查看购物车
  • Traditional Chinese
  • English
  • Japanese
封面
市场调查报告书
商品编码
1755958

远端终端装置市场预测至 2032 年：按类型、组件、安装类型、部署模式、通讯协定、最终用户和地区进行的全球分析

Remote Terminal Unit Market Forecasts to 2032 - Global Analysis By Type (Wireless Intelligent RTU and Wired Intelligent RTU), Component, Mounting Type, Deployment Mode, Communication Protocol, End User and By Geography
出版日期: | 出版商: Stratistics Market Research Consulting | 英文 200+ Pages | 商品交期: 2-3个工作天内

价格

根据 Stratistics MRC 的数据，全球远端终端装置市场预计在 2025 年达到 29 亿美元，到 2032 年将达到 53 亿美元，预测期内的复合年增长率为 9%。

远端终端装置(RTU) 是工业控制系统中用于远端监控设备的电子设备。它与感测器和致动器连接，收集温度和压力等数据，并将其传输到中央 SCADA 系统。 RTU 可在石油、天然气和公共等行业实现即时自动化、控制阀门和警报，确保在偏远或危险场所高效运作。

工业自动化需求

工业自动化需求是远端终端装置(RTU) 市场的主要驱动力。各行各业正越来越多地采用自动化技术来提高效率、降低营运成本并增强各种流程的安全性。 RTU 是这些自动化系统的关键元件，能够对地理分布各地的设备和流程进行远端监控。对远端资产即时数据采集的需求正在推动对这些设备的需求。因此，自动化在各个领域的广泛整合促进了市场的扩张。在业务效率需求的驱动下，工业自动化正在推动 RTU 的采用。

安装成本高

高昂的安装成本是远端终端装置(RTU) 市场的一个显着限制因素。除了设备本身，安装通常还需要在布线、电力、通讯基础设施和场地准备方面投入巨额资金。将 RTU 整合到现有系统中也非常复杂且成本高昂，需要专业的工程知识。在偏远地区建立强大安全的通讯网路也增加了整体经济负担。这笔庞大的前期投资可能会对某些产业和中小型企业造成阻碍。考虑到预算，安装成本仍然是一项重大挑战。

可再生能源计划的成长

可再生能源计划的成长为远端终端装置(RTU) 市场带来了巨大的机会。 RTU 对于监控和控制地理分布的可再生能源资产（例如太阳能发电厂、风力发电机和水力发电厂）至关重要。 RTU 能够有效率地管理这些分散式系统中的发电、电网併网和故障检测。永续能源计画的扩展正在拓展 RTU 的应用范围。在全球向可再生能源转型的推动下，RTU 正在寻找新的成长途径。

技术快速淘汰

技术快速更新换代对远端终端装置(RTU) 市场构成重大威胁。通讯技术、资料处理能力和积体电路的快速创新，可能会迅速淘汰现有的 RTU 型号。先进的物联网设备和边缘运算平台等新技术可以提供卓越的效能或更低的成本，对传统 RTU 的部署构成挑战。这种持续的演进需要持续投入研发，才能维持市场竞争力。受快速技术创新的影响，维持市场竞争力是一项持续的挑战。

COVID-19的影响：

新冠疫情对远端终端装置(RTU) 市场产生了多方面的影响。虽然初期供应链中断影响了製造和交付，但疫情凸显了对远端监控能力的迫切需求。各行各业都在努力减少现场人力，因此越来越多地采用 RTU 来管理远端操作。疫情期间对业务永续营运连续性和弹性的重视，凸显了自动化和远端系统的价值。总体而言，疫情加速了数位化趋势，间接促进了各行各业对 RTU 的需求。受远端操作需求的推动，疫情也提升了 RTU 的重要性。

预计硬体部分将成为预测期内最大的部分

由于RTU硬体的基本特性，包括实体单元、通讯模组和输入/输出接口，预计硬体部分将在预测期内占据最大的市场占有率。这些坚固的组件对于恶劣工业环境中的资料收集、处理和传输至关重要。持续的新安装和老化设备的更换需求推动了对硬体的持续需求。随着产业的扩展和自动化的进步，RTU硬体提供的实体基础设施变得至关重要。在物理控制和资料收集基本需求的驱动下，硬体部分仍然至关重要。

预计在预测期内，modbus 部分将以最高的复合年增长率成长。

在预测期内，Modbus 领域预计将实现最高成长率，这得益于其在各种工业自动化应用中的简单性和广泛应用。其开放性和免版税特性使其成为将远端终端设备 (RTU) 与其他控制系统和感测器整合的首选方案。 Modbus 的易于实施和强大的效能使其日益普及。随着工业领域不断寻求可通讯协定且经济高效的通讯解决方案，Modbus 将继续成为关键的推动因素。在 Modbus 的广泛应用和易于整合的推动下，Modbus 领域正在经历显着的成长。

比最大的地区

在预测期内，亚太地区预计将占据最大的市场占有率，这得益于快速的工业化进程、大规模的基础设施建设以及石油天然气、电力和製造业等各领域对自动化的大量投资。中国和印度等国家正在部署远端终端设备 (RTU)，以监控和控制其快速成长的工业环境中的资产。智慧城市计画和可再生能源计划的日益普及也进一步刺激了需求。在强劲的工业扩张的支持下，亚太地区正处于市场主导。

复合年增长率最高的地区：

预计北美地区在预测期内将实现最高的复合年增长率。这主要得益于该地区致力于改造老化的工业基础设施并采用先进的自动化技术。对智慧电网计划、管道监控和网路安全解决方案的大量投资正在推动对先进远端终端单元 (RTU) 的需求。关键技术开发商的涌现和成熟的工业自动化生态系统也促进了市场的快速扩张。在持续的技术创新推动下，北美地区的远端终端单元 (RTU) 市场预计将迎来强劲成长。

免费客製化服务：

订阅此报告的客户可享有以下免费自订选项之一：

  • 公司简介
    • 全面分析其他市场参与者（最多 3 家公司）
    • 主要企业的SWOT分析（最多3家公司）
  • 地理细分
    • 根据客户兴趣对主要国家市场进行估计、预测和复合年增长率（註：基于可行性检查）
  • 竞争基准化分析
    • 根据产品系列、地理分布和策略联盟对主要企业基准化分析

目录

第一章执行摘要

第二章 前言

  • 概述
  • 相关利益者
  • 研究范围
  • 调查方法
    • 资料探勘
    • 数据分析
    • 数据检验
    • 研究途径
  • 研究材料
    • 主要研究资料
    • 次级研究资讯来源
    • 先决条件

第三章市场走势分析

  • 驱动程式
  • 限制因素
  • 机会
  • 威胁
  • 最终用户分析
  • 新兴市场
  • COVID-19的影响

第四章 波特五力分析

  • 供应商的议价能力
  • 买家的议价能力
  • 替代品的威胁
  • 新进入者的威胁
  • 竞争对手之间的竞争

5. 全球远端终端装置市场（按类型）

  • 无线智能RTU
  • 有线智能RTU

6. 全球远端终端装置市场（按组件）

  • 硬体
  • 软体
  • 服务

7. 全球远端终端装置市场（依安装类型）

  • 机架安装类型
  • 壁挂式
  • DIN导轨安装
  • 面板安装

8. 全球远端终端装置市场（依部署模式）

  • 本地
  • 云端基础

9. 全球远端终端装置市场（按通讯协定）

  • Modbus
  • DNP3
  • IEC 60870-5-101/104
  • OPC
  • MQTT

第 10 章全球远端终端装置市场（按最终用户）

  • 石油和天然气
  • 发电业
  • 化学和石化工业
  • 水和污水处理业
  • 其他最终用户

第 11 章全球远端终端装置市场（按区域）

  • 北美洲
    • 美国
    • 加拿大
    • 墨西哥
  • 欧洲
    • 德国
    • 英国
    • 义大利
    • 法国
    • 西班牙
    • 其他欧洲国家
  • 亚太地区
    • 日本
    • 中国
    • 印度
    • 澳洲
    • 纽西兰
    • 韩国
    • 其他亚太地区
  • 南美洲
    • 阿根廷
    • 巴西
    • 智利
    • 南美洲其他地区
  • 中东和非洲
    • 沙乌地阿拉伯
    • 阿拉伯聯合大公国
    • 卡达
    • 南非
    • 其他中东和非洲地区

第十二章 重大进展

  • 协议、伙伴关係、合作和合资企业
  • 收购与合併
  • 新产品发布
  • 业务扩展
  • 其他关键策略

第十三章 公司概况

  • ABB
  • Emerson
  • Schneider Electric
  • Siemens
  • Honeywell
  • Semaphore
  • Eaton
  • General Electric
  • Yokogawa
  • Iskra Sistemi
  • Schweitzer Engineering
  • Red Lion
  • Advantech
  • Tank Gauging
  • Lucy Electric
  • Omniflex
  • Acoustic Technology, Inc.（ATI Systems）
  • Brodersen Systems
  • Bausch Datacom
  • QTech Data Systems
Product Code: SMRC29852

According to Stratistics MRC, the Global Remote Terminal Unit Market is accounted for $2.9 billion in 2025 and is expected to reach $5.3 billion by 2032 growing at a CAGR of 9% during the forecast period. A Remote Terminal Unit (RTU) is an electronic device used in industrial control systems to monitor and control equipment remotely. It interfaces with sensors and actuators, collecting data like temperature or pressure, and transmits it to a central SCADA system. RTUs enable real-time automation, control valves, and alarms in industries like oil, gas, and utilities, ensuring efficient operation in remote or hazardous locations.

Market Dynamics:

Driver:

Demand for industrial automation

Demand for industrial automation is a significant driver for the Remote Terminal Unit (RTU) market. Industries are increasingly adopting automation to enhance efficiency, reduce operational costs, and improve safety in various processes. RTUs are critical components in these automated systems, enabling remote monitoring and control of equipment and processes in geographically dispersed locations. The need for real-time data acquisition from remote assets fuels the demand for these units. This widespread integration of automation across diverse sectors underpins market expansion. Fueled by the imperative for operational efficiency, industrial automation drives RTU adoption.

Restraint:

High installation costs

High installation costs present a notable restraint for the Remote Terminal Unit (RTU) market. Beyond the unit itself, installation often involves significant expenses for wiring, power supply, communication infrastructure, and site preparation. Integrating RTUs into existing legacy systems can also be complex and costly, requiring specialized engineering expertise. The need for robust and secure communication networks in remote locations adds to the overall financial burden. This substantial upfront investment can be a barrier for some industries or smaller enterprises. Backed by budgetary considerations, installation costs remain a key challenge.

Opportunity:

Growth in renewable energy projects

Growth in renewable energy projects represents a significant opportunity for the Remote Terminal Unit (RTU) market. RTUs are essential for monitoring and controlling geographically dispersed renewable energy assets, such as solar farms, wind turbines, and hydroelectric plants. They enable efficient management of power generation, grid integration, and fault detection in these distributed systems. This expansion of sustainable energy initiatives broadens the application scope for RTUs. Propelled by the global transition to renewable energy, RTUs are finding new avenues for growth.

Threat:

Rapid technological obsolescence

Rapid technological obsolescence poses a substantial threat to the Remote Terminal Unit (RTU) market. The rapid pace of innovation in communication technologies, data processing capabilities, and integrated circuits can render existing RTU models outdated quickly. New technologies like advanced IoT devices or edge computing platforms may offer superior performance or lower costs, challenging traditional RTU deployments. This constant evolution necessitates ongoing investment in R&D to stay relevant. Influenced by the swift pace of technological change, maintaining market relevance is a continuous challenge.

Covid-19 Impact:

The COVID-19 pandemic had a mixed impact on the Remote Terminal Unit (RTU) market. While initial supply chain disruptions affected manufacturing and delivery, the pandemic also highlighted the critical need for remote monitoring and control capabilities. Industries sought to minimize on-site personnel, leading to increased adoption of RTUs for managing distant operations. The emphasis on business continuity and resilience during lockdowns underscored the value of automated remote systems. Overall, the pandemic accelerated the digitalization trend, indirectly benefiting the demand for RTUs in various sectors. Triggered by the necessity of remote operations, the pandemic reinforced RTU's importance.

The hardware segment is expected to be the largest during the forecast period

The hardware segment is expected to account for the largest market share during the forecast period, due to the fundamental nature of RTU hardware, encompassing the physical units, communication modules, and input/output interfaces. These robust components are essential for data acquisition, processing, and transmission in often harsh industrial environments. The continuous need for new installations and replacements of aging units drives consistent demand for hardware. As industries expand and automate, the physical infrastructure provided by RTU hardware remains indispensable. Guided by the foundational need for physical control and data collection, the hardware segment remains paramount.

The modbus segment is expected to have the highest CAGR during the forecast period

Over the forecast period, the modbus segment is predicted to witness the highest growth rate, driven by the widespread adoption and simplicity of the Modbus communication protocol across various industrial automation applications. Its open and royalty-free nature makes it a preferred choice for integrating RTUs with other control systems and sensors. The ease of implementation and robust performance of Modbus contribute to its increasing popularity. As industries continue to seek interoperable and cost-effective communication solutions, Modbus remains a key enabler. Spurred by its pervasive presence and ease of integration, the Modbus segment is experiencing significant acceleration.

Region with largest share:

During the forecast period, the Asia Pacific region is expected to hold the largest market share, driven by rapid industrialization, extensive infrastructure development, and significant investments in automation across various sectors like oil & gas, power, and manufacturing. Countries like China and India are rapidly deploying RTUs for monitoring and controlling assets in their growing industrial landscapes. The increasing adoption of smart city initiatives and renewable energy projects further fuels demand. Backed by robust industrial expansion, the Asia Pacific region secures its leading market position.

Region with highest CAGR:

Over the forecast period, the North America region is anticipated to exhibit the highest CAGR, primarily fuelled by the region's strong focus on modernizing aging industrial infrastructure and adopting advanced automation technologies. Significant investments in smart grid initiatives, pipeline monitoring, and cybersecurity solutions drive the demand for sophisticated RTUs. The presence of key technology developers and a mature industrial automation ecosystem also contributes to rapid market expansion. Motivated by continuous technological innovation, North America is poised for robust RTU market growth.

Key players in the market

Some of the key players in Remote Terminal Unit Market include ABB, Emerson, Schneider Electric, Siemens, Honeywell, Semaphore, Eaton, General Electric, Yokogawa, Iskra Sistemi, Schweitzer Engineering, Red Lion, Advantech, Tank Gauging, Lucy Electric, Omniflex, Acoustic Technology, Inc. (ATI Systems), Brodersen Systems, Bausch Datacom, and QTech Data Systems

Key Developments:

In May 2025, ABB enhanced its remote terminal unit (RTU) portfolio with IoT integration for real-time industrial monitoring. The system supports predictive maintenance in oil and gas, improving operational efficiency and reducing downtime in remote facilities.

In April 2025, Schneider Electric launched an advanced EcoStruxure RTU with cloud-based analytics. Designed for renewable energy projects, it enables seamless data integration and real-time control, targeting smart grid applications.

In March 2025, Siemens introduced a new RTU model optimized for solar and wind energy monitoring. Equipped with advanced sensors, it enhances grid stability and supports the growing demand for renewable energy automation.

Types Covered:

  • Wireless Intelligent RTU
  • Wired Intelligent RTU

Components Covered:

  • Hardware
  • Software
  • Services

Mounting Types Covered:

  • Rack Mounted
  • Wall Mounted
  • DIN Rail-Mounted
  • Panel Mounted

Deployment Modes Covered:

  • On-Premise
  • Cloud-Based

Communication Protocols Covered:

  • Modbus
  • DNP3
  • IEC 60870-5-101/104
  • OPC
  • MQTT

End Users Covered:

  • Oil & Gas Industry
  • Power Generation Industry
  • Chemical & Petrochemical Industry
  • Water & Wastewater Industry
  • Other End Users

Regions Covered:

  • North America
    • US
    • Canada
    • Mexico
  • Europe
    • Germany
    • UK
    • Italy
    • France
    • Spain
    • Rest of Europe
  • Asia Pacific
    • Japan
    • China
    • India
    • Australia
    • New Zealand
    • South Korea
    • Rest of Asia Pacific
  • South America
    • Argentina
    • Brazil
    • Chile
    • Rest of South America
  • Middle East & Africa
    • Saudi Arabia
    • UAE
    • Qatar
    • South Africa
    • Rest of Middle East & Africa

What our report offers:

  • Market share assessments for the regional and country-level segments
  • Strategic recommendations for the new entrants
  • Covers Market data for the years 2024, 2025, 2026, 2028, and 2032
  • Market Trends (Drivers, Constraints, Opportunities, Threats, Challenges, Investment Opportunities, and recommendations)
  • Strategic recommendations in key business segments based on the market estimations
  • Competitive landscaping mapping the key common trends
  • Company profiling with detailed strategies, financials, and recent developments
  • Supply chain trends mapping the latest technological advancements

Free Customization Offerings:

All the customers of this report will be entitled to receive one of the following free customization options:

  • Company Profiling
    • Comprehensive profiling of additional market players (up to 3)
    • SWOT Analysis of key players (up to 3)
  • Regional Segmentation
    • Market estimations, Forecasts and CAGR of any prominent country as per the client's interest (Note: Depends on feasibility check)
  • Competitive Benchmarking
    • Benchmarking of key players based on product portfolio, geographical presence, and strategic alliances

Table of Contents

1 Executive Summary

2 Preface

  • 2.1 Abstract
  • 2.2 Stake Holders
  • 2.3 Research Scope
  • 2.4 Research Methodology
    • 2.4.1 Data Mining
    • 2.4.2 Data Analysis
    • 2.4.3 Data Validation
    • 2.4.4 Research Approach
  • 2.5 Research Sources
    • 2.5.1 Primary Research Sources
    • 2.5.2 Secondary Research Sources
    • 2.5.3 Assumptions

3 Market Trend Analysis

  • 3.1 Introduction
  • 3.2 Drivers
  • 3.3 Restraints
  • 3.4 Opportunities
  • 3.5 Threats
  • 3.6 End User Analysis
  • 3.7 Emerging Markets
  • 3.8 Impact of Covid-19

4 Porters Five Force Analysis

  • 4.1 Bargaining power of suppliers
  • 4.2 Bargaining power of buyers
  • 4.3 Threat of substitutes
  • 4.4 Threat of new entrants
  • 4.5 Competitive rivalry

5 Global Remote Terminal Unit Market, By Type

  • 5.1 Introduction
  • 5.2 Wireless Intelligent RTU
  • 5.3 Wired Intelligent RTU

6 Global Remote Terminal Unit Market, By Component

  • 6.1 Introduction
  • 6.2 Hardware
  • 6.3 Software
  • 6.4 Services

7 Global Remote Terminal Unit Market, By Mounting Type

  • 7.1 Introduction
  • 7.2 Rack Mounted
  • 7.3 Wall Mounted
  • 7.4 DIN Rail-Mounted
  • 7.5 Panel Mounted

8 Global Remote Terminal Unit Market, By Deployment Mode

  • 8.1 Introduction
  • 8.2 On-Premise
  • 8.3 Cloud-Based

9 Global Remote Terminal Unit Market, By Communication Protocol

  • 9.1 Introduction
  • 9.2 Modbus
  • 9.3 DNP3
  • 9.4 IEC 60870-5-101/104
  • 9.5 OPC
  • 9.6 MQTT

10 Global Remote Terminal Unit Market, By End User

  • 10.1 Introduction
  • 10.2 Oil & Gas Industry
  • 10.3 Power Generation Industry
  • 10.4 Chemical & Petrochemical Industry
  • 10.5 Water & Wastewater Industry
  • 10.6 Other End Users

11 Global Remote Terminal Unit Market, By Geography

  • 11.1 Introduction
  • 11.2 North America
    • 11.2.1 US
    • 11.2.2 Canada
    • 11.2.3 Mexico
  • 11.3 Europe
    • 11.3.1 Germany
    • 11.3.2 UK
    • 11.3.3 Italy
    • 11.3.4 France
    • 11.3.5 Spain
    • 11.3.6 Rest of Europe
  • 11.4 Asia Pacific
    • 11.4.1 Japan
    • 11.4.2 China
    • 11.4.3 India
    • 11.4.4 Australia
    • 11.4.5 New Zealand
    • 11.4.6 South Korea
    • 11.4.7 Rest of Asia Pacific
  • 11.5 South America
    • 11.5.1 Argentina
    • 11.5.2 Brazil
    • 11.5.3 Chile
    • 11.5.4 Rest of South America
  • 11.6 Middle East & Africa
    • 11.6.1 Saudi Arabia
    • 11.6.2 UAE
    • 11.6.3 Qatar
    • 11.6.4 South Africa
    • 11.6.5 Rest of Middle East & Africa

12 Key Developments

  • 12.1 Agreements, Partnerships, Collaborations and Joint Ventures
  • 12.2 Acquisitions & Mergers
  • 12.3 New Product Launch
  • 12.4 Expansions
  • 12.5 Other Key Strategies

13 Company Profiling

  • 13.1 ABB
  • 13.2 Emerson
  • 13.3 Schneider Electric
  • 13.4 Siemens
  • 13.5 Honeywell
  • 13.6 Semaphore
  • 13.7 Eaton
  • 13.8 General Electric
  • 13.9 Yokogawa
  • 13.10 Iskra Sistemi
  • 13.11 Schweitzer Engineering
  • 13.12 Red Lion
  • 13.13 Advantech
  • 13.14 Tank Gauging
  • 13.15 Lucy Electric
  • 13.16 Omniflex
  • 13.17 Acoustic Technology, Inc. (ATI Systems)
  • 13.18 Brodersen Systems
  • 13.19 Bausch Datacom
  • 13.20 QTech Data Systems

List of Tables

  • Table 1 Global Remote Terminal Unit Market Outlook, By Region (2024-2032) ($MN)
  • Table 2 Global Remote Terminal Unit Market Outlook, By Type (2024-2032) ($MN)
  • Table 3 Global Remote Terminal Unit Market Outlook, By Wireless Intelligent RTU (2024-2032) ($MN)
  • Table 4 Global Remote Terminal Unit Market Outlook, By Wired Intelligent RTU (2024-2032) ($MN)
  • Table 5 Global Remote Terminal Unit Market Outlook, By Component (2024-2032) ($MN)
  • Table 6 Global Remote Terminal Unit Market Outlook, By Hardware (2024-2032) ($MN)
  • Table 7 Global Remote Terminal Unit Market Outlook, By Software (2024-2032) ($MN)
  • Table 8 Global Remote Terminal Unit Market Outlook, By Services (2024-2032) ($MN)
  • Table 9 Global Remote Terminal Unit Market Outlook, By Mounting Type (2024-2032) ($MN)
  • Table 10 Global Remote Terminal Unit Market Outlook, By Rack Mounted (2024-2032) ($MN)
  • Table 11 Global Remote Terminal Unit Market Outlook, By Wall Mounted (2024-2032) ($MN)
  • Table 12 Global Remote Terminal Unit Market Outlook, By DIN Rail-Mounted (2024-2032) ($MN)
  • Table 13 Global Remote Terminal Unit Market Outlook, By Panel Mounted (2024-2032) ($MN)
  • Table 14 Global Remote Terminal Unit Market Outlook, By Deployment Mode (2024-2032) ($MN)
  • Table 15 Global Remote Terminal Unit Market Outlook, By On-Premise (2024-2032) ($MN)
  • Table 16 Global Remote Terminal Unit Market Outlook, By Cloud-Based (2024-2032) ($MN)
  • Table 17 Global Remote Terminal Unit Market Outlook, By Communication Protocol (2024-2032) ($MN)
  • Table 18 Global Remote Terminal Unit Market Outlook, By Modbus (2024-2032) ($MN)
  • Table 19 Global Remote Terminal Unit Market Outlook, By DNP3 (2024-2032) ($MN)
  • Table 20 Global Remote Terminal Unit Market Outlook, By IEC 60870-5-101/104 (2024-2032) ($MN)
  • Table 21 Global Remote Terminal Unit Market Outlook, By OPC (2024-2032) ($MN)
  • Table 22 Global Remote Terminal Unit Market Outlook, By MQTT (2024-2032) ($MN)
  • Table 23 Global Remote Terminal Unit Market Outlook, By End User (2024-2032) ($MN)
  • Table 24 Global Remote Terminal Unit Market Outlook, By Oil & Gas Industry (2024-2032) ($MN)
  • Table 25 Global Remote Terminal Unit Market Outlook, By Power Generation Industry (2024-2032) ($MN)
  • Table 26 Global Remote Terminal Unit Market Outlook, By Chemical & Petrochemical Industry (2024-2032) ($MN)
  • Table 27 Global Remote Terminal Unit Market Outlook, By Water & Wastewater Industry (2024-2032) ($MN)
  • Table 28 Global Remote Terminal Unit Market Outlook, By Other End Users (2024-2032) ($MN)

Note: Tables for North America, Europe, APAC, South America, and Middle East & Africa Regions are also represented in the same manner as above.