查看购物车
  • Traditional Chinese
  • English
  • Japanese
  • Korean
封面
市场调查报告书
商品编码
1896190

摩托车后摇臂市场预测至2032年：按类型、材料、摩托车类型、分销管道、应用和地区分類的全球分析

Motorcycle Swing Arm Market Forecasts to 2032 - Global Analysis By Type, Material, Motorcycle Type, Distribution Channel, Application and By Geography
出版日期: | 出版商: Stratistics Market Research Consulting | 英文 | 商品交期: 2-3个工作天内

价格

根据 Stratistics MRC 预测，全球摩托车后摇臂市场规模预计将在 2025 年达到 17 亿美元，并在 2032 年达到 26.8 亿美元，预测期内复合年增长率 (CAGR) 为 6.7%。摩托车后摇臂是后悬吊系统协同工作，以保持正确的车轮定位，从而改善操控性并提高安全性。其设计和强度对摩托车的骑乘舒适性和整体性能有显着的影响。

根据联合国贸易和发展会议（贸发会议）统计手册，世界都市区比例从 2010 年的 51.6% 增加到 2020 年的 56.2%。

对高端和运动型摩托车的需求不断增长

消费者对高性能摩托车的需求日益增长，他们希望摩托车拥有卓越的操控性、稳定性和骑乘舒适性。製造商正致力于改进底盘和悬吊结构，以提升车辆的弯道性能和高速操控性。对于高性能摩托车而言，后摇臂至关重要，因为它在重量分配和后轮定位方面发挥关键作用。可支配收入的成长和消费者（尤其是年轻骑士）对高性能摩托车的追求，推动了这一转变。赛车运动的影响以及品牌主导的定位，也进一步加速了先进后摇臂设计的应用。因此，汽车製造商正在将技术先进的后摇臂应用于中高级脚踏车领域。

先进设计的高昂研发成本

精密的製造要求和高等级材料的使用增加了总生产成本。先进的设计必须满足严格的安全、耐久性和性能标准，从而延长了开发週期。小型製造商往往面临预算限制，这限制了他们的创新能力。大量的原型製作和现场测试进一步增加了资本投入。与现代悬吊和煞车系统的整合也增加了设计的复杂性。这些成本压力可能会限制先进摆臂的广泛应用，尤其是在对成本敏感的市场。

使用轻量材料

铝合金、碳纤维和先进复合材料等材料有助于降低整车重量。更轻的后摇臂可提升加速性能、燃油效率和操控响应。汽车製造商正利用材料创新来平衡强度和刚性与重量减轻之间的关係。铸造、锻造和焊接技术的进步使轻量化设计更具商业性可行性。注重燃油效率和减少排放气体的监管趋势也在推动材料优化。这一趋势为製造商开闢了提升性能和实现产品差异化的新途径。

微出行替代方案的兴起

电动Scooter、电动自行车和共享旅游平台在都市区越来越受欢迎。这些出行方式通常被认为较经济实惠，也较方便短程通勤。政府对低排放气体城市交通的支持正在加速这项转变。对传统摩托车依赖性的降低可能会影响摩托车的整体产量。尤其是年轻消费者，他们越来越倾向于选择灵活的出行方式，而不是拥有摩托车。这种转变可能会限制摩托车零件（例如后摇臂）的长期需求成长。

新冠疫情的感染疾病

新冠肺炎疫情导致生产停滞和供应链中断，暂时扰乱了摩托车后摇臂市场。疫情初期，旅行限制导致摩托车销售下滑。原始设备製造商（OEM）在原料采购和维持生产计划方面面临挑战。然而，在疫情恢復阶段，消费者减少了公共运输，重新燃起了对私家车的兴趣。在人口密集地区，摩托车作为一种安全的通勤方式，需求增加。在此期间，数位化分销管道和线上客製化工具变得日益重要。疫情后的策略重点在于增强供应链韧性和建构灵活的生产模式。

预计在预测期内，双侧摆臂细分市场将占据最大的市场份额。

预计在预测期内，双侧摇臂将占据最大的市场份额。这主要归功于其设计特点，例如在加速和煞车过程中提供更高的结构刚性和更均衡的负载分布。双侧摇臂广泛应用于各种类型的摩托车，包括通勤车、旅行车和高性能摩托车。其与各种悬吊系统的兼容性也是其广受欢迎的原因之一。製造商之所以青睐这种配置，是因为它易于製造且成本效益高。此外，它在各种骑乘条件下也具有更高的耐用性。

预计在预测期内，线上零售领域将呈现最高的复合年增长率。

预计在预测期内，线上零售领域将实现最高成长率，因为汽车售后市场销售的数位化，正在改变消费者的购买行为。消费者正转向电商平台，以便轻鬆购买原厂配件和售后市场摇臂配件。线上通路提供产品对比、技术规格和极具竞争力的价格。物流的改进和送货上门服务提升了客户的便利性。製造商和经销商正透过数位化平台加强其直接面向消费者的销售策略。

比最大的地区

预计亚太地区将在预测期内占据最大的市场份额，因为该地区拥有印度、中国、日本和东南亚国家等主要的摩托车製造地。摩托车的高普及率和通勤摩托车的强劲需求支撑着零件的持续消费。快速的都市化和人口成长不断推动着摩托车的拥有量。本土整车製造商受益于成本效益高的製造流程和成熟的供应商网路。政府支持国内汽车生产的措施进一步促进了市场成长。

年复合成长率最高的地区

预计北美地区在预测期内将实现最高的复合年增长率，因为消费者对高端摩托车、巡航摩托车和运动摩托车的兴趣日益浓厚，推动了零件的需求。该地区的消费者非常重视性能提升和个人化。技术创新和轻量材料的应用正在推动后摇臂设计的革新。强大的售后市场环境也为替换件和性能升级件的销售提供了支撑。休閒摩托车和旅行摩托车的日益普及进一步推动了需求成长。

提供免费客製化服务

购买此报告的客户可享有以下免费自订选项之一：

  • 公司概况
    • 最多三家新增市场参与企业进行全面分析
    • 主要参与企业（最多3家公司）的SWOT分析
  • 区域细分
    • 根据客户要求，对主要国家进行市场估算和预测，并计算复合年增长率（註：可行性需确认）。
  • 竞争基准化分析
    • 从产品系列、地域覆盖范围和策略联盟等方面对主要参与企业基准化分析

目录

第一章执行摘要

第二章 前言

  • 摘要
  • 相关利益者
  • 调查范围
  • 调查方法
  • 研究材料

第三章 市场趋势分析

  • 司机
  • 抑制因素
  • 机会
  • 威胁
  • 应用分析
  • 新兴市场
  • 新冠疫情的感染疾病

第四章 波特五力分析

  • 供应商的议价能力
  • 买方的议价能力
  • 替代品的威胁
  • 新进入者的威胁
  • 竞争对手之间的竞争

第五章 全球摩托车后摇臂市场（按类型划分）

  • 单侧摆臂
  • 两侧摆臂
  • 箱型截面后摇臂
  • 週边摇臂
  • 单筒避震器后摇臂
  • 其他的

第六章 全球摩托车后摇臂市场（依材料划分）

  • 钢
  • 铝合金
  • 碳纤维/复合材料

第七章 全球摩托车后摇臂市场（依摩托车类型划分）

  • Scooter
  • 运动摩托车
  • 巡洋舰
  • 越野摩托车/泥地摩托车
  • 旅行自行车

第八章 全球摩托车后摇臂市场（依分销管道划分）

  • 直销
  • 零售商
  • 线上零售
  • 独立服务中心

第九章 全球摩托车后摇臂市场（依应用领域划分）

  • OEM
  • 售后市场

第十章 全球摩托车后摇臂市场（按地区划分）

  • 北美洲
    • 美国
    • 加拿大
    • 墨西哥
  • 欧洲
    • 德国
    • 英国
    • 义大利
    • 法国
    • 西班牙
    • 其他欧洲
  • 亚太地区
    • 日本
    • 中国
    • 印度
    • 澳洲
    • 纽西兰
    • 韩国
    • 其他亚太地区
  • 南美洲
    • 阿根廷
    • 巴西
    • 智利
    • 其他南美国家
  • 中东和非洲
    • 沙乌地阿拉伯
    • 阿拉伯聯合大公国
    • 卡达
    • 南非
    • 其他中东和非洲地区

第十一章 重大进展

  • 协议、伙伴关係、合作和合资企业
  • 併购
  • 新产品发布
  • 业务拓展
  • 其他关键策略

第十二章 企业概况

  • Honda Motor
  • CFMoto
  • Yamaha Motor
  • Royal Enfield
  • KTM AG
  • TVS Motor
  • BMW Motorrad
  • Piaggio
  • Harley-Davidson
  • Triumph Motorcycles
  • Suzuki Motor
  • Ducati
  • Kawasaki Heavy Industries
  • Bajaj Auto
  • Hero MotoCorp
Product Code: SMRC32878

According to Stratistics MRC, the Global Motorcycle Swing Arm Market is accounted for $1.70 billion in 2025 and is expected to reach $2.68 billion by 2032 growing at a CAGR of 6.7% during the forecast period. A motorcycle swing arm is a vital component of a motorcycle's rear suspension system that connects the rear wheel to the frame, allowing controlled vertical movement. It helps absorb shocks from uneven roads, maintaining stability, balance, and rider comfort. Made primarily of steel or aluminum, it functions together with the rear shock absorber to maintain correct wheel alignment, improve handling, and enhance safety. Its design and strength significantly influence ride quality and overall motorcycle performance.

According to the United Nations Conference on Trade & Development (UNCTAD) statistical handbook, the proportion of the world's urban population increased from 51.6% in 2010 to 56.2% in 2020.

Market Dynamics:

Driver:

Rising demand for premium & sports bikes

Consumers increasingly seek high-performance bikes that offer superior handling, stability, and riding comfort. Manufacturers are focusing on improved chassis and suspension architectures to enhance cornering performance and high-speed control. Swing arms play a critical role in weight distribution and rear-wheel alignment, making them essential for performance-oriented motorcycles. Rising disposable incomes and aspirational buying trends, especially among younger riders, are supporting this shift. Motorsport influence and brand-led performance positioning are further accelerating adoption of advanced swing arm designs. As a result, OEMs are integrating technologically refined swing arms across mid- to high-end motorcycle segments.

Restraint:

High development costs for advanced designs

Precision manufacturing requirements and the use of high-grade materials increase overall production costs. Advanced designs must meet stringent safety, durability, and performance standards, adding to development timelines. Small- and mid-sized manufacturers often face budgetary constraints that limit innovation capabilities. Extensive prototyping and real-world testing further raise capital expenditure. Integration with modern suspension and braking systems also increases design complexity. These cost pressures can restrict widespread adoption of advanced swing arms, particularly in cost-sensitive markets.

Opportunity:

Adoption of lightweight materials

Materials such as aluminum alloys, carbon fiber, and advanced composites help reduce overall vehicle weight. Lighter swing arms improve acceleration, fuel efficiency, and ride responsiveness. OEMs are leveraging material innovations to balance strength, rigidity, and reduced mass. Advances in casting, forging, and welding technologies are making lightweight designs more commercially viable. Regulatory emphasis on fuel efficiency and emission reduction further supports material optimization. This trend is opening new avenues for performance enhancement and product differentiation among manufacturers.

Threat:

Rise of micro-mobility alternatives

Electric scooters, e-bikes, and shared mobility platforms are gaining popularity in urban environments. These alternatives are often perceived as more cost-effective and convenient for short-distance commuting. Government support for low-emission urban transport is accelerating this shift. Reduced reliance on traditional motorcycles can impact overall two-wheeler production volumes. Younger consumers, in particular, are showing preference for flexible mobility options over ownership. This transition may limit long-term demand growth for motorcycle components such as swing arms.

Covid-19 Impact:

The COVID-19 pandemic temporarily disrupted the motorcycle swing arm market due to manufacturing shutdowns and supply chain interruptions. Restrictions on movement led to reduced motorcycle sales during the initial phases of the outbreak. OEMs faced challenges in sourcing raw materials and maintaining production schedules. However, the recovery phase saw renewed interest in personal mobility as consumers avoided public transport. Two-wheelers gained traction as a safer commuting option in densely populated regions. Digital sales channels and online customization tools gained importance during this period. Post-pandemic strategies now focus on supply chain resilience and flexible manufacturing models.

The double-side swing arm segment is expected to be the largest during the forecast period

The double-side swing arm segment is expected to account for the largest market share during the forecast period, due to these designs offers enhanced structural rigidity and balanced load distribution during acceleration and braking. Double-side swing arms are widely used across commuter, touring, and performance motorcycles. Their compatibility with a broad range of suspension systems supports widespread adoption. Manufacturers prefer this configuration due to ease of manufacturing and cost efficiency. The design also allows better durability under varied riding conditions.

The online retail segment is expected to have the highest CAGR during the forecast period

Over the forecast period, the online retail segment is predicted to witness the highest growth rate, due to increasing digitalization in automotive aftermarket sales is reshaping purchasing behavior. Consumers are turning to e-commerce platforms for easy access to genuine and aftermarket swing arm components. Online channels provide product comparisons, technical specifications, and competitive pricing advantages. Improved logistics and doorstep delivery are enhancing customer convenience. Manufacturers and distributors are strengthening direct-to-consumer strategies through digital platforms.

Region with largest share:

During the forecast period, the Asia Pacific region is expected to hold the largest market share, due to the region hosts major motorcycle manufacturing hubs such as India, China, Japan, and Southeast Asian countries. High two-wheeler penetration and strong commuter bike demand support sustained component consumption. Rapid urbanization and population growth continue to drive motorcycle ownership. Local OEMs benefit from cost-efficient manufacturing and well-established supplier networks. Government initiatives supporting domestic vehicle production further strengthen market growth.

Region with highest CAGR:

Over the forecast period, the North America region is anticipated to exhibit the highest CAGR, owing to rising interest in premium, cruiser, and sports motorcycles is fueling component demand. Consumers in the region prioritize performance upgrades and customization. Technological innovation and adoption of lightweight materials are advancing swing arm designs. A strong aftermarket ecosystem supports replacement and performance-enhancement sales. Increasing popularity of recreational and touring motorcycles further boosts demand.

Key players in the market

Some of the key players in Motorcycle Swing Arm Market include Honda Motor, CFMoto, Yamaha Motor, Royal Enfield, KTM AG, TVS Motor, BMW Motorrad, Piaggio, Harley-Davidson, Triumph Motorcycles, Suzuki Motor, Ducati, Kawasaki Heavy Industries, Bajaj Auto, and Hero MotoCorp.

Key Developments:

In December 2025, Honda Motor Co., Ltd. announced plans to launch Honda Heritage Works, a new heritage service business for classic Honda (and Acura) sport-type models, on April 1, 2026. For customers who cherish and wish to continue driving their beloved vehicles for many years, Honda will offer reproduction parts on a global basis to replace discontinued parts, as well as a restoration service in Japan.

In December 2025, Yamaha Motor Co., Ltd. announced that the company has entered into a strategic partnership with Nikon Instruments Inc. located in Boston Massachusetts, USA, will serve as a showroom for Yamaha Motor's innovative cell picking and imaging system, CELL HANDLER . By integrating NBIL's advanced imaging technologies with the capabilities of CELL HANDLER 2, the collaboration will provide dedicated support for U.S.-based researchers engaged in drug discovery and related research.

Types Covered:

  • Single-Side Swing Arm
  • Double-Side Swing Arm
  • Box-Section Swing Arm
  • Perimeter Swing Arm
  • Monoshock Swing Arm
  • Other Types

Materials Covered:

  • Steel
  • Aluminum Alloy
  • Carbon Fiber / Composite Materials

Motorcycle Types Covered:

  • Scooters
  • Sports Bikes
  • Cruisers
  • Off-Road / Dirt Bikes
  • Touring Motorcycles

Distribution Channels Covered:

  • Direct Sales
  • Dealerships
  • Online Retail
  • Independent Service Centers

Applications Covered:

  • Original Equipment Manufacturer (OEM)
  • Aftermarket

Regions Covered:

  • North America
    • US
    • Canada
    • Mexico
  • Europe
    • Germany
    • UK
    • Italy
    • France
    • Spain
    • Rest of Europe
  • Asia Pacific
    • Japan
    • China
    • India
    • Australia
    • New Zealand
    • South Korea
    • Rest of Asia Pacific
  • South America
    • Argentina
    • Brazil
    • Chile
    • Rest of South America
  • Middle East & Africa
    • Saudi Arabia
    • UAE
    • Qatar
    • South Africa
    • Rest of Middle East & Africa

What our report offers:

  • Market share assessments for the regional and country-level segments
  • Strategic recommendations for the new entrants
  • Covers Market data for the years 2024, 2025, 2026, 2028, and 2032
  • Market Trends (Drivers, Constraints, Opportunities, Threats, Challenges, Investment Opportunities, and recommendations)
  • Strategic recommendations in key business segments based on the market estimations
  • Competitive landscaping mapping the key common trends
  • Company profiling with detailed strategies, financials, and recent developments
  • Supply chain trends mapping the latest technological advancements

Free Customization Offerings:

All the customers of this report will be entitled to receive one of the following free customization options:

  • Company Profiling
    • Comprehensive profiling of additional market players (up to 3)
    • SWOT Analysis of key players (up to 3)
  • Regional Segmentation
    • Market estimations, Forecasts and CAGR of any prominent country as per the client's interest (Note: Depends on feasibility check)
  • Competitive Benchmarking
    • Benchmarking of key players based on product portfolio, geographical presence, and strategic alliances

Table of Contents

1 Executive Summary

2 Preface

  • 2.1 Abstract
  • 2.2 Stake Holders
  • 2.3 Research Scope
  • 2.4 Research Methodology
    • 2.4.1 Data Mining
    • 2.4.2 Data Analysis
    • 2.4.3 Data Validation
    • 2.4.4 Research Approach
  • 2.5 Research Sources
    • 2.5.1 Primary Research Sources
    • 2.5.2 Secondary Research Sources
    • 2.5.3 Assumptions

3 Market Trend Analysis

  • 3.1 Introduction
  • 3.2 Drivers
  • 3.3 Restraints
  • 3.4 Opportunities
  • 3.5 Threats
  • 3.6 Application Analysis
  • 3.7 Emerging Markets
  • 3.8 Impact of Covid-19

4 Porters Five Force Analysis

  • 4.1 Bargaining power of suppliers
  • 4.2 Bargaining power of buyers
  • 4.3 Threat of substitutes
  • 4.4 Threat of new entrants
  • 4.5 Competitive rivalry

5 Global Motorcycle Swing Arm Market, By Type

  • 5.1 Introduction
  • 5.2 Single-Side Swing Arm
  • 5.3 Double-Side Swing Arm
  • 5.4 Box-Section Swing Arm
  • 5.5 Perimeter Swing Arm
  • 5.6 Monoshock Swing Arm
  • 5.7 Other Types

6 Global Motorcycle Swing Arm Market, By Material

  • 6.1 Introduction
  • 6.2 Steel
  • 6.3 Aluminum Alloy
  • 6.4 Carbon Fiber / Composite Materials

7 Global Motorcycle Swing Arm Market, By Motorcycle Type

  • 7.1 Introduction
  • 7.2 Scooters
  • 7.3 Sports Bikes
  • 7.4 Cruisers
  • 7.5 Off-Road / Dirt Bikes
  • 7.6 Touring Motorcycles

8 Global Motorcycle Swing Arm Market, By Distribution Channel

  • 8.1 Introduction
  • 8.2 Direct Sales
  • 8.3 Dealerships
  • 8.4 Online Retail
  • 8.5 Independent Service Centers

9 Global Motorcycle Swing Arm Market, By Application

  • 9.1 Introduction
  • 9.2 Original Equipment Manufacturer (OEM)
  • 9.3 Aftermarket

10 Global Motorcycle Swing Arm Market, By Geography

  • 10.1 Introduction
  • 10.2 North America
    • 10.2.1 US
    • 10.2.2 Canada
    • 10.2.3 Mexico
  • 10.3 Europe
    • 10.3.1 Germany
    • 10.3.2 UK
    • 10.3.3 Italy
    • 10.3.4 France
    • 10.3.5 Spain
    • 10.3.6 Rest of Europe
  • 10.4 Asia Pacific
    • 10.4.1 Japan
    • 10.4.2 China
    • 10.4.3 India
    • 10.4.4 Australia
    • 10.4.5 New Zealand
    • 10.4.6 South Korea
    • 10.4.7 Rest of Asia Pacific
  • 10.5 South America
    • 10.5.1 Argentina
    • 10.5.2 Brazil
    • 10.5.3 Chile
    • 10.5.4 Rest of South America
  • 10.6 Middle East & Africa
    • 10.6.1 Saudi Arabia
    • 10.6.2 UAE
    • 10.6.3 Qatar
    • 10.6.4 South Africa
    • 10.6.5 Rest of Middle East & Africa

11 Key Developments

  • 11.1 Agreements, Partnerships, Collaborations and Joint Ventures
  • 11.2 Acquisitions & Mergers
  • 11.3 New Product Launch
  • 11.4 Expansions
  • 11.5 Other Key Strategies

12 Company Profiling

  • 12.1 Honda Motor
  • 12.2 CFMoto
  • 12.3 Yamaha Motor
  • 12.4 Royal Enfield
  • 12.5 KTM AG
  • 12.6 TVS Motor
  • 12.7 BMW Motorrad
  • 12.8 Piaggio
  • 12.9 Harley-Davidson
  • 12.10 Triumph Motorcycles
  • 12.11 Suzuki Motor
  • 12.12 Ducati
  • 12.13 Kawasaki Heavy Industries
  • 12.14 Bajaj Auto
  • 12.15 Hero MotoCorp

List of Tables

  • Table 1 Global Motorcycle Swing Arm Market Outlook, By Region (2024-2032) ($MN)
  • Table 2 Global Motorcycle Swing Arm Market Outlook, By Type (2024-2032) ($MN)
  • Table 3 Global Motorcycle Swing Arm Market Outlook, By Single-Side Swing Arm (2024-2032) ($MN)
  • Table 4 Global Motorcycle Swing Arm Market Outlook, By Double-Side Swing Arm (2024-2032) ($MN)
  • Table 5 Global Motorcycle Swing Arm Market Outlook, By Box-Section Swing Arm (2024-2032) ($MN)
  • Table 6 Global Motorcycle Swing Arm Market Outlook, By Perimeter Swing Arm (2024-2032) ($MN)
  • Table 7 Global Motorcycle Swing Arm Market Outlook, By Monoshock Swing Arm (2024-2032) ($MN)
  • Table 8 Global Motorcycle Swing Arm Market Outlook, By Other Types (2024-2032) ($MN)
  • Table 9 Global Motorcycle Swing Arm Market Outlook, By Material (2024-2032) ($MN)
  • Table 10 Global Motorcycle Swing Arm Market Outlook, By Steel (2024-2032) ($MN)
  • Table 11 Global Motorcycle Swing Arm Market Outlook, By Aluminum Alloy (2024-2032) ($MN)
  • Table 12 Global Motorcycle Swing Arm Market Outlook, By Carbon Fiber / Composite Materials (2024-2032) ($MN)
  • Table 13 Global Motorcycle Swing Arm Market Outlook, By Motorcycle Type (2024-2032) ($MN)
  • Table 14 Global Motorcycle Swing Arm Market Outlook, By Scooters (2024-2032) ($MN)
  • Table 15 Global Motorcycle Swing Arm Market Outlook, By Sports Bikes (2024-2032) ($MN)
  • Table 16 Global Motorcycle Swing Arm Market Outlook, By Cruisers (2024-2032) ($MN)
  • Table 17 Global Motorcycle Swing Arm Market Outlook, By Off-Road / Dirt Bikes (2024-2032) ($MN)
  • Table 18 Global Motorcycle Swing Arm Market Outlook, By Touring Motorcycles (2024-2032) ($MN)
  • Table 19 Global Motorcycle Swing Arm Market Outlook, By Distribution Channel (2024-2032) ($MN)
  • Table 20 Global Motorcycle Swing Arm Market Outlook, By Direct Sales (2024-2032) ($MN)
  • Table 21 Global Motorcycle Swing Arm Market Outlook, By Dealerships (2024-2032) ($MN)
  • Table 22 Global Motorcycle Swing Arm Market Outlook, By Online Retail (2024-2032) ($MN)
  • Table 23 Global Motorcycle Swing Arm Market Outlook, By Independent Service Centers (2024-2032) ($MN)
  • Table 24 Global Motorcycle Swing Arm Market Outlook, By Application (2024-2032) ($MN)
  • Table 25 Global Motorcycle Swing Arm Market Outlook, By Original Equipment Manufacturer (OEM) (2024-2032) ($MN)
  • Table 26 Global Motorcycle Swing Arm Market Outlook, By Aftermarket (2024-2032) ($MN)

Note: Tables for North America, Europe, APAC, South America, and Middle East & Africa Regions are also represented in the same manner as above.