血液和血浆成分市场 - 2017-2027 年全球行业规模、份额、趋势、机会和预测,按产品、按应用、最终用户、公司和地区细分
市场调查报告书
商品编码
1321035

血液和血浆成分市场 - 2017-2027 年全球行业规模、份额、趋势、机会和预测,按产品、按应用、最终用户、公司和地区细分

Blood & Plasma Components Market - Global Industry Size, Share, Trends, Opportunity, and Forecast, 2017-2027 Segmented By Products, By Application, By End User, By company and By Region

出版日期: | 出版商: TechSci Research | 英文 117 Pages | 商品交期: 2-3个工作天内

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简介目录

预计全球血液和血浆成分市场在 2023-2027 年预测期内将出现令人印象深刻的增长。主要因素包括手术量的增加、创伤和道路事故发生率的激增以及患有包括癌症在内的慢性病的人数的增加,这些都抑制了市场的增长。血液是一种维持生命的液体,流经全身,为身体组织提供营养、电解质、激素、抗体和维生素。血浆是血液的一部分,本质上是水性的;它含有盐和蛋白质,其中悬浮有血小板、白细胞和红细胞。支持市场增长的其他因素包括,人们对献血重要性的认识不断提高、患者人数较多、政府倡议、增加对研发活动的投资、各个血液组织开展的多次献血活动、老年人口基数的增加、研发活动的增加和技术进步。此外,市场参与者采取的合作伙伴关係和产品发布等战略倡议正在促进市场的增长。

创伤和道路事故的发生率不断增加

创伤和道路事故发生率的增加是推动市场增长的重要因素。有时,人们会遭受出血等创伤;血液量减少,身体无法足够快地补充。一项调查显示,2018年,每年约有6万名美国人死于失血或失血。此外,由于交通事故数量的增加,体内失血过多,增加了对输血或血浆以防止出血的需求。因此,这些情况反过来又促进了全球血液和血浆成分市场的增长。根据世界卫生组织的研究,2020年,全球每年有近150万人因道路交通伤害死亡。

血液疾病和手术频率上升

全球出血性疾病发病率的不断上升和手术数量的增加正在推动市场的增长。 A 型和 B 型血友病以及冯·维勒布兰德病是最常见的出血性疾病。例如,2019年,全球有195,263人被诊断患有血友病,80,302人被诊断患有冯维勒布兰德病。除此之外,手术病例的增加正在推动市场的增长,因为手术过程中会流失大量血液,这增加了需要输血的机会。此外,贫血患者对输血的需求也会增加。例如,全球每年进行约3.1亿例大手术,其中5000万例在美国,2000万例在欧洲。

越来越多地采用无机增长策略

合併、合作、收购和伙伴关係等各种无机增长战略正在支持市场的增长。例如,威斯康星州血液中心与 SysLogic Inc. 合作,研究如何利用 RFID 技术来提高患者在采集和输注血液製品时的安全性。同样,2018 年,Invitrx Inc. 推出了一种脐带血血浆产品,其中含有促进可塑性的蛋白质,可能具有抗衰老作用,可增加神经发生和认知功能。

市场细分

全球血液和血浆成分市场分为产品、应用、最终用户和公司。根据产品,市场分为浓缩红细胞、血小板产品、冷冻血浆和血浆衍生产品。根据血浆衍生产品,市场进一步分为免疫球蛋白、白蛋白、浓缩凝血因子等。根据应用,市场分为血液学、实体瘤管理等。根据血液学,市场进一步分为血红蛋白病、血液恶性肿瘤治疗、凝血病等。根据最终用户,市场分为医院和诊所、诊断实验室等。就国家而言,由于美国慢性病和手术数量不断增加,预计在预测期内美国将成为一个利润丰厚的市场。

市场参与者

CSL Limited、Grifols SA、ADMA Biologics, Inc.、Takeda Pharmaceutical Company Limited、Octapharma AG、Kedrion SpA、Emergent BioSolutions Inc.、Bio Products Laboratory Ltd.、LFB SA 和Versiti, Inc. 是在这些领域运营的一些领先公司。市场。

可用的定制

根据给定的市场数据,TechSci Research 可根据公司的具体需求提供定制服务。该报告可以使用以下自定义选项:

公司信息

  • 其他市场参与者(最多五个)的详细分析和概况分析。

目录

第 1 章:产品概述

第 2 章:研究方法

第 3 章:执行摘要

第 4 章:COVID-19 对全球血液和血浆成分市场的影响

第 5 章:客户之声

第 6 章:全球血液和血浆成分市场展望

  • 市场规模及预测
    • 按价值
  • 市场份额及预测
    • 副产品(浓缩红细胞、血小板产品、冷冻血浆、血浆衍生产品)
    • 按应用(血液学、实体瘤治疗、其他)
    • 按最终用户(医院和诊所、诊断实验室、其他)
    • 按公司划分 (2021)
    • 按地区
  • 市场地图

第 7 章:北美血液和血浆成分市场展望

  • 市场规模及预测
    • 按价值
  • 市场份额及预测
    • 副产品(浓缩红细胞、血小板产品、冷冻血浆、血浆衍生产品)
    • 按应用(血液学、实体瘤治疗、其他)
    • 按最终用户(医院和诊所、诊断实验室、其他)
    • 按国家/地区
  • 北美:国家分析
    • 美国
    • 加拿大
    • 墨西哥

第 8 章:欧洲血液和血浆成分市场展望

  • 市场规模及预测
    • 按价值
  • 市场份额及预测
    • 副产品(浓缩红细胞、血小板产品、冷冻血浆、血浆衍生产品)
    • 按应用(血液学、实体瘤治疗、其他)
    • 按最终用户(医院和诊所、诊断实验室、其他)
    • 按国家/地区
  • 欧洲:国家分析
    • 法国
    • 德国
    • 英国
    • 意大利
    • 西班牙

第 9 章:亚太地区血液和血浆成分市场展望

  • 市场规模及预测
    • 按价值
  • 市场份额及预测
    • 副产品(浓缩红细胞、血小板产品、冷冻血浆、血浆衍生产品)
    • 按应用(血液学、实体瘤治疗、其他)
    • 按最终用户(医院和诊所、诊断实验室、其他)
    • 按国家/地区
  • 亚太地区:国家分析
    • 中国
    • 印度
    • 日本
    • 韩国
    • 澳大利亚

第 10 章:南美血液和血浆成分市场展望

  • 市场规模及预测
    • 按价值
  • 市场份额及预测
    • 副产品(浓缩红细胞、血小板产品、冷冻血浆、血浆衍生产品)
    • 按应用(血液学、实体瘤治疗、其他)
    • 按最终用户(医院和诊所、诊断实验室、其他)
    • 按国家/地区
  • 南美洲:国家分析
    • 巴西
    • 阿根廷
    • 哥伦比亚

第 11 章:中东和非洲血液和血浆成分市场展望

  • 市场规模及预测
    • 按价值
  • 市场份额及预测
    • 副产品(浓缩红细胞、血小板产品、冷冻血浆、血浆衍生产品)
    • 按应用(血液学、实体瘤治疗、其他)
    • 按最终用户(医院和诊所、诊断实验室、其他)
    • 按国家/地区
  • MEA:国家分析
    • 南非 血液和血浆成分
    • 沙特阿拉伯 血液和血浆成分
    • 阿联酋血液和血浆成分

第 12 章:市场动态

  • 司机
  • 挑战

第 13 章:市场趋势与发展

第14章:竞争格局

  • 中超有限公司
  • 格里福斯公司
  • ADMA 生物製剂公司
  • 武田药品工业株式会社
  • 奥克塔製药公司
  • 凯德瑞安公司
  • 紧急生物解决方案公司
  • 生物製品实验室有限公司
  • LFB SA
  • 韦尔西蒂公司

第 15 章:战略建议

简介目录
Product Code: 12989

The global blood & plasma components market is anticipated to observe impressive growth during the forecast period, 2023-2027. The major factors include the growing volume of surgeries, the surge in the prevalence of trauma and road accidents, and the increase in the number of people from chronic conditions, including cancer are curbing the growth of the market. Blood is a life-sustaining fluid that flows throughout the body, giving nourishment, electrolytes, hormones, antibodies, and vitamins to body tissues. Plasma is a part of the blood which is aqueous in nature; it contains salt and proteins in which platelets, white blood cells, and red blood cells are suspended. The other factors supporting the market's growth are, rising awareness associated with the significance of blood donations, high patient pool, government initiatives, increasing investments for research and development activities, several blood donation campaigns undertaken by various blood organizations, rise in the elderly population base, rise in R&D activities, and technological advancements. Also, the strategic initiatives such as partnerships and product launches undertaken by the market players are augmenting the growth of the market.

Increasing Occurrence of Trauma and Road Accidents

The growing incidence of trauma and road accidents is a significant factor propelling the growth of the market. At times, people suffer from traumas such as hemorrhage; the amount of blood present gets reduced and cannot be replaced fast enough by the body. According to a review, in 2018, approximately 60,000 Americans died from hemorrhaging or blood loss every year. Also, owing to the rise in the number of road accidents, excessive blood loss from the body is raising the demand for blood or plasma transfusion to prevent bleeding. Thus, in turn, these situations are augmenting the growth of the blood and plasma component market globally. According to WHO research, in 2020, nearly 1.5 million people died every year due to road traffic injuries around the globe.

Rising Frequency of Blood Diseases and Surgeries

The growing incidences of bleeding disorders and the rising number of surgeries across the globe are bolstering the growth of the market. Hemophilia A and B and von Willebrand disease are the most common bleeding disorders. For instance, in 2019, 195,263 people globally were diagnosed with hemophilia, and 80,302 were diagnosed with von Willebrand disease. In addition to these, increasing cases of surgeries are impelling the growth of the market as a lot of blood is lost during the operations, which increases the chances of needing transfusions. Also, the demand for blood transfusion rises in patients who are anemic. For instance, approximately 310 million major surgeries are performed every year globally, of which 50 million are in the USA, and 20 million are in Europe.

Increasing Adoption of Inorganic Growth Strategies

Various inorganic growth strategies such as mergers, collaborations, acquisitions, and partnerships are supporting the growth of the market. For instance, the Blood Center of Wisconsin collaborated with SysLogic Inc. to research how RFID technology can be utilized to heighten the safety of the patient while collecting and transfusing blood products. Similarly, in 2018, Invitrx Inc. launched a cord blood plasma product that contains plasticity-promoting proteins that may have anti-aging effects that increase neurogenesis and cognitive function.

Market Segmentation

The global blood & plasma components market is segmented into products, applications, end user, and company. Based on products, the market is divided into packed red blood cells, platelets products, frozen plasma, and plasma-derived products. Based on plasma-derived products, the market is further divided into immunoglobulins, albumins, coagulation factor concentrates, and others. Based on application, the market is divided into hematology, solid tumor management, and others. Based on hematology, the market is further divided into hemoglobinopathy, hematologic malignancies treatment, coagulopathy, and others. Based on end-user, the market is divided into hospitals & clinics, diagnostic laboratories, and others. In terms of country, the United States is expected to be a lucrative market in the forecast period due to the rising number of chronic diseases and surgeries in the country.

Market Players

CSL Limited, Grifols S.A., ADMA Biologics, Inc., Takeda Pharmaceutical Company Limited, Octapharma AG, Kedrion S.p.A, Emergent BioSolutions Inc., Bio Products Laboratory Ltd., LFB S.A., and Versiti, Inc. are some of the leading companies operating in the market.

Report Scope

In this report, global blood & plasma components market has been segmented into following categories, in addition to the industry trends which have also been detailed below:

Blood & Plasma Components Market, By Products:

  • Packed Red Blood Cells
  • Platelets Products
  • Frozen Plasma
  • Plasma Derived Products
    • Immunoglobulins
    • Albumins
    • Coagulation Factor Concentrates
    • Others
    • Blood & Plasma Components Market, By Application:
  • Hematology
    • Hemoglobinopathy
    • Hematologic Malignancies Treatment
    • Coagulopathy
    • Others
  • Solid Tumor Management
  • Others

Blood & Plasma Components Market, By End User:

  • Hospitals & Clinics
  • Diagnostic Laboratories
  • Others

Blood & Plasma Components Market, By Region:

  • North America
    • United States
    • Canada
    • Mexico
  • Asia-Pacific
    • China
    • India
    • Japan
    • Australia
    • South Korea
  • Europe & CIS
    • Germany
    • France
    • United Kingdom
    • Spain
    • Italy
  • South America
    • Brazil
    • Argentina
    • Colombia
  • Middle East & Africa
    • South Africa
    • Saudi Arabia
    • UAE

Competitive Landscape

Company Profiles: Detailed analysis of the major companies present in Global Blood & Plasma Components Market

Available Customizations

With the given market data, TechSci Research offers customizations according to a company's specific needs. The following customization options are available for the report:

Company Information

  • Detailed analysis and profiling of additional market players (up to five).

Table of Contents

1. Product Overview

2. Research Methodology

3. Executive Summary

4. Impact of COVID-19 on Global Blood & Plasma Components Market

5. Voice of Customer

6. Global Blood & Plasma Components Market Outlook

  • 6.1. Market Size & Forecast
    • 6.1.1. By Value
  • 6.2. Market Share & Forecast
    • 6.2.1. By Products (Packed Red Blood Cells, Platelets Products, Frozen Plasma, Plasma Derived Products)
      • 6.2.1.1. By Plasma Derived Products (Immunoglobulins, Albumins, Coagulation Factor Concentrates, Others)
    • 6.2.2. By Application (Hematology, Solid Tumor Management, Others)
      • 6.2.2.1. By Hematology (Hemoglobinopathy, Hematologic Malignancies Treatment, Coagulopathy, Others)
    • 6.2.3. By End User (Hospitals & Clinics, Diagnostic Laboratories, Others)
    • 6.2.4. By Company (2021)
    • 6.2.5. By Region
  • 6.3. Market Map

7. North America Blood & Plasma Components Market Outlook

  • 7.1. Market Size & Forecast
    • 7.1.1. By Value
  • 7.2. Market Share & Forecast
    • 7.2.1. By Products (Packed Red Blood Cells, Platelets Products, Frozen Plasma, Plasma Derived Products)
      • 7.2.1.1. By Plasma Derived Products (Immunoglobulins, Albumins, Coagulation Factor Concentrates, Others)
    • 7.2.2. By Application (Hematology, Solid Tumor Management, Others)
      • 7.2.2.1. By Hematology (Hemoglobinopathy, Hematologic Malignancies Treatment, Coagulopathy, Others)
    • 7.2.3. By End User (Hospitals & Clinics, Diagnostic Laboratories, Others)
    • 7.2.4. By Country
  • 7.3. North America: Country Analysis
    • 7.3.1. United States Blood & Plasma Components Market Outlook
      • 7.3.1.1. Market Size & Forecast
        • 7.3.1.1.1. By Value
      • 7.3.1.2. Market Share & Forecast
        • 7.3.1.2.1. By Products
        • 7.3.1.2.2. By Application
        • 7.3.1.2.3. By End User
    • 7.3.2. Canada Blood & Plasma Components Market Outlook
      • 7.3.2.1. Market Size & Forecast
        • 7.3.2.1.1. By Value
      • 7.3.2.2. Market Share & Forecast
        • 7.3.2.2.1. By Products
        • 7.3.2.2.2. By Application
        • 7.3.2.2.3. By End User
    • 7.3.3. Mexico Blood & Plasma Components Market Outlook
      • 7.3.3.1. Market Size & Forecast
        • 7.3.3.1.1. By Value
      • 7.3.3.2. Market Share & Forecast
        • 7.3.3.2.1. By Products
        • 7.3.3.2.2. By Application
        • 7.3.3.2.3. By End User

8. Europe Blood & Plasma Components Market Outlook

  • 8.1. Market Size & Forecast
    • 8.1.1. By Value
  • 8.2. Market Share & Forecast
    • 8.2.1. By Products (Packed Red Blood Cells, Platelets Products, Frozen Plasma, Plasma Derived Products)
      • 8.2.1.1. By Plasma Derived Products (Immunoglobulins, Albumins, Coagulation Factor Concentrates, Others)
    • 8.2.2. By Application (Hematology, Solid Tumor Management, Others)
      • 8.2.2.1. By Hematology (Hemoglobinopathy, Hematologic Malignancies Treatment, Coagulopathy, Others)
    • 8.2.3. By End User (Hospitals & Clinics, Diagnostic Laboratories, Others)
    • 8.2.4. By Country
  • 8.3. Europe: Country Analysis
    • 8.3.1. France Blood & Plasma Components Market Outlook
      • 8.3.1.1. Market Size & Forecast
        • 8.3.1.1.1. By Value
      • 8.3.1.2. Market Share & Forecast
        • 8.3.1.2.1. By Products
        • 8.3.1.2.2. By Application
        • 8.3.1.2.3. By End User
    • 8.3.2. Germany Blood & Plasma Components Market Outlook
      • 8.3.2.1. Market Size & Forecast
        • 8.3.2.1.1. By Value
      • 8.3.2.2. Market Share & Forecast
        • 8.3.2.2.1. By Products
        • 8.3.2.2.2. By Application
        • 8.3.2.2.3. By End User
    • 8.3.3. United Kingdom Blood & Plasma Components Market Outlook
      • 8.3.3.1. Market Size & Forecast
        • 8.3.3.1.1. By Value
      • 8.3.3.2. Market Share & Forecast
        • 8.3.3.2.1. By Products
        • 8.3.3.2.2. By Application
        • 8.3.3.2.3. By End User
    • 8.3.4. Italy Blood & Plasma Components Market Outlook
      • 8.3.4.1. Market Size & Forecast
        • 8.3.4.1.1. By Value
      • 8.3.4.2. Market Share & Forecast
        • 8.3.4.2.1. By Products
        • 8.3.4.2.2. By Application
        • 8.3.4.2.3. By End User
    • 8.3.5. Spain Blood & Plasma Components Market Outlook
      • 8.3.5.1. Market Size & Forecast
        • 8.3.5.1.1. By Value
      • 8.3.5.2. Market Share & Forecast
        • 8.3.5.2.1. By Products
        • 8.3.5.2.2. By Application
        • 8.3.5.2.3. By End User

9. Asia-Pacific Blood & Plasma Components Market Outlook

  • 9.1. Market Size & Forecast
    • 9.1.1. By Value
  • 9.2. Market Share & Forecast
    • 9.2.1. By Products (Packed Red Blood Cells, Platelets Products, Frozen Plasma, Plasma Derived Products)
      • 9.2.1.1. By Plasma Derived Products (Immunoglobulins, Albumins, Coagulation Factor Concentrates, Others)
    • 9.2.2. By Application (Hematology, Solid Tumor Management, Others)
      • 9.2.2.1. By Hematology (Hemoglobinopathy, Hematologic Malignancies Treatment, Coagulopathy, Others)
    • 9.2.3. By End User (Hospitals & Clinics, Diagnostic Laboratories, Others)
    • 9.2.4. By Country
  • 9.3. Asia-Pacific: Country Analysis
    • 9.3.1. China Blood & Plasma Components Market Outlook
      • 9.3.1.1. Market Size & Forecast
        • 9.3.1.1.1. By Value
      • 9.3.1.2. Market Share & Forecast
        • 9.3.1.2.1. By Products
        • 9.3.1.2.2. By Application
        • 9.3.1.2.3. By End User
    • 9.3.2. India Blood & Plasma Components Market Outlook
      • 9.3.2.1. Market Size & Forecast
        • 9.3.2.1.1. By Value
      • 9.3.2.2. Market Share & Forecast
        • 9.3.2.2.1. By Products
        • 9.3.2.2.2. By Application
        • 9.3.2.2.3. By End User
    • 9.3.3. Japan Blood & Plasma Components Market Outlook
      • 9.3.3.1. Market Size & Forecast
        • 9.3.3.1.1. By Value
      • 9.3.3.2. Market Share & Forecast
        • 9.3.3.2.1. By Products
        • 9.3.3.2.2. By Application
        • 9.3.3.2.3. By End User
    • 9.3.4. South Korea Blood & Plasma Components Market Outlook
      • 9.3.4.1. Market Size & Forecast
        • 9.3.4.1.1. By Value
      • 9.3.4.2. Market Share & Forecast
        • 9.3.4.2.1. By Products
        • 9.3.4.2.2. By Application
        • 9.3.4.2.3. By End User
    • 9.3.5. Australia Blood & Plasma Components Market Outlook
      • 9.3.5.1. Market Size & Forecast
        • 9.3.5.1.1. By Value
      • 9.3.5.2. Market Share & Forecast
        • 9.3.5.2.1. By Products
        • 9.3.5.2.2. By Application
        • 9.3.5.2.3. By End User

10. South America Blood & Plasma Components Market Outlook

  • 10.1. Market Size & Forecast
    • 10.1.1. By Value
  • 10.2. Market Share & Forecast
    • 10.2.1. By Products (Packed Red Blood Cells, Platelets Products, Frozen Plasma, Plasma Derived Products)
      • 10.2.1.1. By Plasma Derived Products (Immunoglobulins, Albumins, Coagulation Factor Concentrates, Others)
    • 10.2.2. By Application (Hematology, Solid Tumor Management, Others)
      • 10.2.2.1. By Hematology (Hemoglobinopathy, Hematologic Malignancies Treatment, Coagulopathy, Others)
    • 10.2.3. By End User (Hospitals & Clinics, Diagnostic Laboratories, Others)
    • 10.2.4. By Country
  • 10.3. South America: Country Analysis
    • 10.3.1. Brazil Blood & Plasma Components Market Outlook
      • 10.3.1.1. Market Size & Forecast
        • 10.3.1.1.1. By Value
      • 10.3.1.2. Market Share & Forecast
        • 10.3.1.2.1. By Products
        • 10.3.1.2.2. By Application
        • 10.3.1.2.3. By End User
    • 10.3.2. Argentina Blood & Plasma Components Market Outlook
      • 10.3.2.1. Market Size & Forecast
        • 10.3.2.1.1. By Value
      • 10.3.2.2. Market Share & Forecast
        • 10.3.2.2.1. By Products
        • 10.3.2.2.2. By Application
        • 10.3.2.2.3. By End User
    • 10.3.3. Colombia Blood & Plasma Components Market Outlook
      • 10.3.3.1. Market Size & Forecast
        • 10.3.3.1.1. By Value
      • 10.3.3.2. Market Share & Forecast
        • 10.3.3.2.1. By Products
        • 10.3.3.2.2. By Application
        • 10.3.3.2.3. By End User

11. Middle East and Africa Blood & Plasma Components Market Outlook

  • 11.1. Market Size & Forecast
    • 11.1.1. By Value
  • 11.2. Market Share & Forecast
    • 11.2.1. By Products (Packed Red Blood Cells, Platelets Products, Frozen Plasma, Plasma Derived Products)
      • 11.2.1.1. By Plasma Derived Products (Immunoglobulins, Albumins, Coagulation Factor Concentrates, Others)
    • 11.2.2. By Application (Hematology, Solid Tumor Management, Others)
      • 11.2.2.1. By Hematology (Hemoglobinopathy, Hematologic Malignancies Treatment, Coagulopathy, Others)
    • 11.2.3. By End User (Hospitals & Clinics, Diagnostic Laboratories, Others)
    • 11.2.4. By Country
  • 11.3. MEA: Country Analysis
    • 11.3.1. South Africa Blood & Plasma Components Market Outlook
      • 11.3.1.1. Market Size & Forecast
        • 11.3.1.1.1. By Value
      • 11.3.1.2. Market Share & Forecast
        • 11.3.1.2.1. By Products
        • 11.3.1.2.2. By Application
        • 11.3.1.2.3. By End User
    • 11.3.2. Saudi Arabia Blood & Plasma Components Market Outlook
      • 11.3.2.1. Market Size & Forecast
        • 11.3.2.1.1. By Value
      • 11.3.2.2. Market Share & Forecast
        • 11.3.2.2.1. By Products
        • 11.3.2.2.2. By Application
        • 11.3.2.2.3. By End User
    • 11.3.3. UAE Blood & Plasma Components Market Outlook
      • 11.3.3.1. Market Size & Forecast
        • 11.3.3.1.1. By Value
      • 11.3.3.2. Market Share & Forecast
        • 11.3.3.2.1. By Products
        • 11.3.3.2.2. By Application
        • 11.3.3.2.3. By End User

12. Market Dynamics

  • 12.1. Drivers
  • 12.2. Challenges

13. Market Trends & Developments

14. Competitive Landscape

  • 14.1. CSL Limited
  • 14.2. Grifols S.A.
  • 14.3. ADMA Biologics, Inc.
  • 14.4. Takeda Pharmaceutical Company Limited
  • 14.5. Octapharma AG
  • 14.6. Kedrion S.p.A
  • 14.7. Emergent BioSolutions Inc.
  • 14.8. Bio Products Laboratory Ltd.
  • 14.9. LFB S.A.
  • 14.10. Versiti, Inc.

15. Strategic Recommendations