南美洲和中美洲数位胸腔引流设备市场预测至 2030 年 - 区域分析 - 按产品类型、应用和最终用户
市场调查报告书
商品编码
1420233

南美洲和中美洲数位胸腔引流设备市场预测至 2030 年 - 区域分析 - 按产品类型、应用和最终用户

South & Central America Digital Thoracic Drainage Devices Market Forecast to 2030 - Regional Analysis - by Product Type, Application, and End User

出版日期: | 出版商: The Insight Partners | 英文 66 Pages | 订单完成后即时交付

价格

南美洲和中美洲数位胸腔引流设备市场预计将从2022年的616万美元成长到2030年的852万美元。预计2022年至2030年CAGR为4.1%。

对数位设备的倾向推动了南美洲和中美洲数位胸腔引流设备市场

医疗保健产业热衷于采用数位技术支援的医疗设备。物联网和人工智慧的结合赋予了数位医疗设备即时读数和健康追踪等功能。目前,医疗保健产业正在呼吸应用中迅速采用电信设备。肺功能监测中的数位技术已被证实可以在家庭护理环境中提供显着且具有成本效益的结果。以网路为基础的数位引流系统将帮助医护人员在居家照护环境中监测病患的健康状况,同时使病患能够儘早出院,有助于降低成本。借助这些系统,医疗保健提供者可以远端解决所有患者的问题。然而,与基于互联网的数位胸腔引流设备相关的一些显着风险包括与互联网相关的不确定性,可能导致由于连接不良而导致设备断开或故障等紧急情况。这些缺点使得采取中间措施至关重要,例如将良好的互联网网络与更好的连接性相结合,以及安装系统以在患者出院之前通知数位胸腔系统提供的读数的差异。儘管有这些限制,基于互联网的数位胸腔引流设备预计在胸腔远距医疗领域有很大的可能被接受,从而为未来中南美洲数位胸腔引流设备市场提供显着的成长机会。

南美洲和中美洲数位胸腔引流设备市场概述

南美洲和中美洲数位胸腔引流设备市场细分为巴西、阿根廷以及南美洲和中美洲其他地区。市场的成长归因于胸腔外科领域技术的不断发展和医疗旅游业的成长。巴西是南美洲和中美洲最大的经济体之一,拥有完善的医疗保健系统。该国拥有一些公认的提供有效胸腔外科服务的设施,这表明该国愿意采用技术先进的产品来提供最优质的治疗和护理。过去,巴西医疗部门将胸腔外科手术作为治疗结核病的有效手段。随着技术的进一步进步,传统的开胸手术转变为微创手术和复杂的手术。后来,胸腔外科从一般外科和心臟外科分离出来,成为一个独立的专科。这些发展也使胸腔外科专科部门能够区分一般外科和心臟外科,成为公认的自主专业。巴西胸腔外科协会 [Sociedade Brasileira de Cirurgia Toracica (SBCT)] 已发展成为该地区最大的普通胸腔外科协会,拥有超过 750 名活跃会员。根据 2022 年 8 月发表在《胸科疾病杂誌》上的文章《巴西胸腔外科:概述》,2020 年巴西约有 1,106 名活跃胸腔外科医生。因此,活跃胸腔外科数量表明该国已开展了大量的胸腔手术显示该国南美洲和中美洲数位胸腔引流设备市场参与者的成长机会。

中南美洲数位胸腔引流设备市场收入及 2030 年预测(百万美元)

南美洲和中美洲数位胸腔引流设备市场区隔

南美洲和中美洲数位胸腔引流设备市场按产品类型、应用、最终用户和国家进行细分。

根据产品类型,南美洲和中美洲数位胸腔引流装置市场分为单腔室和多腔室。 2022 年,单腔细分市场在南美洲和中美洲数位胸腔引流设备市场中占据更大份额。

根据应用,南美洲和中美洲数位胸腔引流设备市场分为心臟外科、胸腔肺外科、肿瘤和创伤、传染病等。 2022年,胸腔肺外科领域在中南美洲数位胸腔引流设备市场中占最大份额。

根据最终用户,南美洲和中美洲数位胸腔引流设备市场分为医院、门诊手术中心等。 2022 年,医院细分市场在南美洲和中美洲数位胸腔引流设备市场中占据最大份额。

依国家划分,南美洲和中美洲数位胸腔引流设备市场分为巴西、阿根廷以及南美洲和中美洲其他地区。 2022 年,巴西在南美洲和中美洲数位胸腔引流设备市场占据主导地位。

Cardinal Health Inc、Getinge AB、Medela AG、Redax SpA 和 Teleflex Inc 是南美洲和中美洲数位胸腔引流设备市场的一些领先公司。

目录

第 1 章:简介

  • Insight Partners 研究报告指南
  • 市场区隔

第 2 章:执行摘要

  • 重要见解
  • 市场吸引力

第 3 章:研究方法

  • 覆盖范围
  • 二次研究
  • 初步研究

第 4 章:南美洲和中美洲数位胸腔引流设备市场格局

  • 概述
  • 南美洲和中美洲 PEST 分析

第 5 章:南美洲和中美洲数位胸腔引流设备市场 - 主要产业动态

  • 主要市场驱动因素:
    • 胸腔外科手术后需进行数位胸腔引流
    • 数位胸腔引流装置相对于类比胸腔引流装置的优势
  • 主要市场限制:
    • 缺乏熟练人才
  • 主要市场机会:
    • 对数位设备的倾向
  • 未来的趋势:
    • 人工智慧驱动的胸部诊断
  • 影响分析:

第 6 章:数位胸腔引流设备市场 - 南美洲和中美洲市场分析

  • 南美洲和中美洲数位胸腔引流设备市场收入,2022 - 2030
  • 数位胸腔引流设备市场-全球定价分析

第 7 章:南美洲和中美洲数位胸腔引流设备市场 - 收入和 2030 年预测 - 按产品类型

  • 概述
  • 2022 年和 2030 年南美洲和中美洲数位胸腔引流设备市场收入份额(按产品类型划分)
  • 单室
  • 多室

第 8 章:南美洲和中美洲数位胸腔引流设备市场 - 收入和 2030 年预测 -按应用

  • 概述
  • 2022 年和 2030 年南美洲和中美洲数位胸腔引流设备市场收入份额(按应用划分)
  • 心臟外科
  • 胸腔肺外科
  • 肿瘤学与创伤学
  • 传染性疾病
  • 其他的

第 9 章:南美洲和中美洲数位胸腔引流设备市场 - 收入和 2030 年预测 - 按最终用户

  • 概述
  • 2022 年和 2030 年南美洲和中美洲数位胸腔引流设备市场收入份额(按最终用户划分)(%)
  • 医院
  • 门诊手术中心
  • 其他的

第 10 章:南美洲和中美洲数位胸腔引流设备市场 - 国家分析

  • 概述
      • 南美洲和中美洲数位胸腔引流设备市场(依国家)
      • 巴西
      • 阿根廷
      • 南美洲和中美洲其他地区

第 11 章:南美洲和中美洲数位胸腔引流设备市场产业格局

  • 概述
    • 最近的发展

第 12 章:南美洲和中美洲数位胸腔引流设备市场,主要公司概况

  • Medela AG
  • Getinge AB
  • Teleflex Inc
  • Redax SpA
  • Cardinal Health Inc

第 13 章:附录

  • 关于我们
  • 专业术语
Product Code: BMIRE00029191

The South & Central America digital thoracic drainage devices market is expected to grow from US$ 6.16 million in 2022 to US$ 8.52 million by 2030. It is estimated to grow at a CAGR of 4.1% from 2022 to 2030.

Inclination Toward Digital Devices Fuels South & Central America Digital Thoracic Drainage Devices Market

The healthcare sector is keen on adopting medical devices enabled by digital technologies. The incorporation of IoT and artificial intelligence imparts capabilities such as real-time readings and health tracking into digital medical devices. Currently, the healthcare sector is rapidly adopting telecommunications devices in respiratory applications. Digital technologies in pulmonary function monitoring have been affirmed to provide significant and cost-effective results in home-care settings. An internet-based digital drainage system would help healthcare staff to monitor their patients' health in the homecare settings, alongside enabling an early discharge of patients from hospitals, thus facilitating cost reduction. With these systems, healthcare providers can address all patient concerns remotely. However, a few of the notable risks associated with internet-based digital thoracic drainage devices include uncertainties related to the internet, leading to may create emergencies such as disconnection or malfunction of the device due to poor connectivity. Such shortcomings make taking intermediate steps, such as integrating good internet network with better connectivity and installing systems to notify the disparity in the readings provided by the digital thoracic systems before discharging patients essential. Irrespective of these limitations, internet-based digital thoracic drainage devices are expected to have a good possibility of acceptance in the thoracic telemedicine area, thereby providing notable growth opportunities to the South & Central America digital thoracic drainage devices market in the future.

South & Central America Digital Thoracic Drainage Devices Market Overview

The South & Central America digital thoracic drainage devices market in South & Central America is sub segmented into the Brazil, Argentina, and the Rest of South & Central America. The growth of the market is attributed to growing technological developments in the field of thoracic surgeries and growing medical tourism. Brazil is among the largest economies in South & Central America, with a well-established healthcare system. The country has some well-recognized facilities offering effective thoracic surgical services, which indicates its receptiveness toward the adoption of technologically advanced products to offer the best-quality treatments and care. In the past, the Brazilian healthcare sector used thoracic surgeries as an effective tool to treat pulmonary tuberculosis. With further technological advancement, traditional open thoracotomies transitioned to minimally invasive surgeries and complex procedures. Later, thoracic surgeries were separated from general and cardiac surgeries to group them as an autonomous specialty. The developments also enable departments specializing in thoracic surgeries to differentiate general and cardiac surgery to become recognized as autonomous specialty. The Brazilian Society of Thoracic Surgery [Sociedade Brasileira de Cirurgia Toracica (SBCT)] is evolved as the biggest society dedicated to general thoracic surgery in the region with over 750 active members. As per the article "Thoracic Surgery in Brazil: an overview," published in the Journal of Thoracic Diseases in August 2022, Brazil had ~1,106 active thoracic surgeons in 2020. Thus, the number of active number thoracic surgery indicates that the country has performed a good number of thoracic surgeries, which indicates opportunities for the growth of the South & Central America digital thoracic drainage devices market players in the country.

South & Central America Digital Thoracic Drainage Devices Market Revenue and Forecast to 2030 (US$ Million)

South & Central America Digital Thoracic Drainage Devices Market Segmentation

The South & Central America digital thoracic drainage devices market is segmented into product type, application, end user, and country.

Based on product type, the South & Central America digital thoracic drainage devices market is segmented into single chamber and multiple chambers. The single chamber segment held a larger share of the South & Central America digital thoracic drainage devices market in 2022.

Based on application, the South & Central America digital thoracic drainage devices market is segmented into cardiac surgery, thoracic and pulmonary surgery, oncology and trauma, infectious diseases, and others. The thoracic and pulmonary surgery segment held the largest share of the South & Central America digital thoracic drainage devices market in 2022.

Based on end user, the South & Central America digital thoracic drainage devices market is segmented into hospitals, ambulatory surgical centers, and others. The hospitals segment held the largest share of the South & Central America digital thoracic drainage devices market in 2022.

Based on country, the South & Central America digital thoracic drainage devices market is segmented int o Brazil, Argentina, and the Rest of South & Central America. Brazil dominated the South & Central America digital thoracic drainage devices market in 2022.

Cardinal Health Inc, Getinge AB, Medela AG, Redax SpA, and Teleflex Inc are some of the leading companies operating in the South & Central America digital thoracic drainage devices market.

Reasons to Buy:

  • Save and reduce time carrying out entry-level research by identifying the growth, size, leading players, and segments in the South & Central America Digital Thoracic Drainage Devices Market.
  • Highlights key business priorities in order to assist companies to realign their business strategies.
  • The key findings and recommendations highlight crucial progressive industry trends in the South & Central America Digital Thoracic Drainage Devices Market, thereby allowing players across the value chain to develop effective long-term strategies.
  • Develop/modify business expansion plans by using substantial growth offering developed and emerging markets.
  • Scrutinize in-depth South & Central America market trends and outlook coupled with the factors driving the market, as well as those hindering it.
  • Enhance the decision-making process by understanding the strategies that underpin security interest with respect to client products, segmentation, pricing and distribution.

Table Of Contents

1. Introduction

  • 1.1 The Insight Partners Research Report Guidance
  • 1.2 Market Segmentation

2. Executive Summary

  • 2.1 Key Insights
  • 2.2 Market Attractiveness

3. Research Methodology

  • 3.1 Coverage
  • 3.2 Secondary Research
  • 3.3 Primary Research

4. South & Central America Digital Thoracic Drainage Devices Market Landscape

  • 4.1 Overview
  • 4.2 South & Central America PEST Analysis

5. South & Central America Digital Thoracic Drainage Devices Market - Key Industry Dynamics

  • 5.1 Key Market Drivers:
    • 5.1.1 Need for Digital Thoracic Drainage Post-Thoracic Surgery
    • 5.1.2 Advantages of Digital Thoracic Drainage Devices Over Analog Thoracic Drainage Devices
  • 5.2 Key Market Restraints:
    • 5.2.1 Lack of Skilled Personnel
  • 5.3 Key Market Opportunities:
    • 5.3.1 Inclination Toward Digital Devices
  • 5.4 Future Trends:
    • 5.4.1 AI-Powered Thoracic Diagnostics
  • 5.5 Impact Analysis:

6. Digital Thoracic Drainage Devices Market - South & Central America Market Analysis

  • 6.1 South & Central America Digital Thoracic Drainage Devices Market Revenue (US$ Mn), 2022 - 2030
  • 6.2 Digital Thoracic Drainage Devices Market-Global Pricing Analysis

7. South & Central America Digital Thoracic Drainage Devices Market - Revenue and Forecast to 2030 - by Product Type

  • 7.1 Overview
  • 7.2 South & Central America Digital Thoracic Drainage Devices Market Revenue Share, by Product Type 2022 & 2030 (%)
  • 7.3 Single Chamber
    • 7.3.1 Overview
    • 7.3.2 Single Chamber: South & Central America Digital Thoracic Drainage Devices Market - Revenue and Forecast to 2030 (US$ Million)
  • 7.4 Multiple Chamber
    • 7.4.1 Overview
    • 7.4.2 Multiple Chamber: South & Central America Digital Thoracic Drainage Devices Market - Revenue and Forecast to 2030 (US$ Million)

8. South & Central America Digital Thoracic Drainage Devices Market - Revenue and Forecast to 2030 - by Application

  • 8.1 Overview
  • 8.2 South & Central America Digital Thoracic Drainage Devices Market Revenue Share, by Application 2022 & 2030 (%)
  • 8.3 Cardiac Surgery
    • 8.3.1 Overview
    • 8.3.2 Cardiac Surgery: South & Central America Digital Thoracic Drainage Devices Market - Revenue and Forecast to 2030 (US$ Million)
  • 8.4 Thoracic and Pulmonary Surgery
    • 8.4.1 Overview
    • 8.4.2 Thoracic and Pulmonary Surgery: South & Central America Digital Thoracic Drainage Devices Market - Revenue and Forecast to 2030 (US$ Million)
  • 8.5 Oncology and Trauma
    • 8.5.1 Overview
    • 8.5.2 Oncology and Trauma: South & Central America Digital Thoracic Drainage Devices Market - Revenue and Forecast to 2030 (US$ Million)
  • 8.6 Infectious Diseases
    • 8.6.1 Overview
    • 8.6.2 Infectious Diseases: South & Central America Digital Thoracic Drainage Devices Market - Revenue and Forecast to 2030 (US$ Million)
  • 8.7 Others
    • 8.7.1 Overview
    • 8.7.2 Others: South & Central America Digital Thoracic Drainage Devices Market - Revenue and Forecast to 2030 (US$ Million)

9. South & Central America Digital Thoracic Drainage Devices Market - Revenue and Forecast to 2030 - by End User

  • 9.1 Overview
  • 9.2 South & Central America Digital Thoracic Drainage Devices Market Revenue Share, by End User 2022 & 2030 (%)
  • 9.3 Hospitals
    • 9.3.1 Overview
    • 9.3.2 Hospitals: South & Central America Digital Thoracic Drainage Devices Market - Revenue and Forecast to 2030 (US$ Million)
  • 9.4 Ambulatory Surgical Centers
    • 9.4.1 Overview
    • 9.4.2 Ambulatory Surgical Centers: South & Central America Digital Thoracic Drainage Devices Market - Revenue and Forecast to 2030 (US$ Million)
  • 9.5 Others
    • 9.5.1 Overview
    • 9.5.2 Others: South & Central America Digital Thoracic Drainage Devices Market - Revenue and Forecast to 2030 (US$ Million)

10. South & Central America Digital Thoracic Drainage Devices Market - Country Analysis

  • 10.1 Overview
      • 10.1.1.1 South & Central America Digital Thoracic Drainage Devices Market by Country
      • 10.1.1.2 Brazil
        • 10.1.1.2.1 Overview
        • 10.1.1.2.2 Brazil: South & Central America Digital Thoracic Drainage Devices Market Revenue and Forecast to 2030 (US$ Mn)
        • 10.1.1.2.3 Brazil: South & Central America Digital Thoracic Drainage Devices Market, by Product Type
        • 10.1.1.2.4 Brazil: South & Central America Digital Thoracic Drainage Devices Market, by Application
        • 10.1.1.2.5 Brazil: South & Central America Digital Thoracic Drainage Devices Market, by End User
      • 10.1.1.3 Argentina
        • 10.1.1.3.1 Overview
        • 10.1.1.3.2 Argentina: South & Central America Digital Thoracic Drainage Devices Market Revenue and Forecast to 2030 (US$ Mn)
        • 10.1.1.3.3 Argentina: South & Central America Digital Thoracic Drainage Devices Market, by Product Type
        • 10.1.1.3.4 Argentina: South & Central America Digital Thoracic Drainage Devices Market, by Application
        • 10.1.1.3.5 Argentina: South & Central America Digital Thoracic Drainage Devices Market, by End User
      • 10.1.1.4 Rest of South & Central America
        • 10.1.1.4.1 Overview
        • 10.1.1.4.2 Rest of South & Central America: South & Central America Digital Thoracic Drainage Devices Market Revenue and Forecast to 2030 (US$ Mn)
        • 10.1.1.4.3 Rest of South & Central America: South & Central America Digital Thoracic Drainage Devices Market, by Product Type
        • 10.1.1.4.4 Rest of South & Central America: South & Central America Digital Thoracic Drainage Devices Market, by Application
        • 10.1.1.4.5 Rest of South & Central America: South & Central America Digital Thoracic Drainage Devices Market, by End User

11. South & Central America Digital Thoracic Drainage Devices Market Industry Landscape

  • 11.1 Overview
    • 11.1.1 Recent Developments

12. South & Central America Digital Thoracic Drainage Devices Market, Key Company Profiles

  • 12.1 Medela AG
    • 12.1.1 Key Facts
    • 12.1.2 Business Description
    • 12.1.3 Products and Services
    • 12.1.4 Financial Overview
    • 12.1.5 SWOT Analysis
    • 12.1.6 Key Developments
  • 12.2 Getinge AB
    • 12.2.1 Key Facts
    • 12.2.2 Business Description
    • 12.2.3 Products and Services
    • 12.2.4 Financial Overview
    • 12.2.5 SWOT Analysis
    • 12.2.6 Key Developments
  • 12.3 Teleflex Inc
    • 12.3.1 Key Facts
    • 12.3.2 Business Description
    • 12.3.3 Products and Services
    • 12.3.4 Financial Overview
    • 12.3.5 SWOT Analysis
    • 12.3.6 Key Developments
  • 12.4 Redax SpA
    • 12.4.1 Key Facts
    • 12.4.2 Business Description
    • 12.4.3 Products and Services
    • 12.4.4 Financial Overview
    • 12.4.5 SWOT Analysis
    • 12.4.6 Key Developments
  • 12.5 Cardinal Health Inc
    • 12.5.1 Key Facts
    • 12.5.2 Business Description
    • 12.5.3 Products and Services
    • 12.5.4 Financial Overview
    • 12.5.5 SWOT Analysis
    • 12.5.6 Key Developments

13. Appendix

  • 13.1 About Us
  • 13.2 Glossary of Terms

List Of Tables

  • Table 1. South & Central America Digital Thoracic Drainage Devices Market Segmentation
  • Table 2. Brazil: South & Central America Digital Thoracic Drainage Devices Market Revenue And Forecast to 2030 (US$ Mn) - Product Type
  • Table 3. Brazil: South & Central America Digital Thoracic Drainage Devices Market Revenue And Forecast to 2030 (US$ Mn) - Application
  • Table 4. Brazil: South & Central America Digital Thoracic Drainage Devices Market Revenue And Forecast to 2030 (US$ Mn) - End User
  • Table 5. Argentina: South & Central America Digital Thoracic Drainage Devices Market Revenue And Forecast to 2030 (US$ Mn) - Product Type
  • Table 6. Argentina: South & Central America Digital Thoracic Drainage Devices Market Revenue And Forecast to 2030 (US$ Mn) - Application
  • Table 7. Argentina: South & Central America Digital Thoracic Drainage Devices Market Revenue And Forecast to 2030 (US$ Mn) - End User
  • Table 8. Rest of South & Central America: South & Central America Digital Thoracic Drainage Devices Market Revenue And Forecast to 2030 (US$ Mn) - Product Type
  • Table 9. Rest of South & Central America: South & Central America Digital Thoracic Drainage Devices Market Revenue And Forecast to 2030 (US$ Mn) - Application
  • Table 10. Rest of South & Central America: South & Central America Digital Thoracic Drainage Devices Market Revenue And Forecast to 2030 (US$ Mn) - End User
  • Table 11. Recent Developments in the Digital Thoracic Drainage Devices Market
  • Table 12. Glossary of Terms, South & Central America Digital Thoracic Drainage Devices Market

List Of Figures

  • Figure 1. South & Central America Digital Thoracic Drainage Devices Market Segmentation, By Country
  • Figure 2. South & Central America - PEST Analysis
  • Figure 3. South & Central America Digital Thoracic Drainage Devices Market - Key Industry Dynamics
  • Figure 4. Impact Analysis of Drivers and Restraints
  • Figure 5. South & Central America Digital Thoracic Drainage Devices Market Revenue (US$ Mn), 2022 - 2030
  • Figure 6. South & Central America Digital Thoracic Drainage Devices Market Revenue Share, by Product Type 2022 & 2030 (%)
  • Figure 7. Single Chamber: South & Central America Digital Thoracic Drainage Devices Market - Revenue and Forecast to 2030 (US$ Million)
  • Figure 8. Multiple Chamber: South & Central America Digital Thoracic Drainage Devices Market - Revenue and Forecast to 2030 (US$ Million)
  • Figure 9. South & Central America Digital Thoracic Drainage Devices Market Revenue Share, by Application 2022 & 2030 (%)
  • Figure 10. Cardiac Surgery: South & Central America Digital Thoracic Drainage Devices Market - Revenue and Forecast to 2030 (US$ Million)
  • Figure 11. Thoracic and Pulmonary Surgery: South & Central America Digital Thoracic Drainage Devices Market - Revenue and Forecast to 2030 (US$ Million)
  • Figure 12. Oncology and Trauma: South & Central America Digital Thoracic Drainage Devices Market - Revenue and Forecast to 2030 (US$ Million)
  • Figure 13. Infectious Diseases: South & Central America Digital Thoracic Drainage Devices Market - Revenue and Forecast to 2030 (US$ Million)
  • Figure 14. Others: South & Central America Digital Thoracic Drainage Devices Market - Revenue and Forecast to 2030 (US$ Million)
  • Figure 15. South & Central America Digital Thoracic Drainage Devices Market Revenue Share, by End User 2022 & 2030 (%)
  • Figure 16. Hospitals: South & Central America Digital Thoracic Drainage Devices Market - Revenue and Forecast to 2030 (US$ Million)
  • Figure 17. Ambulatory Surgical Centers: South & Central America Digital Thoracic Drainage Devices Market - Revenue and Forecast to 2030 (US$ Million)
  • Figure 18. Others: South & Central America Digital Thoracic Drainage Devices Market - Revenue and Forecast to 2030 (US$ Million)
  • Figure 19. South & Central America Digital Thoracic Drainage Devices Market, By Country, 2022 ($Mn)
  • Figure 20. South & Central America Digital Thoracic Drainage Devices Market, By Key Countries, 2022 And 2030 (%)
  • Figure 21. Brazil: South & Central America Digital Thoracic Drainage Devices Market Revenue And Forecast to 2030 (US$ Mn)
  • Figure 22. Argentina: South & Central America Digital Thoracic Drainage Devices Market Revenue And Forecast to 2030 (US$ Mn)
  • Figure 23. Rest of South & Central America: South & Central America Digital Thoracic Drainage Devices Market Revenue And Forecast to 2030 (US$ Mn)