查看购物车
  • Traditional Chinese
  • English
  • Japanese
  • Korean
封面
市场调查报告书
商品编码
1734863

2032 年收割机市场预测：按类型、操作模式、推进类型、作物类型、应用和地区进行的全球分析

Harvesters Market Forecasts to 2032 - Global Analysis By Type (Combine Harvesters, Forage Harvesters, Sugarcane Harvesters, Potato Harvesters and Other Types), Mode of Operation, Propulsion Type, Crop Type, Application and By Geography
出版日期: | 出版商: Stratistics Market Research Consulting | 英文 200+ Pages | 商品交期: 2-3个工作天内

价格

根据 Stratistics MRC 的数据，全球收割机市场预计在 2025 年达到 423 亿美元，到 2032 年将达到 750 亿美元，预测期内的复合年增长率为 8.5%。

收割机是一种用于农业的机器或设备，用于有效率地从田间收割作物。这些机器可以执行多种任务，例如收割、脱粒以及将谷物与秸秆分离，从而显着减少收割所需的时间和精力。收割机有多种类型，例如用于谷物的联合收割机、用于棉花的采摘机和用于马铃薯的收割机，可根据特定作物进行客製化。现代收割机通常配备GPS和感测器等先进技术，以优化性能并最大限度地减少对作物的损害。收割机的使用彻底改变了农业，提高了生产力，降低了成本，并确保了更稳定的收成。

根据美国设备工业协会的数据，2022年美国自走式联合收割机的销售量与前一年同期比较美国了15.8%。

世界人口和粮食需求不断增长

全球人口成长和粮食需求的增加是市场成长的主要驱动力。随着全球人口持续激增，尤其是在发展中地区，提高农业生产力的需求也日益增长。不断增长的粮食需求迫使农民采用高效、高产量的收割解决方案。此外，都市化和耕地面积的减少进一步推动了农业机械化的进程，从而增加了对先进收割机械的需求，这些机械能够最大限度地提高产量，同时最大限度地减少现代农业中劳动力和时间的限制。

资金筹措和信贷管道有限

融资和信贷管道受限，限制了农民，尤其是中小型经营者，投资现代化收割机械，对市场产生了负面影响。收割机械的高昂前期成本使得信贷对于其应用至关重要。由于缺乏充足的资金，许多农民仍在使用过时、低效的收割方法，导致生产力下降和劳动力成本上升。这减缓了整体市场的成长，并扩大了大型、技术先进的农场与小型、资源受限的农场之间的差距，从而限制了市场扩张和农业效率。

扩大农业规模经营

大规模农业经营的扩张是市场的主要驱动力。随着农场规模的扩大，尤其是在北美、欧洲和亚洲部分地区，高容量、高效的收割机成为市场的主要需求。联合收割机和青贮收割机等先进的收割机械使农民能够有效率地管理大面积作物，从而降低人事费用和时间。政府的激励措施和补贴进一步推动了这些技术的采用，促进了农业现代化和生产力的提高。

缺乏技术纯熟劳工

缺乏操作和维护收割机的技术纯熟劳工是市场面临的一大挑战。现代收割机需要专业技术知识才能有效使用并定期维护。如果没有经过训练的操作员和技术人员，机器很容易出现误用和故障，导致停机和维修成本增加。这阻碍了潜在买家（尤其是在农村和开发中地区）投资先进设备。因此，市场成长缓慢，机械化收割的优势仍未充分利用。

COVID-19的影响

新冠疫情对全球市场造成了重大衝击，导致供应链中断、劳动力短缺和需求变化。製造商面临的挑战包括零件和原材料取得受限导致的生产成本上升，以及机械价格上涨。在印度等地，封锁期间对收割机械通行的限製造成了暂时的短缺，尤其是在稻米和小麦收割季。虽然一些农民能够安排替代机械，但其他一些农民则面临交货延误和租赁成本上涨。儘管面临这些挑战，农业机械产业仍表现出韧性，在良好天气和政府对永续农业实践的支持推动下，一些市场需求强劲。

联合收割机市场预计将在预测期内成为最大的市场

预计联合收割机细分市场将在预测期内占据最大市场占有率。这些机器有效率地将收割、脱粒和扬谷功能整合为一体，显着减少了所需的劳动力和时间。随着对高效农业设备的需求不断增长，联合收割机因其高生产力和可扩展至大规模耕作的能力而备受瞩目。 GPS 和自动化等技术进步进一步推动了联合收割机的普及，使其成为现代农业的重要组成部分，从而促进了整体市场的成长。

预计农业部门在预测期内将达到最高复合年增长率

预计农业领域将在预测期内实现最高成长率。随着全球粮食需求的不断增长和农村劳动力的不断减少，现代化收割机变得至关重要。收割机，尤其是联合收割机，有助于优化作物产量和作业效率。精密农业和自动化等农业技术整合正在进一步推动市场成长。随着永续和大规模农业实践的扩展，先进收割机在农业中的作用日益重要。

占比最大的地区：

由于农业机械化进程加快、劳动力短缺加剧以及人口成长导致的粮食需求上升，预计亚太地区将在预测期内占据最大市场占有率。政府透过补贴和推广现代农业方法的政策支持，进一步推动了现代农业的普及。 GPS 和自动收割机等技术进步提高了效率，并吸引了大规模农场主。中国和印度等国家正在大力投资农业基础设施，这使得该地区成为未来几年收割机市场成长的热点。

复合年增长率最高的地区：

预计北美在预测期内的复合年增长率最高。旨在实现农业现代化的政策和补贴鼓励对先进收割机械的投资。对永续农业实践的日益重视将推动节能环保收割机的普及。此外，收割机整合自动化、GPS 和人工智慧技术将提高效率和准确性，使其对大规模农民更具吸引力。

提供免费客製化：

订阅此报告的客户可享有以下免费自订选项之一：

  • 公司简介
    • 全面分析其他市场参与者（最多 3 家公司）
    • 主要企业的SWOT分析（最多3家公司）
  • 地理细分
    • 根据客户兴趣对主要国家市场进行估计、预测和复合年增长率（註：基于可行性检查）
  • 竞争基准化分析
    • 根据产品系列、地理分布和策略联盟对主要企业基准化分析

目录

第一章执行摘要

第二章 前言

  • 概述
  • 相关利益者
  • 研究范围
  • 调查方法
    • 资料探勘
    • 数据分析
    • 数据检验
    • 研究途径
  • 研究资讯来源
    • 初级研究资讯来源
    • 次级研究资讯来源
    • 先决条件

第三章市场走势分析

  • 驱动程式
  • 限制因素
  • 机会
  • 威胁
  • 应用分析
  • 新兴市场
  • COVID-19的影响

第四章 波特五力分析

  • 供应商的议价能力
  • 买家的议价能力
  • 替代品的威胁
  • 新进入者的威胁
  • 竞争对手之间的竞争

第五章全球收割机市场按类型

  • 结合
    • 自走式
    • 拖拉机牵引/悬挂
    • PTO驱动
  • 青贮收割机
  • 甘蔗收割机
    • 整茎收割机
    • 切碎收割机
  • 马铃薯收割机
  • 其他类型

6. 全球收割机市场依营运模式

  • 手动的
  • 半自动
  • 自动/自主

7. 全球收割机市场（依推进型）

  • 非电动式
  • 电动式的

8. 全球收割机市场（依作物类型）

  • 序列
  • 油籽
  • 水果和蔬菜
  • 纤维作物
  • 糖料作物

第九章全球收割机市场（按应用）

  • 农业
  • 牧草收割
  • 园艺
  • 研究与开发
  • 其他用途

第 10 章全球收割机市场（按地区）

  • 北美洲
    • 美国
    • 加拿大
    • 墨西哥
  • 欧洲
    • 德国
    • 英国
    • 义大利
    • 法国
    • 西班牙
    • 其他欧洲国家
  • 亚太地区
    • 日本
    • 中国
    • 印度
    • 澳洲
    • 纽西兰
    • 韩国
    • 其他亚太地区
  • 南美洲
    • 阿根廷
    • 巴西
    • 智利
    • 南美洲其他地区
  • 中东和非洲
    • 沙乌地阿拉伯
    • 阿拉伯聯合大公国
    • 卡达
    • 南非
    • 其他中东和非洲地区

第十一章 重大进展

  • 协议、伙伴关係、合作和合资企业
  • 收购与合併
  • 新产品发布
  • 业务扩展
  • 其他关键策略

第十二章 公司概况

  • Deere & Company
  • CNH Industrial
  • CLAAS KGaA mbH
  • AGCO Corporation
  • Kubota Corporation
  • Yanmar Co., Ltd.
  • Mahindra & Mahindra Ltd.
  • Tractors and Farm Equipment（TAFE）Ltd.
  • PREET Group
  • Kartar Agro Industries Pvt. Ltd.
  • Dasmesh Group
  • Balkar Combines
  • Sonalika Group
  • Iseki & Co., Ltd.
  • Sampo Rosenlew Ltd.
  • Rostselmash
  • SDF SpA
Product Code: SMRC29500

According to Stratistics MRC, the Global Harvesters Market is accounted for $42.3 billion in 2025 and is expected to reach $75.0 billion by 2032 growing at a CAGR of 8.5% during the forecast period. Harvesters are machines or devices used in agriculture to efficiently gather crops from fields. These machines can perform multiple tasks, such as cutting, threshing, and separating grains from the stalks, which significantly reduces the time and labor required for harvesting. There are different types of harvesters tailored to specific crops, such as combine harvesters for grains, cotton pickers, and potato harvesters. Modern harvesters are often equipped with advanced technology, including GPS and sensors, to optimize performance and minimize crop damage. The use of harvesters has revolutionized farming, improving productivity, reducing costs, and ensuring a more consistent harvest.

According to the data obtained from the Association of Equipment Manufacturers, the sales of self-propelled combine harvesters in the United States increased by 15.8% in 2022 over the last year.

Market Dynamics:

Driver:

Increasing global population and food demand

The increasing global population and rising food demand are key drivers of growth in the market. As the global population continues to surge, particularly in developing regions, the need for higher agricultural productivity intensifies. This escalating demand for food places pressure on farmers to adopt efficient and high-capacity harvesting solutions. Additionally, urbanization and shrinking arable land further necessitate mechanized farming practices, boosting demand for advanced harvesters that can maximize yield while minimizing labor and time constraints in modern agriculture.

Restraint:

Limited access to financing and credit

Limited access to financing and credit negatively impacts the market by restricting farmers, especially small and medium-sized operators, from investing in modern harvesting equipment. High upfront costs of harvesters make credit essential for adoption. Without adequate financing, many farmers continue using outdated, inefficient methods, leading to lower productivity and higher labor costs. This slows the overall growth of the market and widens the gap between technologically advanced large farms and resource-constrained smaller operations, limiting market expansion and agricultural efficiency.

Opportunity:

Expansion of large-scale farming operations

The expansion of large-scale farming operations is a significant driver in the market. As farms grow in size, especially in regions like North America, Europe, and parts of Asia, the need for high-capacity, efficient harvesting equipment becomes paramount. Advanced harvesters, such as combine and forage harvesters, enable farmers to manage vast areas of crops effectively, reducing labor costs and time. Government incentives and subsidies further encourage the adoption of these technologies, promoting agricultural modernization and enhancing productivity .

Threat:

Lack of skilled labor for operation and maintenance

The lack of skilled labor for the operation and maintenance of harvesters poses a significant challenge to the market. Modern harvesters require technical knowledge for efficient use and regular servicing. Without trained operators and technicians, machines are prone to misuse and breakdowns, leading to increased downtime and repair costs. This deters potential buyers, especially in rural and developing regions, from investing in advanced equipment. As a result, market growth slows, and the full benefits of mechanized harvesting remain underutilized.

Covid-19 Impact

The COVID-19 pandemic significantly impacted the global market, causing disruptions in supply chains, labor shortages, and shifts in demand. Manufacturers faced challenges such as increased production costs due to limited access to components and raw materials, leading to higher machinery prices. In regions like India, restrictions on the movement of harvesting equipment during lockdowns resulted in temporary shortages, especially for paddy and wheat harvesting. While some farmers managed to arrange alternative machinery services, others experienced delays and increased rental costs. Despite these challenges, the agricultural machinery sector showed resilience, with some markets witnessing strong demand driven by favorable weather conditions and government support for sustainable farming practices.

The combine harvesters segment is expected to be the largest during the forecast period

The combine harvesters segment is expected to account for the largest market share during the forecast period. These machines efficiently combine reaping, threshing, and winnowing into a single operation, significantly reducing labor and time. As demand for high-efficiency agricultural equipment grows, combine harvesters have gained prominence due to their productivity and ability to handle large-scale farming. Technological advancements, including GPS and automation features, are further boosting their adoption, making them indispensable in modern agriculture and enhancing overall market growth.

The agriculture segment is expected to have the highest CAGR during the forecast period

Over the forecast period, the agriculture segment is predicted to witness the highest growth rate. With growing global food needs and shrinking rural workforces, modern harvesting equipment has become essential. Harvesters, particularly combine harvesters, help optimize crop yield and operational efficiency. Technological integration in agriculture, such as precision farming and automation, is further fueling market growth. As sustainable and large-scale farming practices expand, the role of advanced harvesters in agriculture becomes increasingly vital.

Region with largest share:

During the forecast period, the Asia Pacific region is expected to hold the largest market share due to rapid mechanization of agriculture, rising labor shortages, and growing demand for food due to population growth. Government support through subsidies and policies promoting modern farming practices further boosts adoption. Technological advancements, such as GPS-enabled and autonomous harvesters, enhance efficiency and appeal to large-scale farmers. Countries like China and India are investing heavily in agricultural infrastructure, making the region a hotspot for harvester market growth in the coming years.

Region with highest CAGR:

Over the forecast period, the North America region is anticipated to exhibit the highest CAGR. Policies and subsidies aimed at modernizing agriculture encourage investment in advanced harvesting equipment. Growing emphasis on sustainable farming practices drives the adoption of energy-efficient and eco-friendly harvesters. Additionally, the integration of automation, GPS, and AI in harvesters enhances efficiency and precision, making them more attractive to large-scale farmers.

Key players in the market

Some of the key players profiled in the Harvesters Market include Deere & Company, CNH Industrial, CLAAS KGaA mbH, AGCO Corporation, Kubota Corporation, Yanmar Co., Ltd., Mahindra & Mahindra Ltd., Tractors and Farm Equipment (TAFE) Ltd., PREET Group, Kartar Agro Industries Pvt. Ltd., Dasmesh Group, Balkar Combines, Sonalika Group, Iseki & Co., Ltd., Sampo Rosenlew Ltd., Rostselmash and SDF S.p.A.

Key Developments:

In January 2024, CNH Industrial N.V. announced investment of around USD 167 million (EUR 150 million) for expanding its production facility and R&D capabilities at the New Holland Harvesting Center of Excellence located in Belgium. Through the investment, the company redesigned the assembly line and logistics area to streamline the manufacturing of CR11.

In August 2023, Swaraj Tractors, a brand of Mahindra&Mahindra Ltd. launched the Swaraj 8200 Wheel Harvester. The harvester featured an intelligent system including live location tracking, fuel consumption, distance traveled, and acres harvested.

Types Covered:

  • Combine Harvesters
  • Forage Harvesters
  • Sugarcane Harvesters
  • Potato Harvesters
  • Other Types

Mode of Operations Covered:

  • Manual
  • Semi-Automatic
  • Automatic/Autonomous

Propulsion Types Covered:

  • Non-Electric
  • Electric

Crop Types Covered:

  • Cereals
  • Oilseeds
  • Fruits and Vegetables
  • Fiber Crops
  • Sugar Crops

Applications Covered:

  • Agriculture
  • Fodder Harvesting
  • Horticulture
  • Research and Development
  • Other Applications

Regions Covered:

  • North America
    • US
    • Canada
    • Mexico
  • Europe
    • Germany
    • UK
    • Italy
    • France
    • Spain
    • Rest of Europe
  • Asia Pacific
    • Japan
    • China
    • India
    • Australia
    • New Zealand
    • South Korea
    • Rest of Asia Pacific
  • South America
    • Argentina
    • Brazil
    • Chile
    • Rest of South America
  • Middle East & Africa
    • Saudi Arabia
    • UAE
    • Qatar
    • South Africa
    • Rest of Middle East & Africa

What our report offers:

  • Market share assessments for the regional and country-level segments
  • Strategic recommendations for the new entrants
  • Covers Market data for the years 2024, 2025, 2026, 2028, and 2032
  • Market Trends (Drivers, Constraints, Opportunities, Threats, Challenges, Investment Opportunities, and recommendations)
  • Strategic recommendations in key business segments based on the market estimations
  • Competitive landscaping mapping the key common trends
  • Company profiling with detailed strategies, financials, and recent developments
  • Supply chain trends mapping the latest technological advancements

Free Customization Offerings:

All the customers of this report will be entitled to receive one of the following free customization options:

  • Company Profiling
    • Comprehensive profiling of additional market players (up to 3)
    • SWOT Analysis of key players (up to 3)
  • Regional Segmentation
    • Market estimations, Forecasts and CAGR of any prominent country as per the client's interest (Note: Depends on feasibility check)
  • Competitive Benchmarking
    • Benchmarking of key players based on product portfolio, geographical presence, and strategic alliances

Table of Contents

1 Executive Summary

2 Preface

  • 2.1 Abstract
  • 2.2 Stake Holders
  • 2.3 Research Scope
  • 2.4 Research Methodology
    • 2.4.1 Data Mining
    • 2.4.2 Data Analysis
    • 2.4.3 Data Validation
    • 2.4.4 Research Approach
  • 2.5 Research Sources
    • 2.5.1 Primary Research Sources
    • 2.5.2 Secondary Research Sources
    • 2.5.3 Assumptions

3 Market Trend Analysis

  • 3.1 Introduction
  • 3.2 Drivers
  • 3.3 Restraints
  • 3.4 Opportunities
  • 3.5 Threats
  • 3.6 Application Analysis
  • 3.7 Emerging Markets
  • 3.8 Impact of Covid-19

4 Porters Five Force Analysis

  • 4.1 Bargaining power of suppliers
  • 4.2 Bargaining power of buyers
  • 4.3 Threat of substitutes
  • 4.4 Threat of new entrants
  • 4.5 Competitive rivalry

5 Global Harvesters Market, By Type

  • 5.1 Introduction
  • 5.2 Combine Harvesters
    • 5.2.1 Self-Propelled
    • 5.2.2 Tractor-Pulled/Mounted
    • 5.2.3 PTO-Powered
  • 5.3 Forage Harvesters
  • 5.4 Sugarcane Harvesters
    • 5.4.1 Whole-stalk Harvesters
    • 5.4.2 Chopper Harvesters
  • 5.5 Potato Harvesters
  • 5.6 Other Types

6 Global Harvesters Market, By Mode of Operation

  • 6.1 Introduction
  • 6.2 Manual
  • 6.3 Semi-Automatic
  • 6.4 Automatic/Autonomous

7 Global Harvesters Market, By Propulsion Type

  • 7.1 Introduction
  • 7.2 Non-Electric
  • 7.3 Electric

8 Global Harvesters Market, By Crop Type

  • 8.1 Introduction
  • 8.2 Cereals
  • 8.3 Oilseeds
  • 8.4 Fruits and Vegetables
  • 8.5 Fiber Crops
  • 8.6 Sugar Crops

9 Global Harvesters Market, By Application

  • 9.1 Introduction
  • 9.2 Agriculture
  • 9.3 Fodder Harvesting
  • 9.4 Horticulture
  • 9.5 Research and Development
  • 9.6 Other Applications

10 Global Harvesters Market, By Geography

  • 10.1 Introduction
  • 10.2 North America
    • 10.2.1 US
    • 10.2.2 Canada
    • 10.2.3 Mexico
  • 10.3 Europe
    • 10.3.1 Germany
    • 10.3.2 UK
    • 10.3.3 Italy
    • 10.3.4 France
    • 10.3.5 Spain
    • 10.3.6 Rest of Europe
  • 10.4 Asia Pacific
    • 10.4.1 Japan
    • 10.4.2 China
    • 10.4.3 India
    • 10.4.4 Australia
    • 10.4.5 New Zealand
    • 10.4.6 South Korea
    • 10.4.7 Rest of Asia Pacific
  • 10.5 South America
    • 10.5.1 Argentina
    • 10.5.2 Brazil
    • 10.5.3 Chile
    • 10.5.4 Rest of South America
  • 10.6 Middle East & Africa
    • 10.6.1 Saudi Arabia
    • 10.6.2 UAE
    • 10.6.3 Qatar
    • 10.6.4 South Africa
    • 10.6.5 Rest of Middle East & Africa

11 Key Developments

  • 11.1 Agreements, Partnerships, Collaborations and Joint Ventures
  • 11.2 Acquisitions & Mergers
  • 11.3 New Product Launch
  • 11.4 Expansions
  • 11.5 Other Key Strategies

12 Company Profiling

  • 12.1 Deere & Company
  • 12.2 CNH Industrial
  • 12.3 CLAAS KGaA mbH
  • 12.4 AGCO Corporation
  • 12.5 Kubota Corporation
  • 12.6 Yanmar Co., Ltd.
  • 12.7 Mahindra & Mahindra Ltd.
  • 12.8 Tractors and Farm Equipment (TAFE) Ltd.
  • 12.9 PREET Group
  • 12.10 Kartar Agro Industries Pvt. Ltd.
  • 12.11 Dasmesh Group
  • 12.12 Balkar Combines
  • 12.13 Sonalika Group
  • 12.14 Iseki & Co., Ltd.
  • 12.15 Sampo Rosenlew Ltd.
  • 12.16 Rostselmash
  • 12.17 SDF S.p.A.

List of Tables

  • Table 1 Global Harvesters Market Outlook, By Region (2024-2032) ($MN)
  • Table 2 Global Harvesters Market Outlook, By Type (2024-2032) ($MN)
  • Table 3 Global Harvesters Market Outlook, By Combine Harvesters (2024-2032) ($MN)
  • Table 4 Global Harvesters Market Outlook, By Self-Propelled (2024-2032) ($MN)
  • Table 5 Global Harvesters Market Outlook, By Tractor-Pulled/Mounted (2024-2032) ($MN)
  • Table 6 Global Harvesters Market Outlook, By PTO-Powered (2024-2032) ($MN)
  • Table 7 Global Harvesters Market Outlook, By Forage Harvesters (2024-2032) ($MN)
  • Table 8 Global Harvesters Market Outlook, By Sugarcane Harvesters (2024-2032) ($MN)
  • Table 9 Global Harvesters Market Outlook, By Whole-stalk Harvesters (2024-2032) ($MN)
  • Table 10 Global Harvesters Market Outlook, By Chopper Harvesters (2024-2032) ($MN)
  • Table 11 Global Harvesters Market Outlook, By Potato Harvesters (2024-2032) ($MN)
  • Table 12 Global Harvesters Market Outlook, By Other Types (2024-2032) ($MN)
  • Table 13 Global Harvesters Market Outlook, By Mode of Operation (2024-2032) ($MN)
  • Table 14 Global Harvesters Market Outlook, By Manual (2024-2032) ($MN)
  • Table 15 Global Harvesters Market Outlook, By Semi-Automatic (2024-2032) ($MN)
  • Table 16 Global Harvesters Market Outlook, By Automatic/Autonomous (2024-2032) ($MN)
  • Table 17 Global Harvesters Market Outlook, By Propulsion Type (2024-2032) ($MN)
  • Table 18 Global Harvesters Market Outlook, By Non-Electric (2024-2032) ($MN)
  • Table 19 Global Harvesters Market Outlook, By Electric (2024-2032) ($MN)
  • Table 20 Global Harvesters Market Outlook, By Crop Type (2024-2032) ($MN)
  • Table 21 Global Harvesters Market Outlook, By Cereals (2024-2032) ($MN)
  • Table 22 Global Harvesters Market Outlook, By Oilseeds (2024-2032) ($MN)
  • Table 23 Global Harvesters Market Outlook, By Fruits and Vegetables (2024-2032) ($MN)
  • Table 24 Global Harvesters Market Outlook, By Fiber Crops (2024-2032) ($MN)
  • Table 25 Global Harvesters Market Outlook, By Sugar Crops (2024-2032) ($MN)
  • Table 26 Global Harvesters Market Outlook, By Application (2024-2032) ($MN)
  • Table 27 Global Harvesters Market Outlook, By Agriculture (2024-2032) ($MN)
  • Table 28 Global Harvesters Market Outlook, By Fodder Harvesting (2024-2032) ($MN)
  • Table 29 Global Harvesters Market Outlook, By Horticulture (2024-2032) ($MN)
  • Table 30 Global Harvesters Market Outlook, By Research and Development (2024-2032) ($MN)
  • Table 31 Global Harvesters Market Outlook, By Other Applications (2024-2032) ($MN)

Note: Tables for North America, Europe, APAC, South America, and Middle East & Africa Regions are also represented in the same manner as above.