Research Methodology
    • 2.4.1 Data Mining
    • 2.4.2 Data Analysis
    • 2.4.3 Data Validation
    • 2.4.4 Research Approach
  • 2.5 Research Sources
    • 2.5.1 Primary Research Sources
    • 2.5.2 Secondary Research Sources
    • 2.5.3 Assumptions

3 Market Trend Analysis

  • 3.1 Introduction
  • 3.2 Drivers
  • 3.3 Restraints
  • 3.4 Opportunities
  • 3.5 Threats
  • 3.6 End User Analysis
  • 3.7 Emerging Markets
  • 3.8 Impact of Covid-19

4 Porters Five Force Analysis

  • 4.1 Bargaining power of suppliers
  • 4.2 Bargaining power of buyers
  • 4.3 Threat of substitutes
  • 4.4 Threat of new entrants
  • 4.5 Competitive rivalry

5 Global Plastic Antioxidants Market, By Type

  • 5.1 Introduction
  • 5.2 Primary Antioxidants
    • 5.2.1 Phenolic
    • 5.2.2 Amines
  • 5.3 Secondary Antioxidants
    • 5.3.1 Phosphites
    • 5.3.2 Thioesters
  • 5.4 Other Types

6 Global Plastic Antioxidants Market, By Polymer Type

  • 6.1 Introduction
  • 6.2 Polyolefins (PE, PP)
  • 6.3 Polyvinyl Chloride (PVC)
  • 6.4 Polystyrene (PS)
  • 6.5 Polyesters (PET, PBT)
  • 6.6 Polyamides (Nylon)

7 Global Plastic Antioxidants Market, By Form

  • 7.1 Introduction
  • 7.2 Liquid
  • 7.3 Solid
  • 7.4 Masterbatches
  • 7.5 Powdered

8 Global Plastic Antioxidants Market, By Functionality

  • 8.1 Introduction
  • 8.2 Heat Stabilizers
  • 8.3 UV Stabilizers
  • 8.4 Oxidation Stabilizers

9 Global Plastic Antioxidants Market, By End User

  • 9.1 Introduction
  • 9.2 Packaging
  • 9.3 Automotive
  • 9.4 Textile
  • 9.5 Consumer Electronics
  • 9.6 Construction
  • 9.7 Other End Users

10 Global Plastic Antioxidants Market, By Geography

  • 10.1 Introduction
  • 10.2 North America
    • 10.2.1 US
    • 10.2.2 Canada
    • 10.2.3 Mexico
  • 10.3 Europe
    • 10.3.1 Germany
    • 10.3.2 UK
    • 10.3.3 Italy
    • 10.3.4 France
    • 10.3.5 Spain
    • 10.3.6 Rest of Europe
  • 10.4 Asia Pacific
    • 10.4.1 Japan
    • 10.4.2 China
    • 10.4.3 India
    • 10.4.4 Australia
    • 10.4.5 New Zealand
    • 10.4.6 South Korea
    • 10.4.7 Rest of Asia Pacific
  • 10.5 South America
    • 10.5.1 Argentina
    • 10.5.2 Brazil
    • 10.5.3 Chile
    • 10.5.4 Rest of South America
  • 10.6 Middle East & Africa
    • 10.6.1 Saudi Arabia
    • 10.6.2 UAE
    • 10.6.3 Qatar
    • 10.6.4 South Africa
    • 10.6.5 Rest of Middle East & Africa

11 Key Developments

  • 11.1 Agreements, Partnerships, Collaborations and Joint Ventures
  • 11.2 Acquisitions & Mergers
  • 11.3 New Product Launch
  • 11.4 Expansions
  • 11.5 Other Key Strategies

12 Company Profiling

  • 12.1 BASF SE
  • 12.2 Clariant AG
  • 12.3 Lanxess AG
  • 12.4 Sumitomo Chemical Co., Ltd.
  • 12.5 SABIC
  • 12.6 Eastman Chemical Company
  • 12.7 Solvay S.A.
  • 12.8 AkzoNobel N.V.
  • 12.9 Addivant
  • 12.10 Perstorp Holding AB
  • 12.11 Evonik Industries AG
  • 12.12 Lubrizol Corporation
  • 12.13 Huntsman Corporation
  • 12.14 Arkema S.A.
  • 12.15 Milliken & Company
  • 12.16 Dow Inc.
  • 12.17 LG Chem Ltd.
  • 12.18 Asahi Kasei Corporation

List of Tables

  • Table 1 Global Plastic Antioxidants Market Outlook, By Region (2022-2030) ($MN)
  • Table 2 Global Plastic Antioxidants Market Outlook, By Type (2022-2030) ($MN)
  • Table 3 Global Plastic Antioxidants Market Outlook, By Primary Antioxidants (2022-2030) ($MN)
  • Table 4 Global Plastic Antioxidants Market Outlook, By Phenolic (2022-2030) ($MN)
  • Table 5 Global Plastic Antioxidants Market Outlook, By Amines (2022-2030) ($MN)
  • Table 6 Global Plastic Antioxidants Market Outlook, By Secondary Antioxidants (2022-2030) ($MN)
  • Table 7 Global Plastic Antioxidants Market Outlook, By Phosphites (2022-2030) ($MN)
  • Table 8 Global Plastic Antioxidants Market Outlook, By Thioesters (2022-2030) ($MN)
  • Table 9 Global Plastic Antioxidants Market Outlook, By Other Types (2022-2030) ($MN)
  • Table 10 Global Plastic Antioxidants Market Outlook, By Polymer Type (2022-2030) ($MN)
  • Table 11 Global Plastic Antioxidants Market Outlook, By Polyolefins (PE, PP) (2022-2030) ($MN)
  • Table 12 Global Plastic Antioxidants Market Outlook, By Polyvinyl Chloride (PVC) (2022-2030) ($MN)
  • Table 13 Global Plastic Antioxidants Market Outlook, By Polystyrene (PS) (2022-2030) ($MN)
  • Table 14 Global Plastic Antioxidants Market Outlook, By Polyesters (PET, PBT) (2022-2030) ($MN)
  • Table 15 Global Plastic Antioxidants Market Outlook, By Polyamides (Nylon) (2022-2030) ($MN)
  • Table 16 Global Plastic Antioxidants Market Outlook, By Form (2022-2030) ($MN)
  • Table 17 Global Plastic Antioxidants Market Outlook, By Liquid (2022-2030) ($MN)
  • Table 18 Global Plastic Antioxidants Market Outlook, By Solid (2022-2030) ($MN)
  • Table 19 Global Plastic Antioxidants Market Outlook, By Masterbatches (2022-2030) ($MN)
  • Table 20 Global Plastic Antioxidants Market Outlook, By Powdered (2022-2030) ($MN)
  • Table 21 Global Plastic Antioxidants Market Outlook, By Functionality (2022-2030) ($MN)
  • Table 22 Global Plastic Antioxidants Market Outlook, By Heat Stabilizers (2022-2030) ($MN)
  • Table 23 Global Plastic Antioxidants Market Outlook, By UV Stabilizers (2022-2030) ($MN)
  • Table 24 Global Plastic Antioxidants Market Outlook, By Oxidation Stabilizers (2022-2030) ($MN)
  • Table 25 Global Plastic Antioxidants Market Outlook, By End User (2022-2030) ($MN)
  • Table 26 Global Plastic Antioxidants Market Outlook, By Packaging (2022-2030) ($MN)
  • Table 27 Global Plastic Antioxidants Market Outlook, By Automotive (2022-2030) ($MN)
  • Table 28 Global Plastic Antioxidants Market Outlook, By Textile (2022-2030) ($MN)
  • Table 29 Global Plastic Antioxidants Market Outlook, By Consumer Electronics (2022-2030) ($MN)
  • Table 30 Global Plastic Antioxidants Market Outlook, By Construction (2022-2030) ($MN)
  • Table 31 Global Plastic Antioxidants Market Outlook, By Other End Users (2022-2030) ($MN)

Note: Tables for North America, Europe, APAC, South America, and Middle East & Africa Regions are also represented in the same manner as above.