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宠物糖尿病照护市场 - 2018-2028 年全球产业规模、份额、趋势、机会和预测，按动物类型、解决方案、配销通路和地区、竞争细分

Pet Diabetes Care Market - Global Industry Size, Share, Trends, Opportunity, and Forecast, 2018-2028 Segmented by Animal Type, By Solution, by Distribution Channel, and By Region, Competition
出版日期: | 出版商: TechSci Research | 英文 175 Pages | 商品交期: 2-3个工作天内

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简介目录

2022 年，全球宠物糖尿病照护市场估值达到 18.1 亿美元，并预计在预测期内显着成长，预计复合年增长率 (CAGR) 为 6.92%，到 2028 年预计将达到 27.0 亿美元。

介绍：

宠物糖尿病，也称为糖尿病，是一种主要影响宠物，尤其是猫和狗的慢性代谢性疾病。当身体因胰岛素产生不足或对胰岛素反应不佳而无法正确调节血糖（糖）水平时，就会发生这种情况。胰岛素是胰臟产生的一种激素，有助于调节血糖并使细胞能够利用葡萄糖获取能量。宠物糖尿病的症状包括口渴增加、频尿、食慾增加、食慾增加但体重减轻、嗜睡和虚弱。如果不及时治疗，糖尿病可能会导致严重的併发症，例如酮症酸中毒（一种危及生命的疾病）、器官损伤和继发性感染。

市场概况
预测期 2024-2028
2022 年市场规模 18.1亿美元
2028 年市场规模 27亿美元
2023-2028 年复合年增长率 6.92%
成长最快的细分市场 兽医医院和诊所
最大的市场 北美洲

主要市场驱动因素：

1. 增加宠物拥有量：

全球养宠物趋势不断上升，尤其是猫和狗，正在推动对宠物医疗保健服务（包括糖尿病护理）的需求。宠物主人越来越关注宠物的健康，并且越来越多地将它们视为不可分割的家庭成员。这种态度的转变导致宠物医疗保健支出增加，并愿意投资糖尿病管理。

2. 专业宠物食品的供应：

用于治疗糖尿病和控制血糖水平的专用宠物食品正在推动这一细分市场的成长。这些饮食提供便利，旨在补充医疗，满足糖尿病宠物独特的营养需求。

3.兽医的进步：

兽医学取得了重大进步，包括更好的诊断工具、治疗方案和宠物糖尿病监测技术。这些进步可以为糖尿病宠物提供更有效、更专业的照护。

主要市场挑战：

1. 治疗费用：

管理宠物糖尿病会随着时间的推移而累积成本。胰岛素、特殊饮食、血糖监测设备和併发症的紧急护理可能很昂贵。这可能会给一些宠物主人带来经济压力，影响他们承担全面照护的能力。

2. 所有者时间限制：

管理糖尿病宠物的病情需要持续、及时的干预措施，包括监测血糖值和服用药物。日程繁忙的业主可能会发现遵守这些严格的惯例具有挑战性。

主要市场趋势：

1. 意识不断提高：

人们对宠物糖尿病及其体征和症状的认识不断提高，促使宠物主人及时寻求兽医护理并投资于专门的产品和治疗方法。知识渊博的宠物主人能够更好地就宠物的照顾做出明智的决定。

细分洞见：

动物类型见解：

由于全球养狗家庭的数量不断增加，狗在市场上占据主导地位。近年来，在美国和欧洲等地区，狗占据了家庭的很大一部分。 COVID-19 大流行也促使更多的人收养伴侣动物来寻求情绪支持。

解决方案见解：

治疗，特别是胰岛素治疗，是市场的主导部分。胰岛素疗法被认为是宠物糖尿病治疗的黄金标准，将食物中的葡萄糖转移到体内的其他器官。对胰岛素输送设备的需求仍然很高，包括注射器、针头和输送笔。

配销通路见解：

兽医医院和诊所是宠物糖尿病护理产品和服务的主要配销通路。这些设施提供最先进的治疗，是宠物主人为其宠物寻求医疗用品的第一个连结点。兽医和诊所数量的增加促进了这一领域的成长。

区域见解：

北美在全球宠物糖尿病照护市场中处于领先地位，到2022 年，其份额将超过41%。这种主导地位归因于知名参与者的存在、主要参与者采用的各种扩张策略、治疗的可及性增加、诊断更频繁以及宠物数量和支出不断增长。此外，该地区拥有大量配备有执照兽医的诊所，进一步支持市场成长。

目录

第 1 章：产品概述

  • 市场定义
  • 市场范围
    • 涵盖的市场
    • 考虑学习的年份
    • 主要市场区隔

第 2 章：研究方法

  • 研究目的
  • 基线方法
  • 主要产业伙伴
  • 主要协会和二手资料来源
  • 预测方法
  • 数据三角测量与验证
  • 假设和限制

第 3 章：执行摘要

  • 市场概况
  • 主要市场细分概述
  • 主要市场参与者概述
  • 重点地区/国家概况
  • 市场驱动因素、挑战、趋势概述

第 4 章：客户之声

第 5 章：全球宠物糖尿病照护市场展望

  • 市场规模及预测
    • 按价值
  • 市占率及预测
    • 依动物类型（狗、猫等）
    • 依解决方案（治疗、胰岛素治疗、胰岛素输送装置、其他）
    • 按配销通路（兽医院和诊所、零售药局等）
    • 按公司划分 (2022)
    • 按地区
  • 市场地图

第 6 章：北方宠物糖尿病照护市场前景

  • 市场规模及预测
    • 按价值
  • 市占率及预测
    • 依动物类型
    • 按解决方案
    • 按配销通路
    • 按国家/地区
  • 北美：国家分析
    • 美国宠物糖尿病护理
    • 墨西哥宠物糖尿病护理
    • 加拿大宠物糖尿病护理

第 7 章：欧洲宠物糖尿病照护市场展望

  • 市场规模及预测
    • 按价值
  • 市占率及预测
    • 依动物类型
    • 按解决方案
    • 按配销通路
    • 按国家/地区
  • 欧洲：国家分析
    • 法国
    • 德国
    • 英国
    • 义大利展望
    • 西班牙

第 8 章：亚太地区宠物糖尿病照护市场展望

  • 市场规模及预测
    • 按价值
  • 市占率及预测
    • 依动物类型
    • 按解决方案
    • 按配销通路
    • 按国家/地区
  • 亚太地区：国家分析
    • 中国
    • 印度
    • 韩国
    • 日本
    • 澳洲

第 9 章：南美洲宠物糖尿病照护市场前景

  • 市场规模及预测
    • 按价值
  • 市占率及预测
    • 依动物类型
    • 按解决方案
    • 按配销通路
    • 按国家/地区
  • 南美洲：国家分析
    • 巴西
    • 阿根廷
    • 哥伦比亚

第 10 章：中东和非洲宠物糖尿病照护市场前景

  • 市场规模及预测
    • 按价值
  • 市占率及预测
    • B 依动物类型
    • 按解决方案
    • 按配销通路
    • 按国家/地区
  • MEA：国家分析
    • 南非宠物糖尿病护理
    • 沙乌地阿拉伯宠物糖尿病护理
    • 阿联酋胰岛素宠物糖尿病护理

第 11 章：市场动态

  • 司机
  • 挑战

第 12 章：市场趋势与发展

  • 最近的发展
  • 产品发布
  • 併购

第 13 章：大环境分析

第 14 章：波特的五力分析

  • 产业竞争
  • 新进入者的潜力
  • 供应商的力量
  • 客户的力量
  • 替代产品的威胁

第15章：竞争格局

  • 商业概览
  • 公司概况
  • 产品与服务
  • 财务（上市公司）
  • 最近的发展
  • SWOT分析
    • Merck Animal Health
    • Zoetis Animal Health
    • Becton Dickinson & Co Ltd
    • Boehringer Ingelheim International Gmbh
    • Trividia Health, Inc.
    • Allison Medical, Inc.
    • Ultimed, Inc.
    • ACON Laboratories, Inc.
    • I-SENS, Inc.
    • Taidoc Technology Corporation

第 16 章：策略建议

简介目录
Product Code: 17070

The Global Pet Diabetes Care Market reached a valuation of USD 1.81 billion in 2022 and is poised for significant growth in the forecast period, with a projected Compound Annual Growth Rate (CAGR) of 6.92% and expected to reach USD 2.70 Billion through 2028.

Introduction:

Pet diabetes, also known as diabetes mellitus, is a chronic metabolic disorder that primarily affects pets, especially cats and dogs. It occurs when the body is unable to properly regulate blood glucose (sugar) levels due to either insufficient insulin production or poor response to insulin. Insulin is a hormone produced by the pancreas that helps regulate blood sugar and enables cells to utilize glucose for energy. Symptoms of pet diabetes include increased thirst, frequent urination, increased appetite, weight loss despite increased appetite, lethargy, and weakness. If left untreated, diabetes can lead to severe complications such as ketoacidosis (a life-threatening condition), organ damage, and secondary infections.

Market Overview
Forecast Period2024-2028
Market Size 2022USD 1.81 Billion
Market Size 2028USD 2.70 Billion
CAGR 2023-20286.92%
Fastest Growing SegmentVeterinary Hospitals & Clinics
Largest MarketNorth America

Key Market Drivers:

1. Increasing Pet Ownership:

The rising global trend of pet ownership, particularly for cats and dogs, is driving the demand for pet healthcare services, including diabetes care. Pet owners are becoming more aware of their pets' health and are increasingly considering them as integral family members. This shift in attitude has led to higher spending on pet healthcare and a willingness to invest in diabetes management.

2. Availability of Specialized Pet Food:

Specialized pet food formulated to manage diabetes and control blood sugar levels is driving the growth of this market segment. These diets offer convenience and are designed to complement medical treatment, meeting the unique nutritional needs of diabetic pets.

3. Advancements in Veterinary Medicine:

Veterinary medicine has made significant advancements, including better diagnostic tools, treatment options, and monitoring techniques for pet diabetes. These advancements allow for more effective and specialized care for diabetic pets.

Key Market Challenges:

1. Cost of Treatment:

Managing diabetes in pets can accumulate costs over time. Insulin, specialized diets, glucose monitoring devices, and emergency care for complications can be expensive. This can place financial strain on some pet owners, impacting their ability to afford comprehensive care.

2. Owner Time Constraints:

Managing a diabetic pet's condition requires consistent and timely interventions, including monitoring blood glucose levels and administering medications. Owners with busy schedules might find it challenging to adhere to these strict routines.

Key Market Trends:

1. Rising Awareness:

Increasing awareness of pet diabetes and its signs and symptoms prompts pet owners to seek timely veterinary care and invest in specialized products and treatments. Knowledgeable pet owners are better equipped to make informed decisions about their pets' care.

Segmental Insights:

Animal Type Insights:

Dogs dominate the market due to the increasing number of dog households worldwide. Dogs accounted for a significant portion of households in regions like the United States and Europe in recent years. The COVID-19 pandemic has also driven more people to adopt companion animals for emotional support.

Solution Insights:

Treatment, particularly insulin therapy, is the dominant segment in the market. Insulin therapy is considered the gold standard for diabetes treatment in pets, transferring glucose from food to other organs in the body. The need for insulin delivery equipment remains high, including syringes, needles, and delivery pens.

Distribution Channel Insights:

Veterinary hospitals and clinics are the primary distribution channel for pet diabetes care products and services. These facilities provide state-of-the-art treatment and are the first point of contact for pet owners seeking medical supplies for their pets. The increasing number of veterinarians and clinics contributes to this segment's growth.

Regional Insights:

North America leads the Global Pet Diabetes Care Market, with a share of over 41% in 2022. This dominance is attributed to the presence of prominent players, various expansion strategies employed by key players, increased accessibility to treatment, more frequent diagnostics, and a growing pet population and expenditure. Additionally, the region boasts a significant number of clinics staffed by licensed veterinarians, further supporting market growth.

Key Market Players

  • Merck Animal Health
  • Zoetis Animal Health
  • Becton Dickinson & Co Ltd
  • Boehringer Ingelheim International Gmbh
  • Trividia Health, Inc.
  • Allison Medical, Inc.
  • Ultimed, Inc.
  • ACON Laboratories, Inc.
  • I-SENS, Inc.
  • Taidoc Technology Corporation

Report Scope:

In this report, the Global Pet Diabetes Care Market has been segmented into the following categories, in addition to the industry trends which have also been detailed below.

Pet Diabetes Care Market, By Product:

  • Dogs
  • Cats
  • others

Pet Diabetes Care Market, By Solution:

  • Treatment
  • Insulin Therapy
  • Insulin Delivery Devices
  • Others

Pet Diabetes Care Market, By Distribution Channel:

  • Veterinary Hospitals & Clinics
  • Retail Pharmacies
  • Others

Global Pet Diabetes Care Market, By region:

  • North America
  • United States
  • Canada
  • Mexico
  • Asia-Pacific
  • China
  • India
  • South Korea
  • Australia
  • Japan
  • Europe
  • Germany
  • France
  • United Kingdom
  • Spain
  • Italy
  • South America
  • Brazil
  • Argentina
  • Colombia
  • Middle East & Africa
  • South Africa
  • Saudi Arabia
  • UAE

Competitive Landscape

  • Company Profiles: Detailed analysis of the major companies present in the Global Pet Diabetes Care Market.

Available Customizations:

  • Global Pet Diabetes Care Market report with the given market data, TechSci Research offers customizations according to a company's specific needs. The following customization options are available for the report:

Company Information

  • Detailed analysis and profiling of additional market players (up to five).

Table of Contents

1. Product Overview

  • 1.1. Market Definition
  • 1.2. Scope of the Market
    • 1.2.1. Markets Covered
    • 1.2.2. Years Considered for Study
    • 1.2.3. Key Market Segmentations

2. Research Methodology

  • 2.1. Objective of the Study
  • 2.2. Baseline Methodology
  • 2.3. Key Industry Partners
  • 2.4. Major Association and Secondary Sources
  • 2.5. Forecasting Methodology
  • 2.6. Data Triangulation & Validation
  • 2.7. Assumptions and Limitations

3. Executive Summary

  • 3.1. Overview of the Market
  • 3.2. Overview of Key Market Segmentations
  • 3.3. Overview of Key Market Players
  • 3.4. Overview of Key Regions/Countries
  • 3.5. Overview of Market Drivers, Challenges, Trends

4. Voice of Customer

5. Global Pet Diabetes Care Market Outlook

  • 5.1. Market Size & Forecast
    • 5.1.1. By Value
  • 5.2. Market Share & Forecast
    • 5.2.1. By Animal Type (Dogs, Cats, others)
    • 5.2.2. By Solution (Treatment, Insulin Therapy, Insulin Delivery Devices, other)
    • 5.2.3. By Distribution Channel (Veterinary Hospitals & Clinics, Retail Pharmacies, others)
    • 5.2.4. By Company (2022)
    • 5.2.5. By Region
  • 5.3. Market Map

6. North Pet Diabetes Care Market Outlook

  • 6.1. Market Size & Forecast
    • 6.1.1. By Value
  • 6.2. Market Share & Forecast
    • 6.2.1. By Animal Type
    • 6.2.2. By Solution
    • 6.2.3. By Distribution Channel
    • 6.2.4. By Country
  • 6.3. North America: Country Analysis
    • 6.3.1. United States Pet Diabetes Care Market Outlook
      • 6.3.1.1. Market Size & Forecast
        • 6.3.1.1.1. By Value
      • 6.3.1.2. Market Share & Forecast
        • 6.3.1.2.1. By Animal Type
        • 6.3.1.2.2. By Solution
        • 6.3.1.2.3. By Distribution Channel
    • 6.3.2. Mexico Pet Diabetes Care Market Outlook
      • 6.3.2.1. Market Size & Forecast
        • 6.3.2.1.1. By Value
      • 6.3.2.2. Market Share & Forecast
        • 6.3.2.2.1. By Animal Type
        • 6.3.2.2.2. By Solution
        • 6.3.2.2.3. By Distribution Channel
    • 6.3.3. Canada Pet Diabetes Care Market Outlook
      • 6.3.3.1. Market Size & Forecast
        • 6.3.3.1.1. By Value
      • 6.3.3.2. Market Share & Forecast
        • 6.3.3.2.1. By Animal Type
        • 6.3.3.2.2. By Solution
        • 6.3.3.2.3. By Distribution Channel

7. Europe Pet Diabetes Care Market Outlook

  • 7.1. Market Size & Forecast
    • 7.1.1. By Value
  • 7.2. Market Share & Forecast
    • 7.2.1. By Animal Type
    • 7.2.2. By Solution
    • 7.2.3. By Distribution Channel
    • 7.2.4. By Country
  • 7.3. Europe: Country Analysis
    • 7.3.1. France Pet Diabetes Care Market Outlook
      • 7.3.1.1. Market Size & Forecast
        • 7.3.1.1.1. By Value
      • 7.3.1.2. Market Share & Forecast
        • 7.3.1.2.1. By Animal Type
        • 7.3.1.2.2. By Solution
        • 7.3.1.2.3. By Distribution Channel
    • 7.3.2. Germany Pet Diabetes Care Market Outlook
      • 7.3.2.1. Market Size & Forecast
        • 7.3.2.1.1. By Value
      • 7.3.2.2. Market Share & Forecast
        • 7.3.2.2.1. By Animal Type
        • 7.3.2.2.2. By Solution
        • 7.3.2.2.3. By Distribution Channel
    • 7.3.3. United Kingdom Pet Diabetes Care Market Outlook
      • 7.3.3.1. Market Size & Forecast
        • 7.3.3.1.1. By Value
      • 7.3.3.2. Market Share & Forecast
        • 7.3.3.2.1. By Animal Type
        • 7.3.3.2.2. By Solution
        • 7.3.3.2.3. By Distribution Channel
    • 7.3.4. Italy Pet Diabetes Care Outlook
      • 7.3.4.1. Market Size & Forecast
        • 7.3.4.1.1. By Value
      • 7.3.4.2. Market Share & Forecast
        • 7.3.4.2.1. By Animal Type
        • 7.3.4.2.2. By Solution
        • 7.3.4.2.3. By Distribution Channel
    • 7.3.5. Spain Pet Diabetes Care Market Outlook
      • 7.3.5.1. Market Size & Forecast
        • 7.3.5.1.1. By Value
      • 7.3.5.2. Market Share & Forecast
        • 7.3.5.2.1. By Animal Type
        • 7.3.5.2.2. By Solution
        • 7.3.5.2.3. By Distribution Channel

8. Asia-Pacific Pet Diabetes Care Market Outlook

  • 8.1. Market Size & Forecast
    • 8.1.1. By Value
  • 8.2. Market Share & Forecast
    • 8.2.1. By Animal Type
    • 8.2.2. By Solution
    • 8.2.3. By Distribution Channel
    • 8.2.4. By Country
  • 8.3. Asia-Pacific: Country Analysis
    • 8.3.1. China Pet Diabetes Care Market Outlook
      • 8.3.1.1. Market Size & Forecast
        • 8.3.1.1.1. By Value
      • 8.3.1.2. Market Share & Forecast
        • 8.3.1.2.1. By Animal Type
        • 8.3.1.2.2. By Solution
        • 8.3.1.2.3. By Distribution Channel
    • 8.3.2. India Pet Diabetes Care Market Outlook
      • 8.3.2.1. Market Size & Forecast
        • 8.3.2.1.1. By Value
      • 8.3.2.2. Market Share & Forecast
        • 8.3.2.2.1. By Animal Type
        • 8.3.2.2.2. By Solution
        • 8.3.2.2.3. By Distribution Channel
    • 8.3.3. South Korea Pet Diabetes Care Market Outlook
      • 8.3.3.1. Market Size & Forecast
        • 8.3.3.1.1. By Value
      • 8.3.3.2. Market Share & Forecast
        • 8.3.3.2.1. By Animal Type
        • 8.3.3.2.2. By Solution
        • 8.3.3.2.3. By Distribution Channel
    • 8.3.4. Japan Pet Diabetes Care Market Outlook
      • 8.3.4.1. Market Size & Forecast
        • 8.3.4.1.1. By Value
      • 8.3.4.2. Market Share & Forecast
        • 8.3.4.2.1. By Animal Type
        • 8.3.4.2.2. By Solution
        • 8.3.4.2.3. By Distribution Channel
    • 8.3.5. Australia Pet Diabetes Care Market Outlook
      • 8.3.5.1. Market Size & Forecast
        • 8.3.5.1.1. By Value
      • 8.3.5.2. Market Share & Forecast
        • 8.3.5.2.1. By Animal Type
        • 8.3.5.2.2. By Solution
        • 8.3.5.2.3. By Distribution Channel

9. South America Pet Diabetes Care Market Outlook

  • 9.1. Market Size & Forecast
    • 9.1.1. By Value
  • 9.2. Market Share & Forecast
    • 9.2.1. By Animal Type
    • 9.2.2. By Solution
    • 9.2.3. By Distribution Channel
    • 9.2.4. By Country
  • 9.3. South America: Country Analysis
    • 9.3.1. Brazil Pet Diabetes Care Market Outlook
      • 9.3.1.1. Market Size & Forecast
        • 9.3.1.1.1. By Value
      • 9.3.1.2. Market Share & Forecast
        • 9.3.1.2.1. By Animal Type
        • 9.3.1.2.2. By Solution
        • 9.3.1.2.3. By Distribution Channel
    • 9.3.2. Argentina Pet Diabetes Care Market Outlook
      • 9.3.2.1. Market Size & Forecast
        • 9.3.2.1.1. By Value
      • 9.3.2.2. Market Share & Forecast
        • 9.3.2.2.1. By Animal Type
        • 9.3.2.2.2. By Solution
        • 9.3.2.2.3. By Distribution Channel
    • 9.3.3. Colombia Pet Diabetes Care Market Outlook
      • 9.3.3.1. Market Size & Forecast
        • 9.3.3.1.1. By Value
      • 9.3.3.2. Market Share & Forecast
        • 9.3.3.2.1. By Animal Type
        • 9.3.3.2.2. By Solution
        • 9.3.3.2.3. By Distribution Channel

10. Middle East and Africa Pet Diabetes Care Market Outlook

  • 10.1. Market Size & Forecast
    • 10.1.1. By Value
  • 10.2. Market Share & Forecast
    • 10.2.1. B By Animal Type
    • 10.2.2. By Solution
    • 10.2.3. By Distribution Channel
    • 10.2.4. By Country
  • 10.3. MEA: Country Analysis
    • 10.3.1. South Africa Pet Diabetes Care Market Outlook
      • 10.3.1.1. Market Size & Forecast
        • 10.3.1.1.1. By Value
      • 10.3.1.2. Market Share & Forecast
        • 10.3.1.2.1. By Animal Type
        • 10.3.1.2.2. By Solution
        • 10.3.1.2.3. By Distribution Channel
    • 10.3.2. Saudi Arabia Pet Diabetes Care Market Outlook
      • 10.3.2.1. Market Size & Forecast
        • 10.3.2.1.1. By Value
      • 10.3.2.2. Market Share & Forecast
        • 10.3.2.2.1. By Type
        • 10.3.2.2.2. By Material
        • 10.3.2.2.3. By Product
        • 10.3.2.2.4. By Application
        • 10.3.2.2.5. By Distribution Channel
        • 10.3.2.2.6. By End User
    • 10.3.3. UAE Insulin Pet Diabetes Care Market Outlook
      • 10.3.3.1. Market Size & Forecast
        • 10.3.3.1.1. By Value
      • 10.3.3.2. Market Share & Forecast
        • 10.3.3.2.1. By Animal Type
        • 10.3.3.2.2. By Solution
        • 10.3.3.2.3. By Distribution Channel

11. Market Dynamics

  • 11.1. Drivers
  • 11.2. Challenges

12. Market Trends & Developments

  • 12.1. Recent Developments
  • 12.2. Product Launches
  • 12.3. Mergers & Acquisitions

13. PESTLE Analysis

14. Porter's Five Forces Analysis

  • 14.1. Competition in the Industry
  • 14.2. Potential of New Entrants
  • 14.3. Power of Suppliers
  • 14.4. Power of Customers
  • 14.5. Threat of Substitute Product

15. Competitive Landscape

  • 15.1. Business Overview
  • 15.2. Company Snapshot
  • 15.3. Products & Services
  • 15.4. Financials (In case of listed companies)
  • 15.5. Recent Developments
  • 15.6. SWOT Analysis
    • 15.6.1. Merck Animal Health
    • 15.6.2. Zoetis Animal Health
    • 15.6.3. Becton Dickinson & Co Ltd
    • 15.6.4. Boehringer Ingelheim International Gmbh
    • 15.6.5. Trividia Health, Inc.
    • 15.6.6. Allison Medical, Inc.
    • 15.6.7. Ultimed, Inc.
    • 15.6.8. ACON Laboratories, Inc.
    • 15.6.9. I-SENS, Inc.
    • 15.6.10. Taidoc Technology Corporation

16. Strategic Recommendations