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市场调查报告书
商品编码
1361327

全球硬脂酸市场，按类型（动物基、植物基）、最终用途（肥皂和洗涤剂、个人护理、纺织品、润滑剂、橡胶加工等）、按地区、竞争、预测和机会，2018-2028F

Global Stearic Acid Market, By Type (Animal Based, Vegetable Based), By End Use (Soaps & Detergents, Personal Care, Textiles, Lubricants, Rubber Processing and Others), By Region, Competition, Forecast & Opportunities, 2018-2028F
出版日期: | 出版商: TechSci Research | 英文 182 Pages | 商品交期: 2-3个工作天内

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简介目录

2022年全球硬脂酸市场价值为878万吨，预计在预测期内将出现强劲增长，到2028年复合年增长率(CAGR)为6.33%，预计到2028年将达到1160万吨硬脂酸，又称十八烷酸，应用于食品、化妆品、橡胶、医药等多个行业。它源自棕榈油和玉米等材料，不溶于水。此外，硬脂酸也用于肥皂、洗髮精和蜡烛的生产。它还可以用作铝和铁等金属粉末的涂层，延长其保质期。全球各产业对中间体和添加剂的需求不断增长是预测期内市场预期成长的关键驱动力。此外，汽车行业越来越多地采用硬脂酸预计将进一步推动市场扩张。此外，消费者对个人健康和卫生意识的提高预计将有助于市场成长。此外，硬脂酸在金属清洁和蜡烛製造中的使用增加将在不久的将来推动市场的成长。

主要市场驱动因素

汽车产业需求激增

市场概况
预测期 2024-2028
2022 年市场规模 878万吨
2028F 市场规模 1160万吨
2023-2028 年复合年增长率 6.33%
成长最快的细分市场 个人护理
最大的市场 亚太地区

硬脂酸在汽车领域的地位日益突出，推动了市场的成长。由于汽车产业注重提高车内舒适度和美观度，硬脂酸发挥着至关重要的作用。它用于生产汽车座椅、仪表板和其他内装部件的材料，有助于打造美观且舒适的内装。此外，硬脂酸还可用于轮胎製造，提高轮胎性能和耐用性。不断增长的汽车市场导致对高品质轮胎的需求增加，从而刺激了硬脂酸的需求。此外，硬脂酸对于生产密封件、垫圈和软管等橡胶部件至关重要，这对车辆的功能和安全至关重要。汽车产量的不断增长推动了这些应用中对硬脂酸的需求。硬脂酸的润滑特性对于汽车润滑油和涂料非常有价值，可提高效率和性能。随着汽车工业采用先进材料，硬脂酸的使用量不断增加。此外，硬脂酸的可持续采购符合该行业的环境目标。

硬脂酸在金属加工工业的使用不断增加

硬脂酸的多功能性在金属加工产业中显而易见。它充当润滑剂、脱模剂和防腐剂，增强金属加工过程。在压铸中，硬脂酸可减少摩擦，从而使脱模更顺畅并改善表面光洁度。它还在金属表面形成保护层，防止腐蚀。硬脂酸的润滑特性可最大限度地减少拉丝和金属成型中的摩擦，改善工具磨损和表面光洁度。它在粉末冶金中用作金属粉末的黏合剂，增强烧结过程中的均匀性并控制收缩。硬脂酸用于挤压和锻造，减少金属变形所需的能量。它的应用扩展到汽车润滑油和涂料，提高性能。此外，硬脂酸有助于汽车零件的防腐处理。

蜡烛生产中硬脂酸用量的增加

硬脂酸在蜡烛生产中的作用越来越大。它提高了蜡烛的硬度，减少了熔化和滴落的趋势，并延长了燃烧时间。它最大限度地减少烟灰的形成并确保蜡烛均匀燃烧。硬脂酸的客製化选项对手工蜡烛製造商很有吸引力。它对于香氛蜡烛至关重要，可确保香味均匀扩散。随着手工蜡烛製作越来越受欢迎，对硬脂酸的需求也增加。

主要市场挑战

原料供应和成本波动

硬脂酸的生产取决于植物油和动物脂肪等原料。供应中断或其他行业的需求增加可能导致短缺和成本波动。原材料价格的波动会影响生产成本，进而影响利润率。供应链中断可能导致延误和成本增加。

环境议题与永续发展

硬脂酸的生产和采购引起了环境问题，包括碳足迹、森林砍伐和栖息地丧失。永续采购和生产对于解决这些问题至关重要。製造过程会产生废弃物和污染物，影响当地生态系统。

主要市场趋势

有机产品越来越受欢迎

有机产品的趋势正在影响硬脂酸的采购和利用。有机硬脂酸符合消费者对天然和永续成分的偏好。有机农业实践促进永续发展并减少对环境的影响。

细分市场洞察

类型洞察

2022 年，植物基细分市场在硬脂酸市场中占据主导地位，预计将继续扩大。植物硬脂酸吸引了环保意识的消费者。

应用洞察

2022 年，个人护理领域占据市场主导地位，预计将继续扩大。硬脂酸对于控制个人护理产品的黏度和稳定性至关重要。

区域洞察

由于中产阶级的崛起和消费者支出的增加，特别是在化妆品、个人护理和食品行业，亚太地区引领全球硬脂酸市场。

主要市场参与者

  • 阿克苏诺贝尔油脂化学品有限公司
  • 金刚砂油脂化学品
  • 宝洁化学品公司
  • PMC百健尼克斯
  • 威威富有限公司
  • 双河
  • 丰益国际
  • 奥莱恩公司
  • 花王化学
  • 太平洋油脂化学股份有限公司

报告范围：

在本报告中，除了以下详细介绍的产业趋势外，全球硬脂酸市场也分为以下几类：

硬脂酸市场，依类型：

  • 以动物为基础
  • 蔬菜为主

硬脂酸市场，依最终用途：

  • 肥皂和洗涤剂
  • 个人护理
  • 纺织品
  • 润滑剂
  • 橡胶加工
  • 其他的

硬脂酸市场，按地区：

  • 亚太地区
  • 北美洲
  • 欧洲
  • 中东和非洲
  • 南美洲

竞争格局：

公司简介：全球硬脂酸市场主要公司的详细分析。

可用的客製化：

全球硬脂酸市场报告根据给定的市场资料，TechSci Research 根据公司的具体需求提供客製化服务。该报告可以使用以下自订选项：

公司资讯：

  • 其他市场参与者（最多五个）的详细分析和概况分析。

目录

第 1 章：产品概述

  • 市场定义
  • 市场范围
    • 涵盖的市场
    • 考虑学习的年份
    • 主要市场区隔

第 2 章：研究方法

  • 研究目的
  • 基线方法
  • 主要产业伙伴
  • 主要协会和二手资料来源
  • 预测方法
  • 数据三角测量与验证
  • 假设和限制

第 3 章：执行摘要

  • 市场概况
  • 主要市场细分概述
  • 主要市场参与者概述
  • 重点地区/国家概况
  • 市场驱动因素、挑战与趋势概述

第 4 章：客户之声

第五章：全球硬脂酸市场展望

  • 市场规模及预测
    • 按价值和数量
  • 市占率及预测
    • 依类型（动物性、蔬菜性）
    • 依最终用途（肥皂和洗涤剂、个人护理品、纺织品、润滑剂、橡胶加工等）
    • 按地区
    • 按公司划分 (2022)
  • 市场地图

第 6 章：北美硬脂酸市场展望

  • 市场规模及预测
    • 按价值和数量
  • 市占率及预测
    • 按类型
    • 按最终用途
    • 按国家/地区
  • 北美：国家分析
    • 美国
    • 墨西哥
    • 加拿大

第 7 章：欧洲硬脂酸市场展望

  • 市场规模及预测
    • 按价值和数量
  • 市占率及预测
    • 按类型
    • 按最终用途
    • 按国家/地区
  • 欧洲：国家分析
    • 法国
    • 德国
    • 英国
    • 义大利
    • 西班牙

第 8 章：亚太地区硬脂酸市场展望

  • 市场规模及预测
    • 按价值和数量
  • 市占率及预测
    • 按类型
    • 按最终用途
    • 按国家/地区
  • 亚太地区：国家分析
    • 中国
    • 印度
    • 韩国
    • 日本
    • 澳洲

第 9 章：南美洲硬脂酸市场展望

  • 市场规模及预测
    • 按价值和数量
  • 市占率及预测
    • 按类型
    • 按最终用途
    • 按国家/地区
  • 南美洲：国家分析
    • 巴西
    • 阿根廷
    • 哥伦比亚

第10章：中东和非洲硬脂酸市场展望

  • 市场规模及预测
    • 按价值和数量
  • 市占率及预测
    • 按类型
    • 按最终用途
    • 按国家/地区
  • MEA：国家分析
    • 南非硬脂酸
    • 沙乌地阿拉伯硬脂酸
    • 阿联酋硬脂酸

第 11 章：市场动态

  • 司机
  • 挑战

第 12 章：市场趋势与发展

第 13 章：大环境分析

第 14 章：波特的五力分析

  • 产业竞争
  • 新进入者的潜力
  • 供应商的力量
  • 客户的力量
  • 替代产品的威胁

第15章：竞争格局

  • 商业概览
  • 公司概况
  • 产品与服务
  • 财务（上市公司）
  • 最近的发展
  • SWOT分析
    • Akzo Nobel Oleochemicals Limited
    • Emery Oleochemicals
    • Proctor & Gamble Chemicals
    • PMC Biogenix
    • VVF Limited
    • Twin Rivers
    • Wilmar International
    • Oleon NV
    • Kao Chemicals
    • Pacific Oleochemicals Sdn Bhd

第 16 章：策略建议

简介目录
Product Code: 4466

The Global Stearic Acid Market was valued at 8.78 million tonnes in 2022 and is expected to experience strong growth in the forecast period, with a Compound Annual Growth Rate (CAGR) of 6.33% through 2028 and is expected to reach at 11.60 million tonnes by 2028. Stearic acid, also known as octadecanoic acid, is applied across various industries, including food, cosmetics, rubber, and pharmaceuticals. It is sourced from materials such as palm oil and corn and is insoluble in water. Furthermore, stearic acid is used in soap, shampoo, and candle production. It also functions as a coating for metal powders, like aluminum and iron, extending their shelf life. The increasing demand for intermediates and additives across industries globally is a key driver for the expected growth of the market in the forecast period. Moreover, the automotive sector's growing adoption of stearic acid is projected to further propel market expansion. Additionally, rising consumer awareness regarding personal health and hygiene is anticipated to contribute to market growth. Furthermore, the increased use of stearic acid in metal cleaning and candle manufacturing is set to drive the market's growth in the near future.

Key Market Drivers

Surge in Demand from the Automotive Industry

Market Overview
Forecast Period2024-2028
Market Size 20228.78 Million Tonnes
Market Size 2028F11.60 Million Tonnes
CAGR 2023-20286.33%
Fastest Growing SegmentPersonal Care
Largest MarketAsia Pacific

Stearic acid is gaining prominence in the automotive sector, driving market growth. As the automotive industry focuses on enhancing interior comfort and aesthetics, stearic acid plays a crucial role. It is used in producing materials for car seats, dashboards, and other interior components, contributing to visually appealing and comfortable interiors. Additionally, stearic acid finds application in tire manufacturing, improving tire performance and durability. The growing automotive market results in increased demand for high-quality tires, fueling stearic acid demand. Moreover, stearic acid is vital in producing rubber components like seals, gaskets, and hoses, essential for vehicle functionality and safety. The rising vehicle production drives demand for stearic acid in these applications. Stearic acid's lubricating properties are valuable for automotive lubricants and coatings, enhancing efficiency and performance. As the automotive industry adopts advanced materials, stearic acid usage increases. Moreover, stearic acid sourced sustainably aligns with the industry's environmental goals.

Growing Use of Stearic Acid in Metal Processing Industry

Stearic acid's versatility is evident in the metal processing industry. It acts as a lubricant, release agent, and anti-corrosion agent, enhancing metalworking processes. In die casting, stearic acid reduces friction, resulting in smoother mold release and improved surface finish. It also forms a protective layer on metal surfaces, preventing corrosion. Stearic acid's lubricating properties minimize friction in wire drawing and metal forming, improving tool wear and surface finish. It serves as a binding agent for metal powders in powder metallurgy, enhancing uniformity and controlled shrinkage during sintering. Stearic acid is used in extrusion and forging, reducing energy required for metal deformation. Its application extends to automotive lubricants and coatings, enhancing performance. Additionally, stearic acid aids in anti-corrosion treatments for automotive components.

Increase in Usage of Stearic Acid in Candle Production

Stearic acid's role in candle production is growing. It improves candle hardness, reduces melting and dripping tendencies, and enhances burn time. It minimizes soot formation and ensures candles burn uniformly. Stearic acid's customization options appeal to artisanal candle makers. It is crucial for scented candles, ensuring even fragrance dispersion. As artisanal and craft candle making gains traction, demand for stearic acid rises.

Key Market Challenges

Raw Material Availability and Cost Fluctuations

Stearic acid production depends on raw materials like vegetable oils and animal fats. Supply disruptions or increased demand from other industries can lead to shortages and cost fluctuations. Fluctuations in raw material prices affect production costs, impacting profit margins. Supply chain disruptions can lead to delays and increased costs.

Environmental Concerns and Sustainability

Stearic acid production and sourcing raise environmental concerns, including carbon footprint, deforestation, and habitat loss. Sustainable sourcing and production are crucial to address these issues. Manufacturing processes can generate waste and pollutants, affecting local ecosystems.

Key Market Trends

Growing Popularity of Organic Products

The trend toward organic products is influencing stearic acid sourcing and utilization. Organic stearic acid aligns with consumer preferences for natural and sustainable ingredients. Organic farming practices promote sustainability and reduce environmental impact.

Segmental Insights

Type Insights

In 2022, the vegetable-based segment dominated the Stearic Acid market and is predicted to continue expanding. Vegetable-based stearic acid appeals to environmentally conscious consumers.

Application Insights

In 2022, the personal care segment dominated the market and is predicted to continue expanding. Stearic acid is essential for controlling viscosity and stability in personal care products.

Regional Insights

The Asia Pacific region leads the Global Stearic Acid Market due to rising middle class and increased consumer spending, especially in cosmetics, personal care, and food industries.

Key Market Players

  • Akzo Nobel Oleochemicals Limited
  • Emery Oleochemicals
  • Proctor & Gamble Chemicals
  • PMC Biogenix
  • VVF Limited
  • Twin Rivers
  • Wilmar International
  • Oleon NV
  • Kao Chemicals
  • Pacific Oleochemicals Sdn Bhd

Report Scope:

In this report, the Global Stearic Acid Market has been segmented into the following categories, in addition to the industry trends which have also been detailed below:

Stearic Acid Market, By Type:

  • Animal Based
  • Vegetable Based

Stearic Acid Market, By End Use:

  • Soaps & Detergents
  • Personal Care
  • Textiles
  • Lubricants
  • Rubber Processing
  • Others

Stearic Acid Market, By Region:

  • Asia Pacific
  • North America
  • Europe
  • Middle East & Africa
  • South America

Competitive Landscape:

Company Profiles: Detailed analysis of the major companies present in the Global Stearic Acid Market.

Available Customizations:

Global Stearic Acid Market report with the given market data, TechSci Research offers customizations according to a company's specific needs. The following customization options are available for the report:

Company Information:

  • Detailed analysis and profiling of additional market players (up to five).

Table of Contents

1. Product Overview

  • 1.1. Market Definition
  • 1.2. Scope of the Market
    • 1.2.1. Markets Covered
    • 1.2.2. Years Considered for Study
    • 1.2.3. Key Market Segmentations

2. Research Methodology

  • 2.1. Objective of the Study
  • 2.2. Baseline Methodology
  • 2.3. Key Industry Partners
  • 2.4. Major Association and Secondary Sources
  • 2.5. Forecasting Methodology
  • 2.6. Data Triangulation & Validation
  • 2.7. Assumptions and Limitations

3. Executive Summary

  • 3.1. Overview of the Market
  • 3.2. Overview of Key Market Segmentations
  • 3.3. Overview of Key Market Players
  • 3.4. Overview of Key Regions/Countries
  • 3.5. Overview of Market Drivers, Challenges, and Trends

4. Voice of Customers

5. Global Stearic Acid Market Outlook

  • 5.1. Market Size & Forecast
    • 5.1.1. By Value & Volume
  • 5.2. Market Share & Forecast
    • 5.2.1. By Type (Animal Based, Vegetable Based)
    • 5.2.2. By End Use (Soaps & Detergents, Personal Care, Textiles, Lubricants, Rubber Processing and Others)
    • 5.2.3. By Region
    • 5.2.4. By Company (2022)
  • 5.3. Market Map

6. North America Stearic Acid Market Outlook

  • 6.1. Market Size & Forecast
    • 6.1.1. By Value & Volume
  • 6.2. Market Share & Forecast
    • 6.2.1. By Type
    • 6.2.2. By End Use
    • 6.2.3. By Country
  • 6.3. North America: Country Analysis
    • 6.3.1. United States Stearic Acid Market Outlook
      • 6.3.1.1. Market Size & Forecast
        • 6.3.1.1.1. By Value & Volume
      • 6.3.1.2. Market Share & Forecast
        • 6.3.1.2.1. By Type
        • 6.3.1.2.2. By End Use
    • 6.3.2. Mexico Stearic Acid Market Outlook
      • 6.3.2.1. Market Size & Forecast
        • 6.3.2.1.1. By Value & Volume
      • 6.3.2.2. Market Share & Forecast
        • 6.3.2.2.1. By Type
        • 6.3.2.2.2. By End Use
    • 6.3.3. Canada Stearic Acid Market Outlook
      • 6.3.3.1. Market Size & Forecast
        • 6.3.3.1.1. By Value & Volume
      • 6.3.3.2. Market Share & Forecast
        • 6.3.3.2.1. By Type
        • 6.3.3.2.2. By End Use

7. Europe Stearic Acid Market Outlook

  • 7.1. Market Size & Forecast
    • 7.1.1. By Value & Volume
  • 7.2. Market Share & Forecast
    • 7.2.1. By Type
    • 7.2.2. By End Use
    • 7.2.3. By Country
  • 7.3 Europe: Country Analysis
    • 7.3.1. France Stearic Acid Market Outlook
      • 7.3.1.1. Market Size & Forecast
        • 7.3.1.1.1. By Value & Volume
      • 7.3.1.2. Market Share & Forecast
        • 7.3.1.2.1. By Type
        • 7.3.1.2.2. By End Use
    • 7.3.2. Germany Stearic Acid Market Outlook
      • 7.3.2.1. Market Size & Forecast
        • 7.3.2.1.1. By Value & Volume
      • 7.3.2.2. Market Share & Forecast
        • 7.3.2.2.1. By Type
        • 7.3.2.2.2. By End Use
    • 7.3.3. United Kingdom Stearic Acid Market Outlook
      • 7.3.3.1. Market Size & Forecast
        • 7.3.3.1.1. By Value & Volume
      • 7.3.3.2. Market Share & Forecast
        • 7.3.3.2.1. By Type
        • 7.3.3.2.2. By End Use
    • 7.3.4. Italy Stearic Acid Market Outlook
      • 7.3.4.1. Market Size & Forecast
        • 7.3.4.1.1. By Value & Volume
      • 7.3.4.2. Market Share & Forecast
        • 7.3.4.2.1. By Type
        • 7.3.4.2.2. By End Use
    • 7.3.5. Spain Stearic Acid Market Outlook
      • 7.3.5.1. Market Size & Forecast
        • 7.3.5.1.1. By Value & Volume
      • 7.3.5.2. Market Share & Forecast
        • 7.3.5.2.1. By Type
        • 7.3.5.2.2. By End Use

8. Asia-Pacific Stearic Acid Market Outlook

  • 8.1. Market Size & Forecast
    • 8.1.1. By Value & Volume
  • 8.2. Market Share & Forecast
    • 8.2.1. By Type
    • 8.2.2. By End Use
    • 8.2.3. By Country
  • 8.3. Asia-Pacific: Country Analysis
    • 8.3.1. China Stearic Acid Market Outlook
      • 8.3.1.1. Market Size & Forecast
        • 8.3.1.1.1. By Value & Volume
      • 8.3.1.2. Market Share & Forecast
        • 8.3.1.2.1. By Type
        • 8.3.1.2.2. By End Use
    • 8.3.2. India Stearic Acid Market Outlook
      • 8.3.2.1. Market Size & Forecast
        • 8.3.2.1.1. By Value & Volume
      • 8.3.2.2. Market Share & Forecast
        • 8.3.2.2.1. By Type
        • 8.3.2.2.2. By End Use
    • 8.3.3. South Korea Stearic Acid Market Outlook
      • 8.3.3.1. Market Size & Forecast
        • 8.3.3.1.1. By Value & Volume
      • 8.3.3.2. Market Share & Forecast
        • 8.3.3.2.1. By Type
        • 8.3.3.2.2. By End Use
    • 8.3.4. Japan Stearic Acid Market Outlook
      • 8.3.4.1. Market Size & Forecast
        • 8.3.4.1.1. By Value & Volume
      • 8.3.4.2. Market Share & Forecast
        • 8.3.4.2.1. By Type
        • 8.3.4.2.2. By End Use
    • 8.3.5. Australia Stearic Acid Market Outlook
      • 8.3.5.1. Market Size & Forecast
        • 8.3.5.1.1. By Value & Volume
      • 8.3.5.2. Market Share & Forecast
        • 8.3.5.2.1. By Type
        • 8.3.5.2.2. By End Use

9. South America Stearic Acid Market Outlook

  • 9.1. Market Size & Forecast
    • 9.1.1. By Value & Volume
  • 9.2. Market Share & Forecast
    • 9.2.1. By Type
    • 9.2.2. By End Use
    • 9.2.3. By Country
  • 9.3. South America: Country Analysis
    • 9.3.1. Brazil Stearic Acid Market Outlook
      • 9.3.1.1. Market Size & Forecast
        • 9.3.1.1.1. By Value & Volume
      • 9.3.1.2. Market Share & Forecast
        • 9.3.1.2.1. By Type
        • 9.3.1.2.2. By End Use
    • 9.3.2. Argentina Stearic Acid Market Outlook
      • 9.3.2.1. Market Size & Forecast
        • 9.3.2.1.1. By Value & Volume
      • 9.3.2.2. Market Share & Forecast
        • 9.3.2.2.1. By Type
        • 9.3.2.2.2. By End Use
    • 9.3.3. Colombia Stearic Acid Market Outlook
      • 9.3.3.1. Market Size & Forecast
        • 9.3.3.1.1. By Value & Volume
      • 9.3.3.2. Market Share & Forecast
        • 9.3.3.2.1. By Type
        • 9.3.3.2.2. By End Use

10. Middle East and Africa Stearic Acid Market Outlook

  • 10.1. Market Size & Forecast
    • 10.1.1. By Value & Volume
  • 10.2. Market Share & Forecast
    • 10.2.1. By Type
    • 10.2.2. By End Use
    • 10.2.3. By Country
  • 10.3. MEA: Country Analysis
    • 10.3.1. South Africa Stearic Acid Market Outlook
      • 10.3.1.1. Market Size & Forecast
        • 10.3.1.1.1. By Value & Volume
      • 10.3.1.2. Market Share & Forecast
        • 10.3.1.2.1. By Type
        • 10.3.1.2.2. By End Use
    • 10.3.2. Saudi Arabia Stearic Acid Market Outlook
      • 10.3.2.1. Market Size & Forecast
        • 10.3.2.1.1. By Value & Volume
      • 10.3.2.2. Market Share & Forecast
        • 10.3.2.2.1. By Type
        • 10.3.2.2.2. By End Use
    • 10.3.3. UAE Stearic Acid Market Outlook
      • 10.3.3.1. Market Size & Forecast
        • 10.3.3.1.1. By Value & Volume
      • 10.3.3.2. Market Share & Forecast
        • 10.3.3.2.1. By Type
        • 10.3.3.2.2. By End Use

11. Market Dynamics

  • 11.1. Drivers
  • 11.2. Challenges

12. Market Trends & Developments

13. PESTLE Analysis

14. Porter's Five Forces Analysis

  • 14.1. Competition in the Industry
  • 14.2. Potential of New Entrants
  • 14.3. Power of Suppliers
  • 14.4. Power of Customers
  • 14.5. Threat of Substitute Product

15. Competitive Landscape

  • 15.1. Business Overview
  • 15.2. Company Snapshot
  • 15.3. Products & Services
  • 15.4. Financials (In case of listed companies)
  • 15.5. Recent Developments
  • 15.6. SWOT Analysis
    • 15.6.1. Akzo Nobel Oleochemicals Limited
    • 15.6.2. Emery Oleochemicals
    • 15.6.3. Proctor & Gamble Chemicals
    • 15.6.4. PMC Biogenix
    • 15.6.5. VVF Limited
    • 15.6.6. Twin Rivers
    • 15.6.7. Wilmar International
    • 15.6.8. Oleon NV
    • 15.6.9. Kao Chemicals
    • 15.6.10. Pacific Oleochemicals Sdn Bhd

16. Strategic Recommendations